周澤將++修宗峰
摘 要:以2000~2009年中國證券市場A股上市公司為研究樣本,實(shí)證檢驗(yàn)了女性董事對于經(jīng)營業(yè)績的影響。在控制了女性董事與經(jīng)營業(yè)績之間的內(nèi)生性關(guān)系后,研究發(fā)現(xiàn)總體上女性董事顯著降低了企業(yè)經(jīng)營業(yè)績。當(dāng)進(jìn)一步將女性董事區(qū)分為女性非獨(dú)立董事和女性獨(dú)立董事后,經(jīng)驗(yàn)證據(jù)顯示,女性非獨(dú)立董事?lián)p害了經(jīng)營業(yè)績,而女性獨(dú)立董事有助于經(jīng)營業(yè)績的提升。無論在國有企業(yè)還是民營企業(yè),這一結(jié)論均成立。
關(guān)鍵詞: 女性董事;經(jīng)營業(yè)績;內(nèi)生性;上市公司
中圖分類號:F270.3 文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識碼: A 文章編號:1003-7217(2014)02-0091-07
一、引言
女性董事在全世界范圍內(nèi)廣泛存在[1]。而在中國,女性在國家經(jīng)濟(jì)建設(shè)中發(fā)揮著越來越為重要的作用。據(jù)《中國企業(yè)家》雜志發(fā)布的上市公司女性高管2010年度報(bào)告摘要顯示,擁有女性董事的上市公司所占比例已達(dá)到59.65%[2]。作為上市公司高管人員的重要組成部分,女性董事將會對企業(yè)經(jīng)營業(yè)績等產(chǎn)生何種影響值得關(guān)注。而截至目前,女性董事對于經(jīng)營業(yè)績的影響研究尚無一致的結(jié)論,支持正面影響的經(jīng)驗(yàn)證據(jù)[3-5]、負(fù)面影響的經(jīng)驗(yàn)證據(jù)[6-7]兼而有之。造成上述結(jié)果的重要原因可能在于模型中存在的內(nèi)生性問題[7,8]。中國的新興資本市場和女性傳統(tǒng)文化異于西方國家,在這一背景下女性董事如何影響經(jīng)營業(yè)績值得進(jìn)行深入研究。
盡管部分研究已注意到區(qū)分不同類型和不同職位的女性高管顯得很有必要[9],但是涉及女性董事的相關(guān)文獻(xiàn)大多沒有詳細(xì)區(qū)分女性董事類型[7,8],抑或即使進(jìn)行了區(qū)分[10],但是較少深入比較不同類型女性董事之間的差異。此外,國內(nèi)學(xué)者大多從董事會的構(gòu)成特征、獨(dú)立性、規(guī)模等角度對董事會結(jié)構(gòu)與經(jīng)營業(yè)績之間的關(guān)系展開研究,而專門研究女性董事與經(jīng)營業(yè)績之間關(guān)系的文獻(xiàn)較為少見。
二、理論分析與假設(shè)發(fā)展
關(guān)于女性董事與經(jīng)營業(yè)績之間的關(guān)系,存在兩種截然相反的觀點(diǎn)。一種觀點(diǎn)認(rèn)為,女性董事會通過更高的會議出席率和專門委員會成員任命增強(qiáng)決策參與程度,從而使得公司治理體系更加完善[6],而公司治理的完善有助于企業(yè)經(jīng)營業(yè)績的改善[11]。此外,女性董事是企業(yè)的重要資源[12],多元化的董事會(女性董事)會帶入新的觀點(diǎn)和信息并進(jìn)而提高董事會討論的質(zhì)量[10],女性董事更了解消費(fèi)者的行為、需求及滿足這些需求的機(jī)會[13]。依據(jù)資源依賴?yán)碚揫14],女性董事的上述特征無疑會對企業(yè)經(jīng)營業(yè)績提升產(chǎn)生積極影響。另一種觀點(diǎn)則認(rèn)為女性董事會降低團(tuán)體凝聚力。由于社會隔閡的存在,女性董事影響團(tuán)體決策的可能性降低[15],甚至可能會由于性別多樣性增加內(nèi)部分歧,限制董事會的執(zhí)行力而降低了董事會的有效性[10],最終損害經(jīng)營業(yè)績。
具體到中國的現(xiàn)實(shí)情況,我們預(yù)期女性董事會對企業(yè)經(jīng)營業(yè)績產(chǎn)生負(fù)面影響。(1)相對于男性傾向于選擇支持自己一貫行為的信息而言,女性更善于處理綜合性的信息,某種程度上直接導(dǎo)致了女性更加厭惡風(fēng)險(xiǎn)[16]。較多的經(jīng)驗(yàn)證據(jù)揭示并支持了上述觀點(diǎn),如女性在財(cái)務(wù)決策中更少地投資于風(fēng)險(xiǎn)資產(chǎn)[17],任命女性CEO后財(cái)務(wù)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)顯著降低[18],女性董事在金融危機(jī)期間會通過減少長期借款和投資水平來規(guī)避風(fēng)險(xiǎn)[19],女性CEO降低了股價(jià)崩盤風(fēng)險(xiǎn)[20]。依據(jù)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)和報(bào)酬權(quán)衡原則,女性董事厭惡風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的特性將會使得公司面臨的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)降低,相應(yīng)地,公司獲得的回報(bào)因此將相對較低。(2)中國的傳統(tǒng)觀點(diǎn)往往認(rèn)為“女子無才便是德”、“賢妻良母”是模范女性的標(biāo)準(zhǔn),更多地將女性定位于家庭而非社會經(jīng)濟(jì)事務(wù),因此,女性董事人數(shù)和比例長期持續(xù)偏低。經(jīng)統(tǒng)計(jì),2000~2009年,董事會中女性董事平均人數(shù)和比例僅為1.06人和10.36%,如此少的女性董事難以對董事會的決策產(chǎn)生重要影響。相反,更多可能是出于“裝點(diǎn)門面”需要而產(chǎn)生的女性董事,將會由于人口差異而降低團(tuán)體凝聚力[15],可能帶來更多的意見分歧[10],內(nèi)部分歧的增大降低了董事會的運(yùn)行效率,損害了經(jīng)營業(yè)績。(3)Ahern和Dittmar(2012)發(fā)現(xiàn)女性董事年輕、缺乏經(jīng)驗(yàn)是導(dǎo)致女性董事有損于公司業(yè)績的重要原因[7],同樣,中國的女性董事相對而言更為年輕。經(jīng)統(tǒng)計(jì),2000~2009年男性董事的平均年齡47.56,女性董事的平均年齡44.74,二者之間差異的檢驗(yàn)顯示T值為48.02,在1%水平上顯著。綜上所述,提出假設(shè)1:
財(cái)經(jīng)理論與實(shí)踐(雙月刊)2014年第2期2014年第2期(總第188期)周澤將,修宗峰:女性董事對企業(yè)經(jīng)營績效影響的實(shí)證研究
H1:限定其他條件,女性董事?lián)p害了企業(yè)經(jīng)營業(yè)績。
在董事會中,非獨(dú)立董事和獨(dú)立董事發(fā)揮作用的路徑是不完全一致的。非獨(dú)立董事是股東利益在企業(yè)中的代表,是確保股東利益實(shí)現(xiàn)的重要制度安排。在中國她們往往直接參與企業(yè)的經(jīng)營管理。當(dāng)非獨(dú)立董事是女性時(shí),承接假設(shè)1的分析邏輯,年輕缺乏經(jīng)驗(yàn)、經(jīng)營管理意見分歧的增大和更加厭惡風(fēng)險(xiǎn)無疑會不利于經(jīng)營業(yè)績的改善,甚至損害了經(jīng)營業(yè)績。
而獨(dú)立董事主要是在聲譽(yù)機(jī)制的約束作用下,更為客觀有效地履行監(jiān)督職能、降低代理成本[21]。王躍堂等(2006)研究表明我國上市公司的獨(dú)立董事比例與公司績效顯著正相關(guān)[22]。周繁等(2008)的研究則支持了我國獨(dú)立董事市場聲譽(yù)機(jī)制的有效性[23]。已經(jīng)有一系列研究表明,女性具有以下特征:在財(cái)務(wù)決策時(shí)通常表現(xiàn)出更多的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)厭惡[17-20];男女性由于完全不同的道德發(fā)展歷程而會表現(xiàn)出對待工作的不同價(jià)值傾向,價(jià)值傾向反過來會影響到男女性的道德和行為。通常,男性更偏好金錢、提拔、權(quán)力和個(gè)人表現(xiàn)的有形度量,女性則更關(guān)注和諧的關(guān)系和幫助他人[24]。女性的上述特征促使女性獨(dú)立董事通過更加認(rèn)真負(fù)責(zé)地工作來降低其面臨的風(fēng)險(xiǎn),更加積極地履行監(jiān)督職能,從而聲譽(yù)約束機(jī)制作用進(jìn)一步增強(qiáng),有利于經(jīng)營業(yè)績的改善。綜上所述,提出假設(shè)2和假設(shè)3:
H2:限定其他條件,女性非獨(dú)立董事?lián)p害了企業(yè)經(jīng)營業(yè)績。
H3:限定其他條件,女性獨(dú)立董事提升了企業(yè)經(jīng)營業(yè)績。
三、樣本選擇與研究設(shè)計(jì)
(一)樣本選擇
五、研究結(jié)論與啟示
盡管國外已有較多文獻(xiàn)涉及到女性董事與經(jīng)營業(yè)績之間的關(guān)系問題,但是源于制度背景、文化傳統(tǒng)和女性董事形成路徑等方面的差異,且區(qū)分女性董事類型在國外文獻(xiàn)中較少涉及,因此,國外的研究分析框架未必適合中國的現(xiàn)實(shí)國情。以上采用中國上市公司的數(shù)據(jù),實(shí)證分析了女性董事、不同類型的女性董事對于企業(yè)經(jīng)營業(yè)績的影響。研究結(jié)果表明:女性董事與經(jīng)營業(yè)績顯著負(fù)相關(guān),區(qū)分女性董事類型后,女性非獨(dú)立董事與女性獨(dú)立董事對于經(jīng)營業(yè)績的影響呈現(xiàn)出不對稱性,具體地,女性非獨(dú)立董事降低了經(jīng)營業(yè)績,而女性獨(dú)立董事促進(jìn)了經(jīng)營業(yè)績提升。
研究結(jié)論對于政府部門和企業(yè)都具有重要的啟示意義。十八大報(bào)告中將男女平等上升到基本國策,在這一背景下如何充分發(fā)揮女性董事在公司治理中的積極作用已成為當(dāng)前面臨的重要問題。盡管中國政府在相關(guān)政策層面大力提倡男女平等、鼓勵培養(yǎng)女性領(lǐng)導(dǎo),但本文的經(jīng)驗(yàn)證據(jù)揭示女性非獨(dú)立董事和女性獨(dú)立董事對企業(yè)經(jīng)營業(yè)績的影響結(jié)果迥異,主要原因可能在于兩種不同類型董事履職素質(zhì)差異所致。如果女性董事沒有履行職能的必要素質(zhì),女性董事則難以發(fā)揮積極作用,相反甚至?xí)p害到經(jīng)營業(yè)績。只有女性自身素質(zhì)得以完善時(shí),女性董事方能促進(jìn)企業(yè)經(jīng)營業(yè)績的改善。因此,政府不能簡單地強(qiáng)調(diào)女性在管理層的代表性和所占比例的提升,而應(yīng)該采取切實(shí)行動,積極創(chuàng)造培養(yǎng)女性領(lǐng)導(dǎo)的環(huán)境,提升女性領(lǐng)導(dǎo)的決策水平,從而有效地改進(jìn)企業(yè)運(yùn)營效率和業(yè)績。在企業(yè)層面,應(yīng)進(jìn)一步發(fā)揮女性獨(dú)立董事市場聲譽(yù)約束機(jī)制的積極作用,培育有利于女性非獨(dú)立董事發(fā)揮積極作用的環(huán)境,如逐步優(yōu)化女性非獨(dú)立董事的市場選拔機(jī)制、增強(qiáng)女性董事在董事會中的話語權(quán)等,從而使得我國的董事會結(jié)構(gòu)更趨合理,切實(shí)為股東創(chuàng)造更多的價(jià)值。
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(責(zé)任編輯:漆玲瓊)
An Empirical Study on Female Director's Effect on Operation Performance: Evidence from Listed Chinese Ashare Companies from 2000~2009
ZHOU Zejiang1, XIU Zongfeng2
. (1. Business School, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, China;2. Business School, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China).
Abstract:As women's social status is promoted gradually, how female directors influence operation performance is becoming a focus. Using listed companies in China's Ashare stock market from 2000 to 2009 as samples, this article tests female directors' impact on performance empirically. After controlling the endogeneity issue of female directors and performance, we find that female directors decrease enterprises' performance significantly in general; furthermore, when female directors are divided into nonindependent and independent ones, empirical results show that female nonindependent directors harm the performance, but female independent directors are conducive to the advance of performance. The results above are true regardless of state owned enterprises(SOEs) or nonSOEs.
Key words:Female Directors;Operation Performance;Endogeneity; Listed Companies
[13]Kang, H., Cheng, M.,Gray,S. J.Corporate governance and board composition: diversity and independence of australian boards [J]. Corporate Governance:an International Review, 2007, 15(2): 194-207.
[14]Pfeffer, J. Size and composition of corporate boards of directors:the organization and environment [J]. Administrative Science Quarterly, 1972, 17(2): 218-229.
[15]Westphal, J. D., Milton, L. P. How experience and network ties affect the influence of demographic minorities on corporate boards [J]. Administrative Science Quarterly, 2000, 45(2): 366-398.
[16]Graham, J. F., Jr, E. J. S., Myers, J. K., Graham, M. J. Gender differences in investment strategies: an information processing perspectives [J]. The International Journal of Bank Marketing, 2002, 20(1): 17-26.
[17]Jianakoplos, N. A., Bernasek, A. Are women more risk averse [J]. Economic Inquiry, 1998, 36(4): 620-630.
[18]Martin, A. D., Nishikawa, T., Williams, M. A. CEO gender: effects on valuation and risk [J]. Quarterly Journal of Finance and Accounting, 2009, 48(3): 23-40.
[19]祝繼高,葉康濤,嚴(yán)冬. 女性董事的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)規(guī)避與企業(yè)投資行為研究[J]. 財(cái)貿(mào)經(jīng)濟(jì),2012,(4):50-58.
[20]李小榮,劉行. CEO vs CFO:性別與股價(jià)崩盤風(fēng)險(xiǎn)[J]. 世界經(jīng)濟(jì),2012,(12):102-130.
[21]Fama, E. F., Jensen, M. C. Separation of ownership and control [J]. Journal of Law and Economics, 1983, 26(2): 301-325.
[22]王躍堂,趙子夜,魏曉雁. 董事會的獨(dú)立性是否影響公司績效[J]. 經(jīng)濟(jì)研究,2006,(5):62-73.
[23]周繁,譚勁松,簡宇寅. 聲譽(yù)激勵還是經(jīng)濟(jì)激勵 [J]. 中國會計(jì)評論,2008,(2):177-192.
[24]Betz, J., OConnell, L., Shepard, J. M. Gender difference in proclivity for unethical behavior [J]. Journal of Business Ethics, 1989, 8(5): 321-324.
[25]Hillman, A. J., Shropshire, C., Cannella, A. A. Organizational predictors of women on corporate boards [J]. Academy of Management Journal, 2007, 50(4): 941-952.
[26]Lev, B., Sougiannis, T. The capitalization, amortization, and value-relevance of R&D [J]. Journal of Accounting and Economics, 1996, 21(1): 107-138.
[27]張會麗,張然,林景藝.女性高管是否影響公司盈余質(zhì)量基于我國上市公司的大樣本分析[J].財(cái)經(jīng)理論與實(shí)踐,2011,(6):62-66.
[28]Vafeas, N. Board meeting frequency and firm performance [J]. Journal of Financial Economics, 1999, 53(1): 113-142.
(責(zé)任編輯:漆玲瓊)
An Empirical Study on Female Director's Effect on Operation Performance: Evidence from Listed Chinese Ashare Companies from 2000~2009
ZHOU Zejiang1, XIU Zongfeng2
. (1. Business School, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, China;2. Business School, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China).
Abstract:As women's social status is promoted gradually, how female directors influence operation performance is becoming a focus. Using listed companies in China's Ashare stock market from 2000 to 2009 as samples, this article tests female directors' impact on performance empirically. After controlling the endogeneity issue of female directors and performance, we find that female directors decrease enterprises' performance significantly in general; furthermore, when female directors are divided into nonindependent and independent ones, empirical results show that female nonindependent directors harm the performance, but female independent directors are conducive to the advance of performance. The results above are true regardless of state owned enterprises(SOEs) or nonSOEs.
Key words:Female Directors;Operation Performance;Endogeneity; Listed Companies
[13]Kang, H., Cheng, M.,Gray,S. J.Corporate governance and board composition: diversity and independence of australian boards [J]. Corporate Governance:an International Review, 2007, 15(2): 194-207.
[14]Pfeffer, J. Size and composition of corporate boards of directors:the organization and environment [J]. Administrative Science Quarterly, 1972, 17(2): 218-229.
[15]Westphal, J. D., Milton, L. P. How experience and network ties affect the influence of demographic minorities on corporate boards [J]. Administrative Science Quarterly, 2000, 45(2): 366-398.
[16]Graham, J. F., Jr, E. J. S., Myers, J. K., Graham, M. J. Gender differences in investment strategies: an information processing perspectives [J]. The International Journal of Bank Marketing, 2002, 20(1): 17-26.
[17]Jianakoplos, N. A., Bernasek, A. Are women more risk averse [J]. Economic Inquiry, 1998, 36(4): 620-630.
[18]Martin, A. D., Nishikawa, T., Williams, M. A. CEO gender: effects on valuation and risk [J]. Quarterly Journal of Finance and Accounting, 2009, 48(3): 23-40.
[19]祝繼高,葉康濤,嚴(yán)冬. 女性董事的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)規(guī)避與企業(yè)投資行為研究[J]. 財(cái)貿(mào)經(jīng)濟(jì),2012,(4):50-58.
[20]李小榮,劉行. CEO vs CFO:性別與股價(jià)崩盤風(fēng)險(xiǎn)[J]. 世界經(jīng)濟(jì),2012,(12):102-130.
[21]Fama, E. F., Jensen, M. C. Separation of ownership and control [J]. Journal of Law and Economics, 1983, 26(2): 301-325.
[22]王躍堂,趙子夜,魏曉雁. 董事會的獨(dú)立性是否影響公司績效[J]. 經(jīng)濟(jì)研究,2006,(5):62-73.
[23]周繁,譚勁松,簡宇寅. 聲譽(yù)激勵還是經(jīng)濟(jì)激勵 [J]. 中國會計(jì)評論,2008,(2):177-192.
[24]Betz, J., OConnell, L., Shepard, J. M. Gender difference in proclivity for unethical behavior [J]. Journal of Business Ethics, 1989, 8(5): 321-324.
[25]Hillman, A. J., Shropshire, C., Cannella, A. A. Organizational predictors of women on corporate boards [J]. Academy of Management Journal, 2007, 50(4): 941-952.
[26]Lev, B., Sougiannis, T. The capitalization, amortization, and value-relevance of R&D [J]. Journal of Accounting and Economics, 1996, 21(1): 107-138.
[27]張會麗,張然,林景藝.女性高管是否影響公司盈余質(zhì)量基于我國上市公司的大樣本分析[J].財(cái)經(jīng)理論與實(shí)踐,2011,(6):62-66.
[28]Vafeas, N. Board meeting frequency and firm performance [J]. Journal of Financial Economics, 1999, 53(1): 113-142.
(責(zé)任編輯:漆玲瓊)
An Empirical Study on Female Director's Effect on Operation Performance: Evidence from Listed Chinese Ashare Companies from 2000~2009
ZHOU Zejiang1, XIU Zongfeng2
. (1. Business School, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, China;2. Business School, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China).
Abstract:As women's social status is promoted gradually, how female directors influence operation performance is becoming a focus. Using listed companies in China's Ashare stock market from 2000 to 2009 as samples, this article tests female directors' impact on performance empirically. After controlling the endogeneity issue of female directors and performance, we find that female directors decrease enterprises' performance significantly in general; furthermore, when female directors are divided into nonindependent and independent ones, empirical results show that female nonindependent directors harm the performance, but female independent directors are conducive to the advance of performance. The results above are true regardless of state owned enterprises(SOEs) or nonSOEs.
Key words:Female Directors;Operation Performance;Endogeneity; Listed Companies
財(cái)經(jīng)理論與實(shí)踐2014年2期