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      關節(jié)鏡下四骨道雙束固定治療急性肩鎖關節(jié)RockwoodⅤ型脫位

      2014-07-05 13:20:07陸偉王大平朱偉民歐陽侃柳海峰彭亮權李皓馮文哲
      中華肩肘外科電子雜志 2014年3期
      關鍵詞:骨道肩鎖鎖骨

      陸偉 王大平 朱偉民 歐陽侃 柳海峰 彭亮權 李皓 馮文哲

      關節(jié)鏡下四骨道雙束固定治療急性肩鎖關節(jié)RockwoodⅤ型脫位

      陸偉 王大平 朱偉民 歐陽侃 柳海峰 彭亮權 李皓 馮文哲

      目的探討關節(jié)鏡下四骨道四袢雙束固定修復急性肩鎖關節(jié)RockwoodⅤ型脫位的方法及近期療效。方法選擇2010年10月至2013年6月,12例急性肩鎖關節(jié)RockwoodⅤ型損傷的患者(男性9例,女性3例),平均年齡28.2歲。10例為運動致傷,2例為跌倒致傷。具體步驟分為5部分:(1)術前測量患者健側特定體位喙突CT三維影像特點,測量喙突頸部寬度、喙突與肩胛骨的夾角及喙突與鎖骨的關系,明確喙突骨道中心點位置及其于鎖骨外端的投影;(2)肩關節(jié)鏡下經(jīng)盂肱關節(jié)暴露喙突下表面,標記喙突骨道中心;(3)于肩鎖關節(jié)上方做橫切口,保留鎖骨外端并切除肩鎖關節(jié)軟骨盤;(4)將肩鎖關節(jié)復位,克氏針臨時固定后,采用自行設計的定位器,根據(jù)術前測量的喙突與鎖骨的骨道定位,分別于鎖骨外緣與喙突下表面間各鉆相隔約6mm,直徑3.5mm骨道(共4條骨道),穿入牽引導線;(5)采用并列的兩套雙Endobutton袢和Utra-braid固定系統(tǒng),分別固定于鎖骨外端上表面與喙突頸部下表面間。術后采用較積極的康復程序,隨訪時間6~30個月。術后采用疼痛VAS評分、恢復運動情況、Constant評分、Karlsson肩鎖關節(jié)評分評價術后療效。采用SPSS 18.0統(tǒng)計軟件進行統(tǒng)計分析。結果術后11例患者獲得隨訪,X線片和CT三維重建顯示Endobutton位置良好,無脫出或斷裂,無鎖骨或喙突骨質吸收,肩鎖關節(jié)無再發(fā)生脫位或半脫位。8例男性患者與1例女性患者術后3~5個月恢復傷前運動水平,包括對抗與過度運動。另外2例因其他原因放棄原來運動,但不影響正常生活和工作。8例術后平均6.34±3.2周時VAS評分<3分,4例術后肩鎖關節(jié)疼痛持續(xù)時間較長(VAS評分4~6分),但12~18周后VAS評分<3分。術后肩關節(jié)活動范圍平均恢復時間為6.32±2.11周,術后 Constant評分(91.2±1.67)分(88~100分),術后 Karlsson評分10例優(yōu),1例良。患者均對治療效果滿意。結論采用關節(jié)鏡下四骨道四袢雙束固定方法修復急性肩鎖關節(jié)Rockwood-Ⅴ型脫位,生物固定牢固,手術創(chuàng)傷小,并且避免了雙袢單骨道應力過于集中、拉力線單薄等缺點,是治療急性肩鎖關節(jié)RockwoodⅤ型損傷較好的方法。

      肩鎖關節(jié);脫位;肩關節(jié)鏡;四骨道

      治療肩鎖關節(jié)RockwoodⅤ型脫位的方法較多。過去常用的是創(chuàng)傷較大的切開法(采用鎖骨鉤鋼板固定)。近年來,有學者采用關節(jié)鏡輔助下鎖骨-喙突螺釘固定方法,但需要在6周后取出;還有學者采用關節(jié)鏡下雙Endobutton袢單束固定方法進行固定,效果不錯,但發(fā)現(xiàn)部分患者發(fā)生Endobutton間的縫合線斷裂,復發(fā)再脫位或袢下骨質吸收[1-4]。本文介紹采用自行設計的定位裝置,四骨道四袢雙束固定方法,在肩鎖關節(jié)復位后進行鎖骨與喙突固定的12例患者,效果良好,報道如下。

      材料與方法

      一、患者選擇

      2010年10月至2013年6月,選擇12例急性肩鎖關節(jié)RockwoodⅤ型損傷的患者(男性9例,女性3例),平均年齡28.2歲。10例為運動致傷,2例為跌倒致傷。所有患者均在傷后2周內行修復術,且手術均由同一位高年資醫(yī)生完成。

      二、術前骨道定位設計

      所有患者均采用雙側肩關節(jié)90°內旋位(掌心向下)CT掃描,分別測量肩胛骨長軸與冠狀面的角度(A),再于喙突頸部做與肩胛骨長軸平行線(S),測量該平行線在喙突頸部寬度(P),喙突頸部的中點即為準備鉆制的兩個骨道間的中心原點,做該點的與P線的垂直交叉線,骨道定位位于該原點的Ⅰ、Ⅱ象限,兩骨道間相距6mm(圖1)。

      圖1 骨道定位示意圖

      三、手術技術

      根據(jù)術前測量的骨道數(shù)據(jù),用自行設計的肩鎖關節(jié)雙束四骨道定位器。采用兩組各兩枚Endobutton袢固定方法,進行肩鎖關節(jié)四骨道雙束固定。該技術包括以下5部分內容:(1)肩鎖關節(jié)探查,喙突下表面顯露:采用70°、4.5mm 的關節(jié)鏡,常規(guī)肩鎖關節(jié)后方入路,并引導做肩鎖關節(jié)前方入路。于肩胛下肌腱上方,用射頻向內側逐漸分離肩鎖關節(jié)前內側關節(jié)囊,直到喙突下表面,清理喙突頸部下表面軟組織,暴露喙突頸部。(2)肩鎖關節(jié)探查,肩鎖關節(jié)盤切除及鎖骨外端部分切除成形:經(jīng)肩鎖關節(jié)上方做2~3cm與鎖骨平行的橫切口,分層切開,暴露肩鎖關節(jié),清除破裂的關節(jié)盤,并將鎖骨外端磨平整,之后將肩鎖關節(jié)復位,克氏針臨時固定。(3)采用自行設計的定位器(專利編號ZL 2013 2 0217047.4),將定位器頭部放于喙突頸部下表面,橫桿及2.4mm定位導針置于鎖骨上表面,將導針插入A孔,鉆透喙突下表面后,用3.5mm空心鉆擴孔。將橫桿調整到預先測定的肩胛骨軸線與冠狀面的角度,距A孔6mm,再將2.4mm導針插入橫桿的B孔擴孔。(4)將一塊Endobutton紐扣鋼板用3根 Utra-braid線(Smith & Nephew,Andover,Ma)環(huán)形連接后,將3條線從喙突下方A孔拉入,鎖骨端骨道拉出,紐扣鋼板保留在喙突下表面。將另一塊Endobutton紐扣鋼板穿入拉出的Utrabraid線,收緊后于鎖骨端固定并打結,檢查肩鎖關節(jié)固定情況滿意。再采用同樣方法與B孔進行固定,完成固定過程。(5)固定后采用C臂X線機透視,了解固定效果及內固定物情況。

      四、術后康復

      術后采用肩鎖關節(jié)外旋0°位外固定,鼓勵患者在48h后進行適當?shù)募珂i關節(jié)被動<90°的外展、前屈、外旋活動。術后6周開始主動鍛煉,術后3個月開始恢復正常生活、工作并進行有限的恢復性運動。

      五、術后評估

      采用術后肩鎖關節(jié)疼痛VAS評分(滿分10)、恢復肩鎖關節(jié)活動范圍及恢復運動時間、Constant評分(滿分100)、Karlsson肩鎖關節(jié)評分(A、B、C三個等級)評價術后療效。

      六、統(tǒng)計學分析

      應用SPSS 18.0統(tǒng)計軟件,采用χ2檢驗或t檢驗進行統(tǒng)計學處理。

      結 果

      一、術前測量結果

      12例急性肩鎖關節(jié)V型脫位患者,術前健側CT測量,肩胛骨與冠狀面夾角為(32.33±5.24)°,喙突與肩胛骨軸線夾角(26.35±1.55)°,喙突頸部橫徑為(2.05±1.12)cm,喙突骨道中心定位點(骨道原點)在鎖骨投影距鎖骨外端(2.30±0.69)cm,距鎖骨前緣(8.92±0.32)cm,距鎖骨后緣(10.89±2.39)cm。

      二、術中

      術中10例患者定位與術前測量的健側結果相同,2例患者年齡<20歲,喙突定位點于鎖骨的投影較前,骨道鉆制較困難。采用將鎖骨定位點后移的斜行定位方法,鎖骨位點分別后移5~6mm,術中透視及術后影像學檢查位置均良好(圖2~5)。

      三、術后

      術后11例患者獲得隨訪,隨訪時間6~30個月,平均24.2±6.8個月。術后 X線片 Endobutton鈦板位置良好,無脫出。8例男性患者與1例女性患者術后3~5個月恢復傷前運動水平,包括對抗與過度運動。另外2例因其他原因放棄原來運動,但不影響正常生活和工作。

      8例患者術后平均(6.34±3.2)周時 VAS評分<3分,4例患者術后肩鎖關節(jié)疼痛持續(xù)時間較長(VAS評分4~6分),但12~18周后VAS評分<3分。術后肩鎖關節(jié)活動范圍恢復時間(6.32±2.11)周、術后 Constant評分(91.2±1.67)分(88~100分)、術后Karlsson評分10例優(yōu),1例良。與術前相比術后各項評分差異均有統(tǒng)計學意義(表1)。術后無脫位或半脫位復發(fā),患者均對治療結果滿意。

      圖2~5 肩鎖關節(jié)Rockwood V型脫位,采用四骨道四Endobutton雙束固定后CT掃描所見。圖2術前X線片顯示右肩鎖關節(jié)Rockwood V型脫位;圖3術后X線片顯示肩鎖關節(jié)完全復位,鎖骨端、喙突端固定Endobutton位置良好;圖4術后3D-CT顯示肩鎖關節(jié)完全復位,固定Endobutton位置良好;圖5術后CT顯示骨道-鎖骨-喙突的關系

      四、典型病例

      患者,27歲,因足球守門致傷入院。查體右肩鎖關節(jié)畸形,隆起,活動障礙。Constant肩鎖關節(jié)評分22.5分。X線片發(fā)現(xiàn)右肩鎖關節(jié)RockwoodⅤ型脫位。采用全關節(jié)鏡下四骨道雙束4 Endobutton復位固定右肩鎖關節(jié),手術過程40min,術后當天出院。術后即開始被動全范圍活動鍛煉,術后2周開始主動活動鍛煉,術后4周肩鎖關節(jié)活動范圍恢復正常,患者恢復日常生活和工作。術后3個月即可開始恢復部分運動。術后6個月恢復足球運動。隨訪復查內固定位置良好,無肩鎖關節(jié)松弛或不穩(wěn),無鎖骨或喙突骨質吸收。Constant評分100分,Karlsson評分優(yōu),患者對治療效果滿意。

      討 論

      肩鎖關節(jié)脫位是常見的運動損傷,尤其是在接觸性運動如橄欖球、足球、曲棍球、滑雪以及騎自行車時跌倒。根據(jù)損傷的嚴重程度不同,通常將肩鎖關節(jié)脫位分為RockwoodⅥ型。急性肩鎖關節(jié)脫位的治療還存在爭議,有報道顯示,在一次對超過500位美國骨科運動醫(yī)學學會的成員的調查結果中,超過80%的受訪者選擇非手術治療作為初始方法。然而有20%~40%的患者經(jīng)保守治療急性肩鎖關節(jié)脫位后,出現(xiàn)殘余肩鎖關節(jié)活動時疼痛、感覺異常、無力、抬肩容易疲勞、以及局部畸形等情況[4]。

      通常采用的肩鎖關節(jié)脫位固定的方法為鎖骨鉤鋼板治療急性肩鎖關節(jié)RockwoodⅤ型脫位,效果良好。但其創(chuàng)傷較大,肩峰下金屬鉤可能導致肩峰撞擊。多學者報道采用全關節(jié)鏡下Double-Button固定系統(tǒng)(Smith & Nephew,Andover)固定肩鎖關節(jié)脫位,其優(yōu)點是該系統(tǒng)為生物固定,符合肩鎖關節(jié)微動特點,且固定可靠,足以維持到骨-韌帶愈合[1-6]。該裝置由2個鈦紐扣和4條高強度聚乙烯縫線組成,紐扣分別位于在喙突下和鎖骨上方。但該方法有2個明顯的缺陷:(1)4條固定縫線可能難以承受較大的喙突-鎖骨間分離的張力,導致縫線撕脫或斷裂;(2)這種紐扣寬度只有4.0mm,在較大應力下,過度集中的應力會導致其下方的骨質吸收溶解[5,7]。

      本組患者采用4骨道雙束固定肩鎖關節(jié)從根本上解決了上述兩個問題:12條聚乙烯高強縫線、兩端各2個固定袢共4個固定承力單位,分散了應力,增加了固定強度,減小了固定袢下平均受力強度。結果顯示隨訪患者無縫線松脫、無固定袢移位、無固定袢下方骨質吸收溶解,患者對治療效果滿意。本組病例術前測量顯示,喙突頸部橫徑為(2.05±1.12)cm。該結果顯示,只要第一個骨道位置不穿破喙突內、外側骨皮質,假設第一個骨道正好在喙突中點,那么,其距離內側或外側喙突皮質的距離至少還有1.05cm,第二個骨道的鉆制就是安全的。

      全關節(jié)鏡下或關節(jié)鏡輔助下進行肩鎖關節(jié)急性脫位治療早有報道,主要有螺釘固定與雙袢固定兩種。前者由切開手術轉化而來,固定牢固、可靠,可借助關節(jié)鏡觀察固定情況,但需要在術后3個月取出螺釘,否則可能會因為肩鎖關節(jié)的微動導致螺釘折斷;后者主要為鏡下雙袢固定,采用的是單束定位器,單束固定,技術相對簡單,但因固定點單一,術后問題較多[2,4,6-7]。本技術的關鍵有 以下幾 個方面:首先是術前骨性結構的測量、雙骨道中心點的確定。喙突與肩胛骨夾角的測量較重要,如果該夾角太小,要防止術中骨道穿破皮質的可能;其次,骨道中心點位置的確定,該中心點在年齡<18歲的患者會偏前(本組2例),位于鎖骨前緣前方,此時,需要相應調整骨道定位器的角度,向后偏離,直到鎖骨骨道位置適中為止;最后,B骨道的鉆置還要于術中調整定位橫桿旋轉角度,使其與喙突外傾角對應。另外,破碎的肩鎖關節(jié)盤必須去除,且應切除鎖骨外端5~8mm骨質,防止術后疼痛發(fā)生[8]。

      該方法有待進一步完善如固定袢所受應力的測量、固定高強縫線所受應力測量,以及需要更長時間的療效觀察。

      表1 肩鎖關節(jié)脫位患者手術前、后評價指標的比較

      [1] 趙立連,張耀南,尹自龍,等.全關節(jié)鏡下雙紐扣鋼板固定技術治療急性肩鎖關節(jié)脫位的初步臨床療效觀察[J].中華關節(jié)外科雜志:電子版,2010,4(1):11-13.

      [2] Paolo RR,Michele FS,Luigi M.Arthroscopic treatment of acute acromioclavicular joint dislocation[J].Arthroscopy,2004,20(6):662-668.

      [3] Pierorazio M,Alberto M,Laura B,et al.Suture Rupture in Acromioclavicular Joint Dislocations Treated With Flip Buttons[J].Arthroscopy,2011,27(2):294-298.

      [4] Pascal B,Jason O,Olivier G,et al.All-arthroscopic Weaver-Dunn-Chuinard procedure with double-button fixation for chronic acromioclavicular joint dislocation [J].Arthroscopy,2010,26(2):149-160.

      [5] Murena L,Vulcano E,Ratti C,et al.Arthroscopic treatment of acute acromioclavicular joint dislocation with double flip button[J].Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc,2009,17(12):1511-1515.

      [6] 孫賀,陳銘銳,趙衛(wèi)東,等.喙肩韌帶移位重建喙鎖韌帶的解剖及生物力學研究[J].中國臨床解剖學雜志,2002,31(4):303-305.

      [7] Liu X,Huangfu X,Zhao J.Arthroscopic treatment of acute acromioclavicular joint dislocation by coracoclavicular ligament augmentation[J].Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc,2013.[in print]

      [8] 陸偉,王大平,韓云,等.關節(jié)鏡下肩峰成形與鎖骨外端切除術治療嚴重肩關節(jié)退行性變[J].中華關節(jié)外科雜志:電子版,2010,6(1):77-78.

      Arthroscopic fixation in the treatment of RockwoodⅤacute acromioclavicular joint dislocation

      Lu Wei,Wang Daping,Zhu Weimin,Ou-Yang Kan,Liu Haifeng,Peng Liangquan,Li Hao,F(xiàn)eng Wenzhe.Department of Sport Medicine,1st Affiliated Hospital,Shenzhen University (Shenzhen 2nd People′s Hospital),Shenzhen 518000,China

      BackgroundTreatment methods for acromioclavicular joint dislocation of Rockwood type V are numerous.The commonly used is the open surgery with large trauma(by clavicular hook plate fixation).In recent years,some scholars use clavicle-coracoid screws fixation method under arthroscopy,but the screws need to be removed after 6weeks;there are also scholars using arthroscopic double Endobutton loops single bundle fixation method with good effect,but they found suture rupture between the Endobutton,redislocation or fracture,bone absorption under the loops in some patients.This article investigates the method of arthroscopic procedure with four-tunnel quadruple double-bundle Endobutton double-bundle fixation via self-designed positioningapparatus in the treatment of acute acromioclavicular joint(ACJ)RockwoodⅤdegree dislocations and their short-term therapeutic effect.Methods(1)Patient selection:12patients(9male and 3female)with acute acromioclavicular joint dislocation of Rockwood type V were selected from October 2010to June 2013.Their average age is 28.2years.with sports injury in 10cases and fall injury in 2cases.All patients

      surgical repair within 2weeks after injury.The operations were performed by the same senior surgeon.(2)Preoperative bone tunnel positioning design:All patients had CT scan in the position of 90°internal rotating of bilateral shoulder joint(palm down).Measure the angle of scapular long axis and coronal section(A)separately,make the line in the coracoid neck parallel to the long axis of scapula(S),and then measure the width of parallel line in the part of coracoid neck(P).The midpoint of the coracoid neck is the center between the two preparatively drilled bone tunnels.Make the cross line vertical to line P,and the bone tunnels are located in the I and II quadrant.The distance between two bone tunnels is 6mm.(3)Surgical techniques:According to the data of preoperative measurement of bone tunnel,the self-designed 4-tunnel double-bundle locator is applied.The 4-tunnel double-bundle acromioclavicular joint fixation is carried out with the method of two Endobutton loops in each of two groups.The technique includes the following 5parts:①Acromioclavicular joint exploration and exposure of subcoracoid surface:make the routine posterior approach of acromioclavicular joint with arthroscope of 70°,4.5mm and guide the anterior approach.Gradually separate the anteromedial joint capsule with radiofrequency coblation from the inside of the subscapularis tendon above to the subcoracoid surface.Clean the soft tissue on its lower surface to expose the coracoid neck.② Acromioclavicular joint exploration,acromioclavicular joint disc excision and partial excision and plasty of the clavicular lateral end:make a 2-3cm transverse incision above the acromioclavicular joint parallel to the clavicle,layered the cut,expose the acromioclavicular joint,remove ruptured joint disc,and rub the clavicular lateral end.Afterwards,reduce the acromioclavicular joint and fix it temporarily with Kirschner wire.③ The self-designed locator(Patent No.ZL 201320217047.4)is adopted.Put the head of the locator on the lower surface of coracoid neck,and the transverse bar and 2.4mm guide pin are arranged on the clavicular surface.The guide pin is inserted into the hole A,drilling through the subcoracoid surface with a 3.5mm hollow drill for reaming.Adjust the transverse bar to the pre-determined angle of scapular axis and coronal section 6mm away from hole A,and then ream the hole B with 2.4mm guide pin inserted.④ After connecting the ring with an Endobutton button plate and 3Utra-braid sutures(Smith & Nephew,Andover,Ma),pull in the 3line from hole A below the coracoid process,and then pull out from the bone tunnel on the clavicular end to maintain the Endobutton plate on the subcoracoid surface.The Utra-braid suture penetrates into the other piece of Endobutton plate and then gets pulled out.Tighten and fix it on the clavicular end and then make a knot.Check the acromioclavicular joint to ensure satisfactory fixation.Complete the process of hole B fixation with the same method.⑤ Use C arm X-ray machine for fluoroscopy to understand the effect of fixation and situations of internal fixator.Aggressive postoperative rehabilitation program was applied,and the follow-up time ranged from 6to 30months.(4)Postoperative rehabilitation:After operation the acromioclavicular joint was externally fixed in 0°of external rotation,and 48hours later the patient was encouraged to take appropriate acromioclavicular joint passive activities of abduction less than 90°,flexion and external rotation.Active exercise was allowed 6weeks after operation,and 3months later the patient began to return to normal life,work and limited recovery movement.(5)Postoperative evaluation:The VAS score(out of 10)of postoperative acromioclavicular joint pain,recovery of range of movement for acromioclavicular joint and recovery time, Constant score (out of 100),and Karlsson acromioclavicular joint score(A,B,C three grades)were applied for postoperative evaluation.(6)Statistical analysis:SPSS 18.0statistical software was applied,andχ2test and t test were adopted respectively for statistical process.Results(1)Resultsof preoperative measurement:Preoperative contralateral CT measurement was conducted in 12cases of acute acromioclavicular joint dislocation with Rockwood type V.The angle between the scapula and coronal section was(32.33±5.24)°,theangle between the coracoid and scapular axis was (26.35±1.55)°,the diameter of coracoid neck was(2.05±1.12)cm,and the central location of coracoid bone tunnel(the original point of clavicular bone tunnel)in the projection of clavicle are(2.30±0.69)cm from the distal clavicle,(8.92±0.32)cm from the front edge of the clavicle,and (10.89±2.39)cm from trailing edge of the clavicle.(2)Intraoperation:Intraoperative positioning and preoperative measurement have the same result in 10 cases.2patients are younger than 20years old and their anchor points are a bit forward in the projection of clavicle,which makes it difficult to drill the bone tunnels.The oblique positioning method of shifting anchor point backward is applied to move the points 5-6mm back on the clavicle,and both the positions are good under intraoperative fluoroscopy and postoperative radiological examination.(3)Post operation:11patients were followed up after operation for 6to 30months with an average of 24.2±6.8months.Postoperative X-ray films and 3D-CT indicated that Endobutton titanium plate was in good position without withdrawal or rupture.No dislocation or subluxation relapse was seen after the operation.8male patients and 1female patient restored pre injury sports level in 3to 5months after surgery,including resistive and excessive movement.The other 2patients returned to normal life but gave up previous sports due to other reasons.The VAS score in 8patients was less than 3after operation in a mean of 6.34±3.2weeks and 4patients had acromioclavicular joint pain of longer duration(VAS score 4-6),but the VAS score turned less than 3in 12-18weeks later.The recovery time was 6.32±2.11weeks in the postoperative range of joint movement.The postoperative Constant score was(91.2±1.67)(88-100)and the postoperative Karlsson score were excellent in 10cases and benign in 1case.Compared with the preoperative and postoperative scores the differences were statistically significant.All the patients were satisfied with the therapeutic outcomes.Conclusions The method of arthroscopic procedure with four-tunnel quadruple Endobutton doublebundle fixation in the treatment of acute acromioclavicular joint dislocation of Rockwood type V provides stable biological fixation with minimal invasion and avoids demerits such as the overconcentrations of stress on double-loop single bone tunnel,weak and thin of the tension line,etc.and it is a better treatment method for acute acromioclavicular joint dislocation of Rockwood type V.

      Acromioclavicular joint;Dislocation;Shoulder arthroscopy;4-tunnel

      Wang Daping,Email:winerl@sina.com

      2014-06-27)

      (本文編輯:李靜)

      10.3877/cma.j.issn.2095-5790.2014.03.005

      518000 深圳大學第一附屬醫(yī)院(深圳市第二人民醫(yī)院)運動醫(yī)學科

      王大平,Email:winerl@sina.com

      陸偉,王大平,朱偉民,等.關節(jié)鏡下四骨道雙束固定治療急性肩鎖關節(jié)RockwoodⅤ型脫位[J/CD].中華肩肘外科電子雜志,2014,2(3):157-162.

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