摘 要:新頒布的英語(yǔ)課程標(biāo)準(zhǔn)強(qiáng)調(diào)英語(yǔ)教學(xué)過(guò)程應(yīng)“重視學(xué)生實(shí)際語(yǔ)言運(yùn)用能力的培養(yǎng)”和“發(fā)展學(xué)生的綜合語(yǔ)言運(yùn)用能力”,而口語(yǔ)應(yīng)用試題作為一種固定的、有一定分量的題型出現(xiàn),大大增加了英語(yǔ)考試中考查語(yǔ)言運(yùn)用能力的成分,推動(dòng)著中學(xué)英語(yǔ)教學(xué)向更加科學(xué)、高效的方向發(fā)展。
關(guān)鍵詞:歸納總結(jié);對(duì)話操練;練習(xí)鞏固;正確解題
口語(yǔ)應(yīng)用試題包含的內(nèi)容很多,重點(diǎn)考查功能意念的常用語(yǔ)以及會(huì)用不同的時(shí)態(tài)的句子進(jìn)行問(wèn)答。我認(rèn)為教師在復(fù)習(xí)過(guò)程中可以從以下幾方面進(jìn)行:
一、進(jìn)行系統(tǒng)地歸納總結(jié),使學(xué)生對(duì)口語(yǔ)應(yīng)用試題所包含的內(nèi)容有個(gè)系統(tǒng)的認(rèn)識(shí)
1.引導(dǎo)學(xué)生按照功能和意念(function and notion)進(jìn)行分類歸納常用語(yǔ)。這種分類形式大致有如下一些類型:
問(wèn)候(Greetings)
介紹(Introduction)
告別(Farewells)
感謝和應(yīng)答(Thanks and Responses)
祝愿、祝賀和應(yīng)答(Good Wishes,Congratulation and Responses)
道歉和應(yīng)答(Apologies and Responses)
邀請(qǐng)和應(yīng)答(Invitation and Responses)
請(qǐng)求允許和應(yīng)答(Asking for Permission and Responses)
提供幫助(Offering help)
約會(huì)(Making appointments)
談?wù)撎鞖猓═alking about the Weather)
打電話(Making telephone calls)
就餐(Having meals)
就醫(yī)(Seeing the doctor)
購(gòu)物(Shopping)
問(wèn)路(Asking the way)
遺憾和同情(Regrets and Sympathy)
喜好和厭惡(Likes and Dislikes)
勸告和建議(Advice and Suggestions)
語(yǔ)言交際困難(Language difficulties in communication)
其他
要求學(xué)生對(duì)以上不同功能意念的常用語(yǔ)要熟記,以便在進(jìn)行口語(yǔ)運(yùn)用時(shí)能靈活運(yùn)用、準(zhǔn)確無(wú)誤。
2.歸納復(fù)習(xí)各種時(shí)態(tài)和句子種類
我們可以引導(dǎo)學(xué)生結(jié)合各種時(shí)態(tài)復(fù)習(xí)不同結(jié)構(gòu)的英語(yǔ)句子。如陳述句、疑問(wèn)句(一般疑問(wèn)句,特殊疑問(wèn)句,選擇疑問(wèn)句和反意疑問(wèn)句)、感嘆句。以一般疑問(wèn)句為例,我們可以展示以下不同時(shí)態(tài)的一般疑問(wèn)句,并要求學(xué)生回答。然后要求學(xué)生仔細(xì)觀察問(wèn)句與回答句子的結(jié)構(gòu)以及問(wèn)與答時(shí)態(tài)要一致的關(guān)系。
Do you usually do your homework at home? Yes, I do. / No, I don’t.
Does he usually do his homework at home? Yes, he does./No, he doesn’t.
Did he do his homework at home yesterday? Yes, he did./ No, he didn’t.
Is he doing his homework now? Yes, he is. / No, he isn’t.
Was he doing his homework at this time yesterday? Yes, he was. / No, he wasn’t
Were they at school yesterday afternoon? Yes, they were. / No, they weren’t.
Will he do his homework later on? Yes, he will. / No, he won’t.
Has he done his homework yet? Yes, he has. / No, he hasn’t.
Have they done their homework? Yes, they have. / No, they haven’t.
Can he ride a bike? Yes, he can./ No, he can’t.
Could you play basketball when you were five? Yes, I could. / No. I couldn’t.
通過(guò)這樣時(shí)態(tài)與問(wèn)句結(jié)合在一起的系統(tǒng)復(fù)習(xí),既讓學(xué)生鞏固了時(shí)態(tài)又使學(xué)生系統(tǒng)地復(fù)習(xí)了英語(yǔ)的各種句子結(jié)構(gòu),提高了學(xué)生用英語(yǔ)問(wèn)答的能力,為解答口語(yǔ)應(yīng)用試題打下堅(jiān)實(shí)的基礎(chǔ)。
二、結(jié)合語(yǔ)境進(jìn)行對(duì)話操練
我們可以按照情景場(chǎng)合進(jìn)行分類,例如,按照學(xué)校、車站、超市、飯店、醫(yī)院等場(chǎng)合分類,利用多媒體創(chuàng)設(shè)各種場(chǎng)合的情景,讓學(xué)生以小組為單位比賽自編對(duì)話。例如,有一組學(xué)生編了這樣一段對(duì)話:明天是母親節(jié),A打電話邀請(qǐng)B去購(gòu)物送給母親。
A: Hello! May I speak to B, please?
B: Hello! This is B speaking.
A: Tomorrow is Mother’s Day .Would you like to go shopping with me?
B:I’d love to. I want to buy some flowers for my mother. What about you?
A: I want to buy a card for her. When shall we meet?
B: Let’s make it half past nine.
A: OK, where shall we meet?
B: Let’s meet at the school gate.
A:OK, see you then.
B: See you.
接著他們組又編了下列這段在商店里購(gòu)物的對(duì)話:
A: May I help you?
B: Yes. I am looking for a dress for my mother.
A: What do you think of this green dress?
B: Oh, my mother doesn’t like green. She likes red very much.
A: How do you like this red one?
B: It’s very beautiful. I think she will like it. How much is it?
A: It’s 156 yuan. What size would you like?
B: Size L.
A: What about this one?
B: Ok, I’ll take it. Here is your money.
A: Thank you. Goodbye!
B: Bye-bye!
對(duì)話編完之后,讓每組推薦較優(yōu)秀的學(xué)生到全班同學(xué)面前情景演繹自己編的對(duì)話。我們可以按照以上方法復(fù)習(xí)其他各種場(chǎng)合的口語(yǔ)運(yùn)用,給學(xué)生提供自主學(xué)習(xí)和相互交流的機(jī)會(huì),讓學(xué)生的表達(dá)能力得到充分表現(xiàn),給學(xué)生提供自我發(fā)展的空間。
三、有針對(duì)性地設(shè)計(jì)練習(xí)加以鞏固
很多學(xué)生在進(jìn)行口頭對(duì)話訓(xùn)練時(shí)能聽(tīng)能說(shuō),但是在考試中口語(yǔ)應(yīng)用題得分率卻不太高,原因很多。如:語(yǔ)句不通順、中國(guó)式英語(yǔ)、上下句時(shí)態(tài)不一致、疑問(wèn)詞用錯(cuò)、答非所問(wèn)等。我們?cè)趶?fù)習(xí)時(shí)可以根據(jù)學(xué)生所出現(xiàn)的錯(cuò)誤,設(shè)計(jì)一些練習(xí)糾正學(xué)生的錯(cuò)誤,鞏固所學(xué)知識(shí)。書(shū)寫(xiě)練習(xí)的設(shè)計(jì)要注意由易到難,并且要體現(xiàn)語(yǔ)言的運(yùn)用能力。如針對(duì)學(xué)生書(shū)寫(xiě)句子不通順,中國(guó)式英語(yǔ)多,可以在復(fù)習(xí)句子種類、句子結(jié)構(gòu)的同時(shí)多給學(xué)生布置一些書(shū)寫(xiě)句子的練習(xí)。鞏固句子的練習(xí)類型可多樣化,如英漢翻譯句子、看圖和提示詞寫(xiě)句子、連詞成句、用詞組造句等。再如,學(xué)生疑問(wèn)詞常常用錯(cuò),答非所問(wèn)。這主要是我們平常上課時(shí)常常是老師問(wèn)學(xué)生答而造成的后果,復(fù)習(xí)期間要多設(shè)計(jì)一些有答案而讓學(xué)生提問(wèn)的作業(yè),如:
(1)A: _______?B: Her name is Sally.
(2)A:_______?B: I go to school by bike.
(3)A: ________?B: It’s pink.
(4)A: _______?B: I like rabbits best.
(5)A:________?B: You’re welcome.
通過(guò)以上有針對(duì)性的復(fù)習(xí),扎實(shí)了學(xué)生的句感,然后再進(jìn)行長(zhǎng)篇的對(duì)話練習(xí),學(xué)生對(duì)疑問(wèn)詞的使用就不會(huì)感到吃力了。
四、根據(jù)情景設(shè)置口語(yǔ)應(yīng)用試題的要求,指導(dǎo)學(xué)生正確解答口語(yǔ)應(yīng)用試題
1.閱讀提示,明確要求
口語(yǔ)應(yīng)用試題中常附有一段情景提示,對(duì)會(huì)話起著啟發(fā)和制約作用,一定要仔細(xì)閱讀,準(zhǔn)確領(lǐng)會(huì)含義。
2.注意使用正確的英語(yǔ)表達(dá)
完成口語(yǔ)運(yùn)用試題必須根據(jù)英美人的風(fēng)俗習(xí)慣,不能按照中國(guó)人的習(xí)慣來(lái)組織句子。如上文“祝愿、祝賀、應(yīng)答”中,我們中國(guó)人受到夸獎(jiǎng)或祝賀時(shí)往往謙虛一番,但是,英美人在這種場(chǎng)合下一般只說(shuō)“Thank you”,不會(huì)說(shuō)成“I didn’t do it well”或“Don’t praise me so much”之類的回答。還要考慮口語(yǔ)交際的特點(diǎn),句子要簡(jiǎn)潔明了,切忌死套語(yǔ)法。
3.根據(jù)標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)判斷句型
如果是補(bǔ)全對(duì)話的口語(yǔ)運(yùn)用試題,根據(jù)標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)判斷所填句型,如沒(méi)有標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào),一定要通讀對(duì)話,聯(lián)系上下文進(jìn)行思考,弄清要填空句子是問(wèn)句還是陳述句。
4.注重對(duì)話上下文要通順,時(shí)態(tài)一致
如:不能問(wèn)句是一般過(guò)去時(shí),回答用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。
總而言之,解答口語(yǔ)應(yīng)用題應(yīng)力求合情合景、入鄉(xiāng)隨俗,對(duì)話通順,時(shí)態(tài)一致。如果學(xué)生能注意做到以上幾點(diǎn),就能迅速準(zhǔn)確地作出解答。
作者簡(jiǎn)介:羅憲姬,女,1969年6月出生,本科,單位:福建省明溪縣城關(guān)中學(xué),研究方向:初中英語(yǔ)教學(xué)。