梁闊+劉爽+崔葉青+孫海晨+羅斌+萬歲桂+孫雪靜+李非
[摘要] 目的 探討雷公藤內(nèi)酯醇(Triptolide,Tri)在小鼠同種異體皮膚移植中的免疫抑制作用及其可能的作用機制。 方法 采用BALB/c小鼠作為供體,C57BL/6小鼠作為受體,建立皮膚移植模型。隨機分為3組,每組8只。移植術(shù)后前6天(0~5 d)分別予腹腔注射1%吐溫80溶劑(對照組)、Tri 100 μg/kg(L-Tri組)和Tri 200 μg/kg(H-Tri組)。術(shù)后觀察移植皮片存活情況。并于術(shù)后第7天每組隨機選取3只,切取脾臟以流式細(xì)胞術(shù)檢測脾淋巴細(xì)胞中CD4+ CD25+ Foxp3+ T細(xì)胞比例。 結(jié)果 對照組、L-Tri組和H-Tri組移植皮片平均存活時間分別為(8.3±1.2)、(12.4±1.9)、(14.9±2.2)d;脾淋巴細(xì)胞中CD4+ CD25+ Foxp3+調(diào)節(jié)性T細(xì)胞比例分別為(5.6±0.8)%、(12.6±1.5)%和(16.1±2.1)%;L-Tri組及H-Tri組與對照組比較,H-Tri組與L-Tri組比較,小鼠移植皮膚平均存活時間均明顯延長(P < 0.05),CD4+ CD25+ Foxp3+ T細(xì)胞數(shù)量也明顯增加(P < 0.05)。 結(jié)論 Tri能夠抑制移植后排斥反應(yīng),延長小鼠同種異體皮膚移植的存活時間,其免疫作用機制可能與上調(diào)移植受體CD4+ CD25+ Foxp3+ T細(xì)胞的比例有關(guān),并且其免疫抑制作用具有一定的劑量依賴性。
[關(guān)鍵詞] 皮膚移植;免疫抑制;雷公藤內(nèi)酯醇;作用機制
[中圖分類號] R657.5 [文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識碼] A [文章編號] 1673-7210(2014)08(b)-0012-04
Immunosuppressive effect and mechanism of Triptolide on skin allografts in mice
LIANG Kuo1 LIU Shuang1 CUI Yeqing1 SUN Haichen1 LUO Bin1 WAN Suigui2 SUN Xuejing2 LI Fei1▲
1.Department of General Surgery, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing 100053, China; 2.Department of Hematology, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing 100053, China
[Abstract] Objective To investigate the immunosuppressive effect and the possible mechanism of Triptolide on skin allografts in murine model. Methods BALB/c mice to C57BL/6 mice skin allografting models were created. The recipients were divided into three groups. The mice in the treatment groups were injected intraperitoneally with Triptolide at 100 μg/kg (low-dose Triptolide group, L-Tri group) or 200 μg/kg (high-dose Triptolide group, H-Tri group) daily in the first 6 days (0-5 days); while the mice in control group were given vehicles (1% Tween 80). The median survival time of skin allografts in each group was monitored. The proportion of CD4+ CD25+ Foxp3+ regulatory T cells in spleen tissue were tested by flow cytometry. Results The median survival time of skin allografts in the control group, L-Tri group and H-Tri group were (8.3±1.2), (12.4±1.9) d and (14.9±2.2) d respectively. The percentage of CD4+ CD25+ Foxp3+ regulatory T cells in spleen tissues of three groups were (5.6±0.8) %, (12.6±1.5)% and (16.1±2.1)% respectively. Compared with control group, the L-Tri group and H-Tri group show significantly prolonged skin allograft survival time (P < 0.05), increased percentage of CD4+ CD25+ Foxp3+ regulatory T cells (P < 0.05). Conclusion Tri can inhibit immune rejection, prolong the skin allograft survival time in mice. The anti-rejection effect of Tri may be attributed to the upregulation of regulatory T cells. In addition, the immunosuppressive effect of triptolide shows dose-dependent.endprint
[Key words] Skin transplantation; Immunosuppression; Triptolide; Mechanism
同種器官移植已成為治療人類腎臟、心臟及肝臟等嚴(yán)重疾病的一種重要手段。但是,由于目前臨床應(yīng)用的免疫抑制劑長期使用時具有一定的毒副作用,因此研制開發(fā)新型、高效、低毒的免疫抑制劑,一直是臨床關(guān)注的熱點[1-2]。雷公藤內(nèi)酯醇(Triptolide,Tri)是從我國傳統(tǒng)中藥雷公藤中分離出來的含有三個環(huán)氧基的二萜內(nèi)酯化合物,具有較強的抗炎、抗腫瘤和免疫抑制作用[3-4]。動物實驗證實其在心臟[5-6]、腎臟[7]、肝臟[8]、肺臟[9]、胰島[10-11]等多種移植模型中均具有較好的抗排斥作用,是一種極有潛力的免疫抑制藥物。但目前國內(nèi)外學(xué)者對于Tri在移植中的抗排斥作用機制仍然存在較多爭論[12]。本研究旨在通過觀察Tri在小鼠同種異體皮膚移植中的抗排斥效果,初步探討其可能的免疫作用機制。
1 材料與方法
1.1 實驗動物
近交系雄性BALB/c小鼠(H-2d)8只為供體,雄性C57BL/6(H-2b)24只為受體,均為8~12周齡,體重22~25 g,購自北京維通利華公司。飼養(yǎng)于恒溫(25~27℃)、恒定濕度(45%~55%)、無特定病原體(SPF級)環(huán)境中。
1.2 主要試劑
Tri購自中國藥品生物制品檢定所,吐溫80購自北京思語偉業(yè)生物公司,鏈脲佐菌素(streptozotocin,STZ)、膠原酶Ⅴ購自Sigma公司,F(xiàn)icoll 400購自瑞典Pharmacia公司,胎牛血清購自Gibco公司,免疫組化試劑購自邁新公司。藻紅蛋白(PE)標(biāo)記的抗小鼠Foxp3單克隆抗體(mAb)、異硫氰酸熒光素( FITC)標(biāo)記的抗小鼠CD4單克隆抗體(mAb)、別藻青蛋白(APC)標(biāo)記的抗小鼠CD25單克隆抗體(mAb)等免疫熒光染料均購自eBioscience公司。
1.3 皮膚移植與分組
供體(BALB/c)脫椎法處死后,取尾部皮膚,剪成0.8 cm×0.8 cm大小的皮片置于無菌PBS中備用。C57BL/6受鼠給予4%水合氯醛腹腔注射(10 μL/g)麻醉。制備受鼠背部移植床,將供體皮片置于移植床,6-0絲線縫合固定,皮片表面敷蓋凡士林油紗并用無菌紗布包扎覆蓋,創(chuàng)可貼包扎固定,單籠飼養(yǎng)。3 d后去掉凡士林油紗和無菌紗布,逐日觀察移植物排斥狀況。以皮片結(jié)痂、變硬、壞死、縮小到初始測量尺寸的50%時,定義為移植皮膚被排斥標(biāo)準(zhǔn)[13]。術(shù)后分成對照組和治療組[包括L-Tri組(100 μg/kg)和H-Tri組(200 μg/kg)]。治療組術(shù)后連續(xù)6 d腹腔注射Tri,對照組給予等體積溶劑(1%吐溫80)。
1.4 流式細(xì)胞術(shù)
移植術(shù)后第7天,分別制備各組小鼠的脾淋巴細(xì)胞懸液,將濃度調(diào)制5×106/mL。然后取1 mL細(xì)胞懸液加入FITC-抗CD4單抗(0.25 μg/106個細(xì)胞)和APC-抗CD25單抗(0.125 μg/106個細(xì)胞),室溫共孵育15 min,F(xiàn)oxp3-PE標(biāo)記參照試劑盒操作指南進行破膜標(biāo)記。標(biāo)記后的細(xì)胞用冷PBS緩沖液(pH 7.4)洗2次。1%多聚甲醛300 μL重懸固定,調(diào)整細(xì)胞濃度為1×106個/mL,取400 μL上FACScan流式細(xì)胞儀進行分析。每份標(biāo)本均設(shè)同型對照,取2次檢測結(jié)果均值進行統(tǒng)計學(xué)處理。以流式細(xì)胞儀雙色、三色分析法分別分析CD4+ CD25+ Foxp3+調(diào)節(jié)性T細(xì)胞的比例。
1.5 統(tǒng)計學(xué)方法
采用SPSS 17.0統(tǒng)計軟件及Graphpad Prism 5.0軟件進行數(shù)據(jù)處理,計量資料數(shù)據(jù)用均數(shù)±標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差(x±s)表示,多組間比較采用單因素方差分析,組間兩兩比較采用LSD-t檢驗,以P < 0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義。
2 結(jié)果
2.1 Tri對移植皮膚存活時間的影響
對照組移植皮膚平均存活時間為(8.3±1.2)d,L-Tri組為(12.4±1.9)d,H-Tri組為(14.9±2.2)d;與對照組相比,L-Tri組和H-Tri組移植皮膚平均存活時間明顯延長,差異均有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(均P < 0.05);與L-Tri組相比,H-Tri組移植皮膚平均存活時間明顯延長,差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P < 0.05)。見圖1。
A B
A:三組移植皮膚的生存曲線;B:三組移植皮膚的平均生存時間,*P < 0.05,**P < 0.01
圖1 Tri對小鼠同種異體移植皮膚生存時間的影響
2.2 流式細(xì)胞檢測結(jié)果
皮膚移植術(shù)后第7天,Tri處理組脾細(xì)胞CD4+ CD25+ Foxp3+ T reg的比例明顯增加,H-Tri組為(16.1±2.1)%,明顯高于L-Tri組[(12.6±1.5)%](P=0.00),且兩組均明顯高于對照組[(5.6±0.8)%](P=0.01)。見圖2。
3 討論
器官移植已經(jīng)成為治療終末期器官衰竭的最有效手段,但移植術(shù)后的免疫排斥反應(yīng)卻長期影響著移植效果和患者的生存質(zhì)量,免疫抑制藥物的合理應(yīng)用是移植成敗的關(guān)鍵。目前常用的免疫抑制劑的作用效果仍不十分理想,長期應(yīng)用可造成肝、腎功能受損、感染風(fēng)險增加、腫瘤發(fā)生率增加等一系列不良反應(yīng)。因此,研究開發(fā)新型、低毒、高效的抗排斥藥物,探索更為有效的免疫抑制方案仍然是當(dāng)前迫切需要解決的問題[6]。
近幾年的研究顯示,Tri在體內(nèi)、體外均具有較好的免疫抑制活性[14],在器官移植領(lǐng)域有一定應(yīng)用前景。在大鼠同種異體心臟移植模型中,Tri能夠明顯延長移植心臟的存活時間,并與他克莫司和環(huán)孢霉素均具有明顯協(xié)同作用[5]。在小鼠同種異體心臟移植研究中,Tri能夠延長移植心臟存活時間,并與雷帕霉素顯示出了良好的協(xié)同作用[6]。有學(xué)者研究顯示,在大鼠同種異體腎臟移植中,Tri同樣能夠明顯延長移植腎臟的存活時間[7]。鄭樹森等[8]研究證實,雷公藤多苷能夠輕度抑制大鼠異種原位肝移植排斥反應(yīng)。He等[9]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),Tri能夠減輕移植肺臟的缺血再灌注損傷,改善移植肺功能。本研究將Tri應(yīng)用于小鼠同種異體皮膚移植模型,觀察到Tri能夠抑制其免疫排斥反應(yīng),有效延長移植物的存活時間,并且隨著Tri劑量的增加,其免疫抑制作用也明顯增強,提示Tri的抗排斥作用與藥物劑量有一定相關(guān)性。但Tri發(fā)揮免疫抑制作用的機制尚未完全闡明,國內(nèi)外學(xué)者仍然存在較多的爭論。endprint
近年來研究顯示,作為一種新的免疫抑制劑,Tri可抑制T細(xì)胞增殖,誘導(dǎo)T細(xì)胞和樹突狀細(xì)胞(DC)的凋亡,抑制抗原遞呈細(xì)胞的抗原遞呈,抑制DC表達(dá)主要組織相容性復(fù)合體Ⅰ類和Ⅱ類分子[15],抑制IL-2、IL-6、IL-8、IFN-γ、TNF-α等細(xì)胞因子的產(chǎn)生[16]。CD4+ CD25+調(diào)節(jié)性T細(xì)胞是Sakaguchi 等于1995 年首先發(fā)現(xiàn),存在于外周血及脾臟組織的CD4+ T細(xì)胞中的一類具有獨特抑制功能的T細(xì)胞亞群。在小鼠體內(nèi)占CD4+ T細(xì)胞的5%~10%,而在人體內(nèi)只占2%~3%。近年來研究發(fā)現(xiàn),CD4+ CD25+調(diào)節(jié)性T細(xì)胞作為一群具有免疫負(fù)調(diào)控功能的T細(xì)胞亞群,通過抑制其他免疫效應(yīng)細(xì)胞的激活和增殖,對抑制移植排斥反應(yīng)和誘導(dǎo)移植免疫耐受起重要作用[17-18],而輸注CD4+ CD25+調(diào)節(jié)性T細(xì)胞可以促進移植物存活[19]。在同種移植中,有研究證實,CD4+ CD25+調(diào)節(jié)性T細(xì)胞對于預(yù)防或糾正慢性移植物抗宿主反應(yīng)(GVHD)有重要作用[20]。許多研究表明,CD4+ CD25+調(diào)節(jié)性T細(xì)胞亦可以影響巨噬細(xì)胞、樹突狀細(xì)胞、NK細(xì)胞、B細(xì)胞等的功能[6,21]。Foxp3(forkhead/winged helix transciption factor)作為叉頭狀轉(zhuǎn)錄因子,為CD4+CD25+ T細(xì)胞的發(fā)育和功能所必需[22]。Tri能夠促進Foxp3+調(diào)節(jié)性T細(xì)胞的產(chǎn)生[23-24]。
本實驗結(jié)果顯示,給予皮膚移植小鼠應(yīng)用不同劑量Tri,能夠提高受體小鼠脾臟CD4+ CD25+ Foxp3+ T細(xì)胞的數(shù)量,延長移植皮膚的存活時間,并具有一定劑量依賴效應(yīng)。由此推斷,Tri可能通過增加移植受體CD4+ CD25+ Foxp3+ T細(xì)胞的數(shù)量,誘導(dǎo)免疫耐受,從而發(fā)揮延長移植物存活時間的作用。但Tri誘導(dǎo)CD4+ CD25+ Foxp3+ T細(xì)胞上調(diào)的分子機制目前尚不清楚,還需進一步研究。
[參考文獻(xiàn)]
[1] Hardinger KL,Brennan DC. Novel immunosuppressive agents in kidney transplantation [J]. World J Transplant,2013,3(4):68-77.
[2] Silva HT Jr,F(xiàn)elipe CR,Garcia VD,et al. Planned randomized conversion from tacrolimus to sirolimus-based immunosuppressive regimen in de novo kidney transplant recipients [J]. Am J Transplant,2013,13(12):3155-3163.
[3] 任曉榮,樊紅翠,尉杰忠,等.雷公藤內(nèi)酯醇對EAE小鼠脊髓IL-10、IFN-γ表達(dá)的影響[J].中國醫(yī)藥導(dǎo)報,2010, 7(15):18-20.
[4] 張劍宇,彭嵐,劉定華.雷公藤對重癥肌無力外周血T淋巴細(xì)胞亞群的影響[J].中國醫(yī)藥導(dǎo)報,2008,5(6):80-81.
[5] Li R,Takazawa K,Suzuki H,et al. Synergistic effect of triptolide and tacrolimus on rat cardiac allotransplantation [J]. Jpn Heart J,2004,45(4):657-665.
[6] Liu Y,Chen Y,Liu FQ,et al. Combined treatment with triptolide and rapamycin prolongs graft survival in a mouse model of cardiac transplantation [J]. Transpl Int,2008,21(5):483-494.
[7] Zhang G,Chen J,Liu Y,et al.Triptolide-conditioned dendritic cells induce allospecific T-cell regulation and prolong renal graft survival [J]. J Invest Surg,2013,26(4):191-199.
[8] 鄭樹森,郭華,俞軍,等.雷公藤多甙抑制大鼠異種肝移植急性排斥的研究[J].中華器官移植雜志,2003,24(6):223-225.
[9] He JK,Yu SD,Zhu HJ,et al. Triptolide inhibits NF-kappaB activation and reduces injury of donor lung induced by ischemia/reperfusion [J]. Acta Pharmacol Sin,2007,28(12):1919-1923.
[10] Huang SH,Lin GJ,Chu CH,et al. Triptolide ameliorates autoimmune diabetes and prolongs islet graft survival in nonobese diabetic mice [J]. Pancreas,2013,42(3):442-451.
[11] Xin MJ,Cui SH,Liu S,et al. Triptolide prolonged allogeneic islet graft survival in chemically induced and spontaneously diabetic mice without impairment of islet function [J]. Hepatobiliary Pancreat Dis Int,2010,9(3):312-318.endprint
[12] Wang Y,Jia L,Wu CY. Triptolide inhibits the diferentiation of Th17 cells and suppresses collagen-induced arthritis[J]. Scand J Immunol,2008,68(4):383-390.
[13] 張進生,管德林,許建軍,等.1,25-(OH)2D3對小鼠皮膚移植后脾T細(xì)胞亞群、MLR及NK細(xì)胞活性的影響[J].中華器官移植雜志,2003,24(4):226-229.
[14] Han R,Rostami-Yazdi M,Gerdes S,et al. Triptolide in the treatment of psoriasis and other immune-mediated inflammatory diseases [J]. Br J Clin Pharmacol,2012,74:424-436.
[15] Zhu K,Shen Q,Chang H,et al. Triptolide affects the differentiation,maturation and function of human dendritic cells [J]. Int Immunopharmaco1,2005,5(9):1415-1426.
[16] Liu Q. Triptolide and its expanding multiple pharmacological functions [J]. Int Immunopharmacol,2011,11(3):377-383.
[17] Oliver K,Lisa M,Ebert,et al. Flt3 ligand expands CD4+FoxP3+ regulatory T cells in human subjects [J]. European Journal of Immunology,2013,43(2):533-539.
[18] Jiang X,Sun W,Guo D,et al. Cardiac allograft acceptance induced by blockade of CD40-CD40L costimulation is dependent on CD4(+)CD25(+)regulatory T cells [J]. Surgery,2011,149(3):336-346.
[19] Joffre O,Santolaria T,Calise D,et al. Prevention of acute and chronic allograft rejection with CD4+ CD25+ Foxp3+ regulatory T lymphocytes [J]. Nat Med,2008,14(1):88-92.
[20] Piotr T,Anna DM,Maria B,et al. Treatment of Graft-versus-Host Disease with Naturally Occurring T Regulatory Cells [J]. BioDrugs,2013,27(6):605-614.
[21] Trzonkowski P,Szarynska M,Mysliwska J,et al. Ex vivo expansion of CD4(+)CD25(+)T regulatory cells for immune-suppressive therapy [J]. Cytometry,2009,75(3):175-188.
[22] Hori S,Nomura T,Sakaguchi S. Control of regulatory T cell development by the transcription factor FoxP3 [J]. Science,2003,299:1057-1061.
[23] Zhang G,Liu Y,Guo H,et al. Triptolide promotes generation of FoxP3+ T regulatory cells in rats [J]. J Ethnophar macol,2009,125(1):41-46.
[24] Li G,Ren J,Wang G,et al. T2 enhances in situ level of Foxp3(+) regulatory cells and modulates inflammatory cytokines in Crohn's disease [J]. Int Immunopharmacol,2014, 18(2):244-248.
(收稿日期:2014-04-08 本文編輯:程 銘)endprint
[12] Wang Y,Jia L,Wu CY. Triptolide inhibits the diferentiation of Th17 cells and suppresses collagen-induced arthritis[J]. Scand J Immunol,2008,68(4):383-390.
[13] 張進生,管德林,許建軍,等.1,25-(OH)2D3對小鼠皮膚移植后脾T細(xì)胞亞群、MLR及NK細(xì)胞活性的影響[J].中華器官移植雜志,2003,24(4):226-229.
[14] Han R,Rostami-Yazdi M,Gerdes S,et al. Triptolide in the treatment of psoriasis and other immune-mediated inflammatory diseases [J]. Br J Clin Pharmacol,2012,74:424-436.
[15] Zhu K,Shen Q,Chang H,et al. Triptolide affects the differentiation,maturation and function of human dendritic cells [J]. Int Immunopharmaco1,2005,5(9):1415-1426.
[16] Liu Q. Triptolide and its expanding multiple pharmacological functions [J]. Int Immunopharmacol,2011,11(3):377-383.
[17] Oliver K,Lisa M,Ebert,et al. Flt3 ligand expands CD4+FoxP3+ regulatory T cells in human subjects [J]. European Journal of Immunology,2013,43(2):533-539.
[18] Jiang X,Sun W,Guo D,et al. Cardiac allograft acceptance induced by blockade of CD40-CD40L costimulation is dependent on CD4(+)CD25(+)regulatory T cells [J]. Surgery,2011,149(3):336-346.
[19] Joffre O,Santolaria T,Calise D,et al. Prevention of acute and chronic allograft rejection with CD4+ CD25+ Foxp3+ regulatory T lymphocytes [J]. Nat Med,2008,14(1):88-92.
[20] Piotr T,Anna DM,Maria B,et al. Treatment of Graft-versus-Host Disease with Naturally Occurring T Regulatory Cells [J]. BioDrugs,2013,27(6):605-614.
[21] Trzonkowski P,Szarynska M,Mysliwska J,et al. Ex vivo expansion of CD4(+)CD25(+)T regulatory cells for immune-suppressive therapy [J]. Cytometry,2009,75(3):175-188.
[22] Hori S,Nomura T,Sakaguchi S. Control of regulatory T cell development by the transcription factor FoxP3 [J]. Science,2003,299:1057-1061.
[23] Zhang G,Liu Y,Guo H,et al. Triptolide promotes generation of FoxP3+ T regulatory cells in rats [J]. J Ethnophar macol,2009,125(1):41-46.
[24] Li G,Ren J,Wang G,et al. T2 enhances in situ level of Foxp3(+) regulatory cells and modulates inflammatory cytokines in Crohn's disease [J]. Int Immunopharmacol,2014, 18(2):244-248.
(收稿日期:2014-04-08 本文編輯:程 銘)endprint
[12] Wang Y,Jia L,Wu CY. Triptolide inhibits the diferentiation of Th17 cells and suppresses collagen-induced arthritis[J]. Scand J Immunol,2008,68(4):383-390.
[13] 張進生,管德林,許建軍,等.1,25-(OH)2D3對小鼠皮膚移植后脾T細(xì)胞亞群、MLR及NK細(xì)胞活性的影響[J].中華器官移植雜志,2003,24(4):226-229.
[14] Han R,Rostami-Yazdi M,Gerdes S,et al. Triptolide in the treatment of psoriasis and other immune-mediated inflammatory diseases [J]. Br J Clin Pharmacol,2012,74:424-436.
[15] Zhu K,Shen Q,Chang H,et al. Triptolide affects the differentiation,maturation and function of human dendritic cells [J]. Int Immunopharmaco1,2005,5(9):1415-1426.
[16] Liu Q. Triptolide and its expanding multiple pharmacological functions [J]. Int Immunopharmacol,2011,11(3):377-383.
[17] Oliver K,Lisa M,Ebert,et al. Flt3 ligand expands CD4+FoxP3+ regulatory T cells in human subjects [J]. European Journal of Immunology,2013,43(2):533-539.
[18] Jiang X,Sun W,Guo D,et al. Cardiac allograft acceptance induced by blockade of CD40-CD40L costimulation is dependent on CD4(+)CD25(+)regulatory T cells [J]. Surgery,2011,149(3):336-346.
[19] Joffre O,Santolaria T,Calise D,et al. Prevention of acute and chronic allograft rejection with CD4+ CD25+ Foxp3+ regulatory T lymphocytes [J]. Nat Med,2008,14(1):88-92.
[20] Piotr T,Anna DM,Maria B,et al. Treatment of Graft-versus-Host Disease with Naturally Occurring T Regulatory Cells [J]. BioDrugs,2013,27(6):605-614.
[21] Trzonkowski P,Szarynska M,Mysliwska J,et al. Ex vivo expansion of CD4(+)CD25(+)T regulatory cells for immune-suppressive therapy [J]. Cytometry,2009,75(3):175-188.
[22] Hori S,Nomura T,Sakaguchi S. Control of regulatory T cell development by the transcription factor FoxP3 [J]. Science,2003,299:1057-1061.
[23] Zhang G,Liu Y,Guo H,et al. Triptolide promotes generation of FoxP3+ T regulatory cells in rats [J]. J Ethnophar macol,2009,125(1):41-46.
[24] Li G,Ren J,Wang G,et al. T2 enhances in situ level of Foxp3(+) regulatory cells and modulates inflammatory cytokines in Crohn's disease [J]. Int Immunopharmacol,2014, 18(2):244-248.
(收稿日期:2014-04-08 本文編輯:程 銘)endprint