Period1
Warm-up
How do you go to school ?
How do you study for a test?
——I study by listening to the tapes.
How do you learn English?
—— I study by studying with a group.
Grammar
“by+動(dòng)名詞”常常表示手段、方式或方法,可以用來回答how引導(dǎo)的特殊疑問句。
——How do you learn English?
——I learn English by watching.
English movies.
一、by 的用法
介詞,表示通過……方法或途徑的意思,譯成“靠,通過”,后面可加名詞或名詞短語。
(1) The house was destroyed by fire. 房屋被火燒毀了。
(2)travel by air /land/sea 航空(陸路,航海)旅行
(3)go by train /boat/ bus 乘火車(船,公共汽車)去
(4)shake sb by the hand 和某人握手
(5)I study English by watching English movies.我通過看英文電影學(xué)英語。
另外, by作為介詞的意義有很多,例如:
(1)在……旁邊,靠近 There is a power station by the river.河邊有一個(gè)電廠。
(2)沿著,經(jīng)由 come by the highway.由公路來。
(3)由于 by mistake 由于差錯(cuò)
(4)被,由 some articles written by Lu Xun.一些由魯迅寫的文章。
(5)表示面積 a room 5m by 4m. 一間長五米寬四米的房間。
(6)逐批 one by one. 一個(gè)接一個(gè)。
二、現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)
現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)表示過去發(fā)生的某一動(dòng)作對(duì)現(xiàn)在造成的影響或產(chǎn)生的結(jié)果;或這一動(dòng)作開始于過去,持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在,并將繼續(xù)下去。
1.肯定句:現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的肯定句式是“have (has)+過去分詞”。
注意:該句式中的have或has是助動(dòng)詞,has用于第三人稱單數(shù),其他人稱一律用have。
2.否定句:現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的否定句式是“haven’t(hasn’t)+過去分詞”。
3.疑問句:現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的一般疑問句式是把助動(dòng)詞have或has提到主語之前。
回答用Yes, ...have (has)./No,...haven’t (hasn’t).
連用時(shí)間狀語:already,yet, ever, never,just,before,several times 等。
注意:當(dāng)have被用在現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)態(tài)中時(shí),它可以和前面的代名詞一起組成縮寫形式。
我曾經(jīng)到過紐約。
I’ve been to New York once before.
我剛丟了我的鉛筆盒。
I’ve just lost my pencil-box.
三、never和ever
1. never 從來沒有,從不,表示否定
He has never seen such a tall building.
他從未見過這么高的樓。
2. ever 曾經(jīng),主要用于疑問句
Have you ever wanted to travel around the world?
你曾經(jīng)想要周游世界嗎?
注意:never, ever一般置于助動(dòng)詞have/has之后,過去分詞之前。
四、have been to與have gone to 的區(qū)別
1.have (has) been to意為“曾經(jīng)去過某地”,表示現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)不在那里了。可與just, ever, never等連用。如:
I’ve just been to the post office.
我剛才去郵局了。
Have you ever been to Hangzhou?
你曾經(jīng)去過杭州嗎?
have (has) been to 后面可接次數(shù),表示去過某地幾次。
I’ve been to Beijing three times.
我去過北京三次。
2. have (has) gone to 意為“到某地去了”,表示到了某地或正在去某地的途中。總之,說話時(shí)該人不在現(xiàn)場(chǎng),一般不用第一、第二人稱代詞作句子的主語。如:
Where is Tom? 湯姆在哪里?
He has gone to the bookshop.他到書店去。
Exercise
Ⅰ.選擇填空。
( )1.The Oriental Pearl TV Tower___ tens of thousands of visitors since 1995
A. attracted B. attracts C. has attracted D. will attract
( )2.They___ since the factory opened.
A. has worked here B. have worked here
C. worked here D. are working
( )3. Since 2000 Nanchang has become a new city. Everything _____.
A. is changed B. was changed
C. has changed D. had changed
...
Ⅱ. 根據(jù)括號(hào)內(nèi)的要求完成下列各句,每空一詞(含縮寫)。
1. My parents have come back already.(改為否定句)
My parents _____ ____ back____.
2. The boys have been to Japan lots of times.(改為一般疑問句)
_____ the boys _____ to Japan lots of times?
...
Ⅲ.根據(jù)括號(hào)中所給動(dòng)詞的提示完成下列句子或?qū)υ挕?/p>
1.I ____________ (work) in this city for 7 years.
2.—How long ___ she ___ (live) here?
—Since she ______ (get) a new job here.
3. How many words ____ you ____(learn) since two years ago?
4. My mother ___ never ____ (hear) of this man.
5.Tom ____(be) to China twice.
作者簡介:稅碧秀,女,1976年10月出生,本科,就職于四川省宜賓市臨港開發(fā)區(qū)沙坪順南初中,研究方向?yàn)橹袑W(xué)英語教學(xué)。