摘""" 要: 英語(yǔ)中的并列從句主要有三種縮略方法:并列縮減、動(dòng)詞空缺和右節(jié)點(diǎn)提升。本文著重對(duì)比研究這三種省略方式,突出這三種縮略方法的不同點(diǎn),目的是幫助學(xué)生在英語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)中更好地了解并列從句的省略。
關(guān)鍵詞: 英語(yǔ)并列從句""" 并列縮減""" 動(dòng)詞空缺""" 右節(jié)點(diǎn)提升
一、引言
Hudson(1976a)[1]提出了英語(yǔ)中并列從句的三種省略方式,即并列縮減、動(dòng)詞空缺和右節(jié)點(diǎn)提升,是分開(kāi)的規(guī)則,每個(gè)規(guī)則都有自己的一套約束機(jī)制,三個(gè)規(guī)則如下:
(1)a.Mary opened the window at 8:00 and"""""""""" looked out.(并列縮減)
b.Mary cooked the first course and Jane"""""""""" the second.(動(dòng)詞空缺)
c.Mary likes""""""""" ,and Jane would go anywhere to find,antique horse-brasses from the workshop of that genius in metalwork,Sam Small.(右節(jié)點(diǎn)提升)
——Hudson(1976a)
在例(1)所示的并列從句中,每個(gè)句子在結(jié)構(gòu)上都缺少某一成分。在(1a)中,and后的從句缺少主語(yǔ);(1b)中,and后的從句缺少主動(dòng)詞;(1c)中,and前的主句缺少賓語(yǔ)。在此,似乎很需要某種轉(zhuǎn)換生成機(jī)制解釋這些特殊的現(xiàn)象,迄今為止,廣泛被接受的轉(zhuǎn)換生成文法是并列縮減、動(dòng)詞空缺和右節(jié)點(diǎn)提升。
二、并列縮減
對(duì)于并列縮減來(lái)說(shuō),我們不能簡(jiǎn)單地判斷句子是否應(yīng)用了并列縮減,因?yàn)橐粋€(gè)并列從句是否完整,取決于我們?cè)鯓臃治鏊谋砻娼Y(jié)構(gòu)。例如:He goes to bed at ten and gets up at eight.在該句中,如果at eight被視為S節(jié)點(diǎn)的一個(gè)直接構(gòu)成素,and后的從句就必須被視為一個(gè)不完整的句子。如果把gets up at eight視為一個(gè)動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ),那么此句就不能理解為并列縮減。又如:He drinks coffee at breakfast time and tea at other times.在此句中,我們很容易發(fā)現(xiàn)and后的從句是不完整的。盡管一些語(yǔ)言學(xué)家認(rèn)為該句屬于動(dòng)詞空缺,但是Hudson果斷地否決了此觀點(diǎn)。對(duì)能清晰地證明并列縮減必要性的句子是:Mary was fun to tease,easy to please,and known to have fleas.在此句的深層結(jié)構(gòu)中,Hudson認(rèn)為沒(méi)有任何連接詞作為構(gòu)成素存在,所以并列縮減是必需的。
三、動(dòng)詞空缺
動(dòng)詞空缺是指在and后從句中的動(dòng)詞與主句中一致時(shí),and后從句的動(dòng)詞可以省略。例如:John kissed Mary and Sue,Bill.Hudson(1976b)[2]提出以下的一些特征以區(qū)分動(dòng)詞空缺和并列縮減。以下的描述與例句均引自于Hudson(1976b)。
1.在動(dòng)詞空缺句中,可以用的連接詞只有and,or和nor,然而在并列縮減句中,還可以用but。
(2)a.John drinks coffee and/or/*but Mary,tea.
b.John drinks coffee and/or/but likes tea.
2.在動(dòng)詞空缺句中,and后從句中只能有兩個(gè)構(gòu)成素,一個(gè)存在于空缺處的前面,一個(gè)在后面。但在并列縮減句中,and后的從句可包含多個(gè)構(gòu)成素。
(3)a.*John drinks coffee at 11,and Mary,tea at 10:30.
b.John drinks coffee at 11 in his office with his colleagues,and eats his lunch at 1 with his friends.
3.在動(dòng)詞空缺句中,and后從句中構(gòu)成素的順序是十分嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)?shù)?,必須與主句中相對(duì)應(yīng)的構(gòu)成素的順序平行。但在并列縮減句中,and后的從句的順序是相當(dāng)自由的。
(4)a.*John left at 11 and,at 12,Bill.
b.John left his office at 11,and,at 12, the library.
4.在動(dòng)詞空缺句中,and后的從句中的第一個(gè)構(gòu)成素必須是共有動(dòng)詞的主語(yǔ)。但此制約,并不適用于并列縮減句。
(5)a.*Which book did Mary buy and which record,Bill?
b.John drinks coffee for breakfast and tea in the afternoon.
5.在動(dòng)詞空缺句中,如果主語(yǔ)是否定句,連接詞必須是nor/or(不能是and)。但在并列縮減句中,主句即使是否定句,連接詞也可以是and。
(6)a.John didn’t see Mary nor/or/*and Bill,Sue.
b.John doesn’t drink coffee nor/or/and smoke a pipe.
從上述Hudson所述的動(dòng)詞空缺句的特征,我們可以清晰地把動(dòng)詞空缺和并列縮減區(qū)分開(kāi)來(lái)。
四、右節(jié)點(diǎn)提升
右節(jié)點(diǎn)提升指提升某個(gè)共同要素離開(kāi)連接詞,并把這個(gè)要素置于主從句的右邊,例如:
(7)a.Mary liked""""""""" ,but John hated,the man with the red beard.
b.John enjoyed""""""""" ,and my friend liked the play.
Hudson(1976b)[2]總結(jié)了右節(jié)點(diǎn)提升與并列縮減的不同點(diǎn),如下:
(?。┎⒘锌s減把共有要素置于并列從句的左邊,右節(jié)點(diǎn)提升把共有要素置于右邊。
(ⅱ)并列縮減在共有要素和句子的其他要素之間沒(méi)有特殊的語(yǔ)調(diào)障礙,但是右節(jié)點(diǎn)提升有此障礙。
(ⅲ)并列縮減受限于并列句,但右節(jié)點(diǎn)提升沒(méi)有。
(ⅳ)并列縮減能省略多個(gè)構(gòu)成素,但右節(jié)點(diǎn)提升只能省略一個(gè)構(gòu)成素。如:“Who has been eating my porridge,and who has eaten it all up?”通過(guò)并列縮減可以得到:“Who has been eating my porridge,and eaten it all up?”在此省略了Who和has。然而,這對(duì)于右節(jié)點(diǎn)提升來(lái)說(shuō)是不可能的。例如“John gave Mary two pounds and Bill lent Mary two pounds.”,我們不能同時(shí)省略Mary和two pounds得到:“John gave,and Bill lent,Mary two pounds.”在此只能省略two pounds得到:“John gave Mary,and Bill lent her,two pounds.”
(ⅴ)我們注意到在并列縮減中,被省略的任何構(gòu)成素必須是連接詞后的一個(gè)直接構(gòu)成素,但對(duì)于右節(jié)點(diǎn)提升來(lái)說(shuō),沒(méi)有此限制。例如:“John is a wizard at growing,and Mary has perfected the art of preserving,a very delicate king of quince which is only known in their part of Worcestershire.”就是最好的例證。
同時(shí),Kyle Johnson(2007)[3]提出了右節(jié)點(diǎn)提升與動(dòng)詞空缺間的不同。
1.動(dòng)詞空缺允許被空缺的動(dòng)詞與先行詞直接的動(dòng)詞曲折變化的混搭,但右節(jié)點(diǎn)提升限制這點(diǎn)。
(8)a.He likes beans and you like rice.
b.*He always complains and you sometimes complain.
2.右節(jié)點(diǎn)提升能移動(dòng)一個(gè)詞的一部分,但動(dòng)詞空缺不可以。
(9)a.*Carly is overpaid and Will underpaid.
b.Carly is overpaid,and Will underpaid.
3.右節(jié)點(diǎn)提升只能省略相鄰的構(gòu)成素,但動(dòng)詞空缺可以省略不相鄰的構(gòu)成素。
(10)a.Carrie gave a set of directions to me,and Will gave a map to me.
b.*Carrie gave a set of directions to me,and Will gave a map to me.
4.右節(jié)點(diǎn)提升在省略過(guò)程中可以留下介詞,但動(dòng)詞空缺不能。
(11)a.*John is confident of a sucessful outing and Peter is dependent on a sucessful outing.
b.John is confident of a sucessful outing and Peter is dependent on a sucessful outing.
根據(jù)上述分析,我們可以深刻地了解并列縮減、動(dòng)詞空缺和右節(jié)點(diǎn)提升的不同,在英語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)中要區(qū)分這三種現(xiàn)象。
五、結(jié)語(yǔ)
本論文著重分析了并列從句的省略三種方式,即并列縮減、動(dòng)詞空缺和右節(jié)點(diǎn)提升,并用大量例句詳細(xì)地對(duì)比了這三種現(xiàn)象的不同,目的是讓學(xué)生在英語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)的過(guò)程中清晰地區(qū)分開(kāi)這三種現(xiàn)象,避免認(rèn)知上的錯(cuò)誤。
參考文獻(xiàn):
[1]Hudson,Richard(1976a)“Conjunction Reduction,Gapping,and Right-Node Raising” Language 52,535-562.
[2]Hudson,Richard(1976b)“Incomplete Conjuncts” Linguistic Inquiry,13.3,547-550.
[3]Johnson,Kyle (2007)“Gapping” The Blackwell Companion to Syntax Chapter 29,407-429.