楊 成
高三英語(yǔ)個(gè)性化書面表達(dá)教學(xué)策略
楊 成
本文針對(duì)高三學(xué)生在英語(yǔ)書面表達(dá)中存在的語(yǔ)言平淡、內(nèi)容同質(zhì)化等問(wèn)題,建議教師在高三英語(yǔ)寫作教學(xué)中應(yīng)改進(jìn)教學(xué)策略,引導(dǎo)學(xué)生在書面表達(dá)中體現(xiàn)鮮明的個(gè)性。
高三英語(yǔ);書面表達(dá);寫作教學(xué)
眾所周知,書面表達(dá)在高中英語(yǔ)教學(xué)中的地位舉足輕重,廣大高中英語(yǔ)教師也非常重視學(xué)生寫作能力的提高。不過(guò),近年來(lái)筆者發(fā)現(xiàn)一個(gè)問(wèn)題:隨著我國(guó)義務(wù)教育階段學(xué)生英語(yǔ)水平的提高,進(jìn)入高中段后學(xué)生的寫作能力也有所提升,大多數(shù)學(xué)生的書面表達(dá)條理清晰、要點(diǎn)齊全。但美中不足的是很多學(xué)生的文章語(yǔ)言平淡、思路狹窄,令人讀后感覺(jué)味同嚼蠟。尤其是在諸如高考這樣的重要考試中,很多學(xué)生的英語(yǔ)作文語(yǔ)言無(wú)亮點(diǎn)、內(nèi)容同質(zhì)化,閱卷教師讀后認(rèn)為這些文章缺乏個(gè)性,很難為之心動(dòng),自然給分不高。
書面表達(dá)內(nèi)容了無(wú)新意的現(xiàn)象在學(xué)生整個(gè)高中階段的英語(yǔ)寫作中都很普遍,但個(gè)性化書面表達(dá)對(duì)學(xué)生寫作能力的要求較高,在高一、高二階段實(shí)施有一定難度。高三的學(xué)生心智更為成熟、語(yǔ)言知識(shí)儲(chǔ)備更為豐富,更為重要的是,高三學(xué)生即將面臨高考,他們有著迫切提高英語(yǔ)寫作水平的現(xiàn)實(shí)需求,因而更樂(lè)意配合教師提出的寫作要求,因此本文聚焦高三學(xué)生的英語(yǔ)書面表達(dá)。
2013年浙江省高考英語(yǔ)書面表達(dá)題目為One thing I'm proud of,大多數(shù)考生寫的是車上讓座、雨中送傘、考試失敗絕不放棄……高三學(xué)生的書面表達(dá)為什么會(huì)千人一面呢?
從學(xué)生層面來(lái)看,很多學(xué)生平時(shí)不注重積累語(yǔ)言素材和拓展寫作思維,有的想投機(jī)取巧,熱衷于背誦所謂的“作文模板”,到考試時(shí)又不懂得靈活運(yùn)用,只知道生搬硬套、東拼西湊,因此寫出的文章明顯帶有死記硬背的痕跡,缺乏作者的個(gè)性化表達(dá),使作者寫作能力低、思路狹窄的弱點(diǎn)暴露無(wú)遺。
從教師層面來(lái)看,部分高三教師不太重視書面表達(dá),認(rèn)為寫作教學(xué)耗時(shí)費(fèi)力,且成效不彰;還有些教師雖然認(rèn)為書面表達(dá)很重要,但在策略指導(dǎo)方面浮于表面,針對(duì)性不強(qiáng),不能幫助學(xué)生切實(shí)提高書面表達(dá)能力。
所謂個(gè)性化書面表達(dá),是指作文應(yīng)具備以下特征:(1)句式多變。作者可以使用簡(jiǎn)單句,但必要時(shí)應(yīng)使用高級(jí)句型,并且做到長(zhǎng)短句結(jié)合,句式豐富多彩。(2)內(nèi)容新穎。在不偏離主題的前提下,文章內(nèi)容應(yīng)盡量做到新穎獨(dú)特,不要人云亦云,要“言人之所未言”。(3)思想深刻。文章
表達(dá)的主題應(yīng)有一定的思想深度,讀后能發(fā)人深省,給人啟迪。
由于英語(yǔ)高考作文大多數(shù)只有100-120字的篇幅,因此高三學(xué)生要想在方寸之間展現(xiàn)自己的個(gè)性,讓自己的作文從眾多文章中脫穎而出并不容易。為使學(xué)生的作文具備上述個(gè)性化特征,筆者指導(dǎo)學(xué)生采取以下策略。
(一)在細(xì)節(jié)拓展時(shí)張揚(yáng)想象豐富之個(gè)性
通過(guò)研讀近年來(lái)全國(guó)各省市高考英語(yǔ)試卷可以發(fā)現(xiàn):開放或半開放性作文試題受到命題者的青睞。原因在于這類作文的中文提示沒(méi)有提綱作文那么多,而只是給考生提供了一些寫作要點(diǎn)。如果要達(dá)到試題要求,考生必須對(duì)要點(diǎn)進(jìn)行適當(dāng)?shù)耐?展,其主要手段就是在文章中增加細(xì)節(jié)描寫。如2009年高考英語(yǔ)全國(guó)卷I的英語(yǔ)作文:
假定你是李華,正在英國(guó)接受英語(yǔ)培訓(xùn),住在一戶英國(guó)人家里。今天你的房東Mrs Wilson不在家,你準(zhǔn)備外出,請(qǐng)給Mrs Wilson寫一留言條,內(nèi)容包括:1)外出購(gòu)物;2)替房東還書;3)Tracy來(lái)電話留言:(1)咖啡屋(Bolton Coffee)見面取消;(2)此事已告知Susan;(3)盡快回電。注意:詞數(shù)100左右;可以適當(dāng)增加細(xì)節(jié),以使行文連貫。
如果只是簡(jiǎn)單地將以上要點(diǎn)譯成英語(yǔ)再連句成篇,考生將無(wú)法按照字?jǐn)?shù)要求完成寫作任務(wù),更何況命題者明確指出“可以適當(dāng)增加細(xì)節(jié),以使行文連貫”。在此文的寫作訓(xùn)練中,筆者指導(dǎo)學(xué)生做如下拓展(下文中粗體字部分):
1)外出購(gòu)物
I'm going out shopping.
拓展:I'm going out shopping, and won’t be back until about 5:00 pm.
2)替房東還書
I will remember to return the book you borrowed.
拓展:I will remember to return the book you borrowed from the City Library on my way.
3)Tracy來(lái)電話留言
(1)咖啡屋(Bolton Coffee)見面取消
Tracy called, saying that she couldn't meet you at Bolton Coffee.
拓展:At about 1 o’clock this afternoon, Tracy called, saying that she couldn't meet you at Bolton Coffee tomorrow morning as she has something important to deal with.
(2)此事已告知Susan
She has already told Susan about this change.
拓展 1:She has already told Susan about this change and she felt sorry about it.
拓展 2:She has already told Susan about this change so you needn’t worry about Susan.
(3)盡快回電
She wanted you to call her back as soon as possible.
拓展 1:She wanted you to call her back as soon as possible so that you could make it another time for the meeting.
拓展 2:She wanted you to call her back as soon as possible so that she could tell you about the change in detail.
筆者旨在通過(guò)以上練習(xí)引導(dǎo)學(xué)生認(rèn)識(shí)到,細(xì)節(jié)拓展應(yīng)該始終圍繞文章主題,不做過(guò)度延伸。但如果缺少細(xì)節(jié)拓展,文章內(nèi)容就會(huì)顯得單薄,上下文跳躍性過(guò)大。在筆者看來(lái),細(xì)節(jié)拓展是試題中沒(méi)有提及而需要學(xué)生通過(guò)合理想象才能完成的,這就為學(xué)生提供了一個(gè)展示自我、張揚(yáng)個(gè)性的空間。
(二)在銜接過(guò)渡處彰顯語(yǔ)篇流暢之個(gè)性
一提到文章銜接,很多師生立刻會(huì)想到表示時(shí)間關(guān)系、轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系、因果關(guān)系、遞進(jìn)關(guān)系和總結(jié)的過(guò)渡性詞語(yǔ)。
然而正是由于平時(shí)教師過(guò)分強(qiáng)調(diào)連接詞,很多學(xué)生就在自己的作文中大量使用,結(jié)果寫出來(lái)的文章千篇一律。事實(shí)上,如果我們細(xì)心研究一下近年來(lái)各地高考英語(yǔ)作文范文就會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn),與相對(duì)固定的連接詞相比,一些起著銜接作用的過(guò)渡句更能體現(xiàn)作者的寫作水平。如2012年福建卷英語(yǔ)作文范文:
Mind Your Behavior in Public Places
Last Sunday, I went sightseeing with my friends in the Fairy Lake Park. The park was full of freshness and beauty of spring with the sun shining and birds singing.When I was enjoying the fantastic scenery around, something unpleasant caught my eye.A young couple in a boat were eating, talking and laughing loudly as if they were the only people in the world. What's worse, they spat and even threw rubbish into the lake, totally ignoring the noticeable sign “No Littering” nearby. What a shame!
Such behavior left me deep in thought.If all visitors to the Fairy Lake Park do as the couple did, the lake will be severely polluted and soon turned into a huge dustbin. I think all of us should mind our behavior in public places. Only in this way can we live in more comfortable and beautiful surroundings.
文中畫線部分就是過(guò)渡句。在教學(xué)中,筆者要求學(xué)生將這兩句從原文中去掉再讀原文,他們立刻體會(huì)到過(guò)渡句的重要性:若沒(méi)有它們承上啟下,文章就不再流暢。但是這樣的過(guò)渡句需要作者根據(jù)文章的主題隨機(jī)應(yīng)變才能寫就,光靠死記硬背固定句型是無(wú)法寫出來(lái)的。對(duì)學(xué)生而言,這既是挑戰(zhàn),又是機(jī)遇,因?yàn)樗麄兛梢栽谶@一部分開動(dòng)腦筋,通過(guò)添加一些有差異的過(guò)渡性語(yǔ)句來(lái)彰顯自己的個(gè)性。
在教學(xué)中,筆者這樣對(duì)學(xué)生進(jìn)行訓(xùn)練:將高考英語(yǔ)作文范文中的過(guò)渡性語(yǔ)句去掉,然后請(qǐng)學(xué)生重新填寫。例如,對(duì)于2012年福建卷英語(yǔ)作文范文中的第一個(gè)過(guò)渡句,有學(xué)生這樣寫道:
We were enjoying the beauty of the lake when we saw something unpleasant.
也有學(xué)生這樣表達(dá):
Compared with the beautiful sight, two people's behavior was terrible.
還有學(xué)生用下面這句代替范文中的第二個(gè)過(guò)渡句:
Words failed me to describe my shock. They polluted the environment and left us a bad impression.
這些過(guò)渡性語(yǔ)句獨(dú)樹一幟,令人過(guò)目難忘。
(三)在語(yǔ)言表達(dá)上顯示功底深厚之個(gè)性
在一次期中考試后,筆者將高一英語(yǔ)作文試題布置給高三學(xué)生作為課外作業(yè),結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn)很多高三學(xué)生寫出的文章與高一學(xué)生的文章相比并無(wú)顯著差異。高三學(xué)生的作文詞匯貧乏,語(yǔ)言結(jié)構(gòu)形式單一,這主要表現(xiàn)在同一詞匯重復(fù)出現(xiàn),文章全部采用簡(jiǎn)單句等方面。實(shí)際上,近年來(lái)高考英語(yǔ)書面表達(dá)對(duì)學(xué)生的語(yǔ)言表達(dá)能力要求越來(lái)越高,運(yùn)用高級(jí)詞匯和復(fù)雜語(yǔ)言結(jié)構(gòu)已成為高考范文最典型的特征之一。如2013年湖北卷英語(yǔ)書面表達(dá)題:
請(qǐng)根據(jù)以下提示,并結(jié)合事例,用英語(yǔ)寫一篇短文。We all know that “sticks and stones may break our bones”, but we should also be aware that words can hurt people, too.
學(xué)生的一篇習(xí)作如下:
My classmate admires my fluent English very much and I usually feel encouraged by his compliments.
One day,when we learned the new word“eccentric” in class,we were asked to make a sentence with it. I volunteered to do it by saying “My deskmate is an eccentric boywhose clothes never fit him.” Hearing this,the whole class burst into laughter and my deskmate's face turned red. After class, I learned from the teacher thatmy deskmate would have dropped out of school if he hadn't been helped by others.My mindless words must have hurt him deeply.
Not until then did I realize words could be powerful in both positive and negative ways.We should avoid hurting others if we can't always be encouraging when we speak.
如文中畫線部分所示,短短一百多字的文章包含了時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句、定語(yǔ)從句、非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞、虛擬語(yǔ)氣以及倒裝句。如果要求學(xué)生達(dá)到這樣高的語(yǔ)言水平,教師就必須在平時(shí)的寫作訓(xùn)練中培養(yǎng)學(xué)生的語(yǔ)言意識(shí),指導(dǎo)他們?cè)谧魑闹袊L試運(yùn)用
高級(jí)詞匯和復(fù)雜句型。在日常教學(xué)中,筆者采取以下方法幫助學(xué)生提高英語(yǔ)寫作能力:
1.詞語(yǔ)轉(zhuǎn)換
用高級(jí)詞匯代替一般用語(yǔ)。例如:
1) Suddenly I had a good idea.→All of a suddena good ideaoccurredto me.
2) English is playing a more and more important part in modern society.→ English is playing anincreasinglyimportant part in modern society.
2.句型升級(jí)
用復(fù)雜結(jié)構(gòu)代替一般句型。例如:
1) When he heard the news, he jumped with joy.→ Hearing the news, he jumped with joy.(現(xiàn)在分詞)
2) The house is beautiful. We live in the house.→ The house in which we live is beautiful.(定語(yǔ)從句)
3) Because there were no buses, we had to walk home.→ There being no buses, we had to walk home.(獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu))
4) The villagers didn't realize the importance of protecting environment until all the fish in the river died out.→ It was not until all the fish in the river die d out that the villagers realized the importance of protecting environment.(強(qiáng)調(diào)句型)
5) A tall tower stands in front of the building.→In front of the building stands a tall tower.(倒裝句)
3.一句多譯
用多種方法改寫某個(gè)句子。例如:
Great changes have taken place in my hometown in the past few years.→
My hometown has changed a lot in the past few years.
My hometown is no longer what it was a few years ago.
Having changed a lot, my hometown is beyond recognition.
My hometown is quite different from what it used to be.
The past few years have witnessed great changes in my hometown.
My hometown has experienced/undergone dramatic changes in the past few years.
運(yùn)用這種方式可以幫助學(xué)生開拓思維,豐富語(yǔ)言積累。
(四)在語(yǔ)篇總結(jié)中凸顯寓意深刻之個(gè)性
通過(guò)研究近年來(lái)各地高考試題,筆者發(fā)現(xiàn)很多英語(yǔ) 書面表達(dá)總結(jié)部分都要求學(xué)生寫出自己的感想、評(píng)論或啟示。筆者認(rèn)為作文試題中這一部分最為開放,它為考生提供了一個(gè)充分展示自己寫作才能的空間。在語(yǔ)篇總結(jié)部分,優(yōu)秀的考生可以將自己獨(dú)特的思維品質(zhì)展現(xiàn)在閱卷者面前,寫出寓意深刻的佳作來(lái)。不過(guò)頗為遺憾的是,大多數(shù)考生在這一環(huán)節(jié)表現(xiàn)得不盡如人意:或歸納不出緊扣主題的個(gè)人觀點(diǎn),寫出的文章邏輯混亂、不知所云;或有獨(dú)到見解但是語(yǔ)言表達(dá)乏力,結(jié)果前功盡棄。
若要解決此類難題,教師就應(yīng)在平時(shí)的寫作教學(xué)中幫助和引導(dǎo)學(xué)生積累相關(guān)的語(yǔ)言素材。筆者的做法是要求學(xué)生在平時(shí)的閱讀中積累類似的語(yǔ)句或語(yǔ)段,然后在寫作中加以創(chuàng)造性的使用。在實(shí)際操作中,筆者指導(dǎo)學(xué)生建立素材庫(kù),將各種表達(dá)感悟或觀點(diǎn)的語(yǔ)句儲(chǔ)存起來(lái),以便寫作時(shí)隨時(shí)調(diào)用。學(xué)生獲取語(yǔ)言素材的渠道如下:
1.現(xiàn)行教材
浙江省高中大多采用人教版NSEFC教材,教材中可供學(xué)生借鑒模仿來(lái)總結(jié)觀點(diǎn)或發(fā)表感想的語(yǔ)言素材非常豐富。以下僅以必修4中的部分內(nèi)容為例:
1) Further reading made me realize that it was hard work and determination as well as her gentle nature that got her into medical school. What made her succeed later on was the kindness and consideration she showed to all her patients.
2) As Victor Hugo once said, “Laughter is the sun that drives winter from the human face.”
3) He is loved and remembered as a great actor who could inspire people with great confidence.
4) With all these attractions, no wonder tourism is increasing wherever there is a Disneyland. If you want to have fun and more than fun, come to Disneyland!
2.課外讀物
教師還可以指導(dǎo)學(xué)生從網(wǎng)絡(luò)上或市面上流行的英語(yǔ)讀物中獲取語(yǔ)言素材。下面這些語(yǔ)句是筆者從一些讀物中節(jié)選出來(lái)的:
1) When you make a mistake the last thing you want to do is run away from it.
2) Don't forget God always keeps an alternative door open for everyone. While the front door is closed, there must be another open for you.
3) Hope is always available to us. When we feel defeated, we need only take a deep breath and say“Yes,” and hope will reappear.
4) Understand that failure isn't the opposite of success. Failure is an essential part of success.
3.高考試題
高考試題中也有很多描述個(gè)人感想或評(píng)論的絕妙素材,教師在評(píng)講這些試題時(shí)可以指導(dǎo)學(xué)生收集整理。下面這些語(yǔ)段選自2013年高考試題:
1) My wheelchair experiment was soon54. It made a deep impression on me. A few hours of“disability” gave me only a taste of the55, both physical and mental, that disabled people must overcome.(2013新課標(biāo)全國(guó)卷I,完形填空)
2) Maybe I gave David something. But I also learned that one — without any words — can reach out to another person. All it takes is a hug, a shoulder to cry on, a friendly touch, and an ear that listens.(2013廣東卷,閱讀理解C)
3) She said it was a family heirloom(傳家寶), but to me it is a treasured symbol of appreciation and pride that cannot be matched with things.(2013湖南卷,閱讀理解B)
4.經(jīng)典諺語(yǔ)
諺語(yǔ)作為文章結(jié)語(yǔ)具有高度概括性,若運(yùn)用得當(dāng)會(huì)為文章增色不少。如2013年浙江卷英語(yǔ)書面表達(dá)One thing I'm proud of范文的總結(jié)部分:
I am really proud of this experience, because it helps me realize that we all can fulfil our potential and achieve our goals through hard work. It also helps me better understand the proverb “Practice makes perfect.”
可用做文章結(jié)語(yǔ)的諺語(yǔ)很多,本文僅列舉如下幾例:
1) Knowledge is power. 知識(shí)就是力量。
2) Confidence in yourself is the first step on the road to success. 自信是走向成功的第一步。
3) Honesty is the best policy. 做人誠(chéng)實(shí)為本。
4) Time and tide wait for no man. 時(shí)不我待。
5) Genius is nothing but labor and diligence. 天才不過(guò)是勤奮而已。
6) God helps those who help themselves. 自助者天助之。
7) Nothing in the world is difficult for one who sets his mind to it. 世上無(wú)難事,只怕有心人。
8) Actions speak louder than words. 事實(shí)勝于雄辯。
通過(guò)素材積累和語(yǔ)段仿寫,學(xué)生完全可以根據(jù)高考英語(yǔ)作文試題要求寫出類似的言簡(jiǎn)意賅的總結(jié)句或評(píng)論句,這樣既可以表達(dá)思想又能凸顯個(gè)性,同時(shí)這些語(yǔ)句或語(yǔ)段在文章中能起到畫龍點(diǎn)睛、升華主題的作用。但需要強(qiáng)調(diào)的是,教師應(yīng)鼓勵(lì)學(xué)生創(chuàng)造性地運(yùn)用這些素材,而不能簡(jiǎn)單地照抄照搬,否則在作文中彰顯個(gè)性的愿望又將落空。
《普通高中英語(yǔ)課程標(biāo)準(zhǔn)(實(shí)驗(yàn))》(教育部,2003)明確提出,高中階段的英語(yǔ)課程應(yīng)有利于學(xué)生個(gè)性和潛能的發(fā)展,因此在高三英語(yǔ)寫作教學(xué)中倡導(dǎo)個(gè)性化書面表達(dá)既是高考的現(xiàn)實(shí)需要,也是對(duì)新課程理念的呼應(yīng)。教師應(yīng)積極改進(jìn)高三英語(yǔ)寫作教學(xué)策略,引導(dǎo)學(xué)生寫出主題突出、個(gè)性鮮明的佳作來(lái)。
中華人民共和國(guó)教育部. 2003. 普通高中英語(yǔ)課程標(biāo)準(zhǔn)(實(shí)驗(yàn))[S]. 北京:人民教育出版社.
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編輯:劉娟娟
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1009-2536 (2014) 04-0028-06
2014-04