劉 靜(綜述),王玉芬(審校)
(天津市安寧醫(yī)院精神科,天津300300)
重度抑郁是一種高發(fā)病率及高致殘率的精神障礙,嚴(yán)重危害人類健康,已經(jīng)成為一個(gè)全世界范圍內(nèi)的醫(yī)學(xué)關(guān)注重點(diǎn)[1-2]。目前重度抑郁的藥物治療有效率僅為50%,對于藥物治療無反應(yīng)的患者,目前的治療措施包括換藥治療,或者合并不同種類的抗精神病藥,增加情感穩(wěn)定劑以及非典型抗精神病藥治療等多種藥物治療措施[3-4]。但是,增加藥物后諸多不良反應(yīng)諸如體質(zhì)量增加、性功能障礙等也隨之增加,尤其是在長期藥物治療患者中,不良反應(yīng)增加的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)更大,患者依從性嚴(yán)重下降[5-6]。更有約15%的患者對多種藥物治療方案癥狀改善均不明顯,此部分患者也稱為難治性抑郁患者。對于難治性抑郁患者或不能耐受藥物不良反應(yīng)的患者,非藥物治療是一種可以選擇的方法[7-8]。重復(fù)經(jīng)顱磁刺激治療于1985年開始應(yīng)用于神經(jīng)科疾病的治療,最初重復(fù)經(jīng)顱磁刺激主要用于評估患者的運(yùn)動(dòng)系統(tǒng)功能以及用于研究不同神經(jīng)精神疾病中不同腦區(qū)的作用[9-10]。在過去的20余年中,重復(fù)經(jīng)顱磁刺激逐漸被多個(gè)醫(yī)療機(jī)構(gòu)用于治療精神科疾病。到目前為止,世界上多個(gè)國家的衛(wèi)生管理機(jī)構(gòu)已經(jīng)批準(zhǔn)重復(fù)經(jīng)顱磁刺激用于治療重度抑郁癥[11-12],多數(shù)臨床研究也證明重復(fù)經(jīng)顱磁刺激是一種耐受性好的治療方式[13]。
近幾年來,國際上多個(gè)研究采用不同的方法對重復(fù)經(jīng)顱磁刺激治療的不良反應(yīng),安全性、療效及抗抑郁療效的神經(jīng)機(jī)制進(jìn)行了研究,取得了一定的研究成果,現(xiàn)就近年來的重復(fù)經(jīng)顱磁刺激治療重度抑郁的研究進(jìn)行簡要綜述,以增加對此方面知識的了解。
多個(gè)研究明確了重復(fù)經(jīng)顱磁刺激治療的安全性[14],在重復(fù)經(jīng)顱磁刺激治療的患者中,最嚴(yán)重的不良反應(yīng)為引發(fā)腦內(nèi)癲癇發(fā)作,但此類不良反應(yīng)發(fā)生的比率較低,較之偶然發(fā)生的癲癇發(fā)作,低血壓性暈厥是相對常見的不良反應(yīng),低血壓性暈厥常與焦慮以及身心不適存在關(guān)聯(lián)[15]。也有個(gè)別報(bào)道,在治療重度抑郁患者過程中,重復(fù)經(jīng)顱磁刺激會(huì)引發(fā)躁狂或者輕躁狂發(fā)作。而重復(fù)經(jīng)顱磁刺激最常見的幾種不良反應(yīng)多為局部軀體疼痛,頸部疼痛,一過性聽力下降以及頭痛等癥狀[6]。
有研究顯示,伴有精神病性癥狀的抑郁、病程較長的重度抑郁患者、伴有前額葉萎縮的老年抑郁患者以及多種藥物及心理治療抵抗的患者均對重復(fù)經(jīng)顱磁刺激治療反應(yīng)不佳[16-17]。也有研究顯示,首次對重復(fù)經(jīng)顱磁刺激治療的反應(yīng)情況也是重復(fù)經(jīng)顱磁刺激治療療效的預(yù)測指標(biāo)[18]。
McNamara等[19]的一項(xiàng)Meta分析顯示,五項(xiàng)不同研究共包括151例患者,其中三項(xiàng)研究刺激的部位為背側(cè)前額葉,一項(xiàng)研究的刺激部位為右側(cè)前額葉,另一項(xiàng)研究為雙側(cè)前額葉刺激,刺激頻率為1~20 Hz,其分析結(jié)果顯示,重復(fù)經(jīng)顱磁刺激對抑郁患者療效明顯,而對躁狂發(fā)作以及精神分裂癥患者療效不明顯。Slotema等[20]的一項(xiàng)Meta分析研究顯示,在40個(gè)重復(fù)經(jīng)顱磁刺激的研究中,有6項(xiàng)研究與無抽搐電休克治療療效進(jìn)行了比較,34項(xiàng)進(jìn)行了雙盲對照研究;40項(xiàng)研究總計(jì)包括1562例患者參與研究,平均治療時(shí)間為1~3周,重復(fù)經(jīng)顱磁刺激頻率為0.3~10 Hz;有30項(xiàng)研究采取的刺激部位為左側(cè)前額葉,3項(xiàng)研究的刺激部位為右側(cè)前額葉,7項(xiàng)研究刺激部位為雙側(cè)前額葉。Meta分析研究的結(jié)果顯示,重復(fù)經(jīng)顱磁刺激治療療效好于安慰劑治療,療效不如電休克治療。
Shutter等[21-22]系統(tǒng)綜述了9項(xiàng)研究共計(jì)243例患者經(jīng)顱刺激的結(jié)果顯示,在采用0.25~1 Hz的低頻磁刺激對重度抑郁發(fā)作的療效與高頻刺激療效接近,都明顯好于安慰劑。但是,數(shù)據(jù)不支持雙側(cè)前額葉刺激療效優(yōu)于單側(cè)刺激。Lam等[23]研究顯示,在24項(xiàng)研究共計(jì)1092例樣本中,經(jīng)過1~4周的1~20 Hz高頻刺激治療,難治性抑郁患者的短時(shí)間療效明顯好于安慰治療,但是經(jīng)過長時(shí)間隨訪,治療反應(yīng)率及有效率均較低。Janicak等[24]在美國及澳大利亞的23個(gè)臨床中心325例樣本中,研究評估了重復(fù)經(jīng)顱磁刺激的常見不良反應(yīng),在累計(jì)100002例的重復(fù)經(jīng)顱磁刺激治療中,最常見的不良反應(yīng)為輕度頭痛及頭皮不適感。Brunoni等[25]的一項(xiàng)研究顯示,重復(fù)經(jīng)顱磁刺激與艾司西酞普蘭治療對照,均只有安慰治療效應(yīng),但是重復(fù)經(jīng)顱磁刺激對于難治性抑郁的增效治療手段是可選的。
磁共成影像研究顯示,在重復(fù)經(jīng)顱磁刺激前后大腦結(jié)構(gòu)未發(fā)生改變,體素學(xué)分析也未顯示前額葉任何改變。然而,很多功能影像學(xué)研究顯示重復(fù)經(jīng)顱磁刺激后,大腦皮質(zhì)的興奮性增高。并且高強(qiáng)度的重復(fù)經(jīng)顱磁刺激較低強(qiáng)度的磁刺激對大腦皮質(zhì)的興奮性活化作用更強(qiáng)[26-30]。單光子發(fā)射計(jì)算機(jī)化斷層顯像研究顯示,重復(fù)經(jīng)顱磁刺激對抑郁癥狀的臨床療效與磁刺激對大腦局部血流灌注的變化有關(guān),治療有效的難治性抑郁患者表現(xiàn)為重復(fù)經(jīng)顱磁刺激治療前左側(cè)杏仁核區(qū)域腦血流降低,提示局部腦血流降低是重復(fù)經(jīng)顱磁刺激治療的預(yù)測指標(biāo)。而重復(fù)經(jīng)顱磁刺激治療后,眶額葉皮質(zhì)以及扣帶回區(qū)域皮質(zhì)腦血流灌注發(fā)生改變[31-32]。
另有動(dòng)物研究顯示,單次經(jīng)顱磁刺激治療,海馬區(qū)域出現(xiàn)多巴胺及5-羥色胺升高,長期多次重復(fù)經(jīng)顱磁刺激治療,則前額葉區(qū)域β腎上腺素受體及5-羥色胺受體升高,而紋狀體區(qū)域的β腎上腺素受體則下調(diào),并且出現(xiàn)突觸后5-羥色胺受體自身受體的去敏感化,這與抗抑郁藥對突觸后5-羥色胺受體自身受體下調(diào)的研究結(jié)果一致[33-34]。
也有研究顯示,重復(fù)經(jīng)顱磁刺激能夠影響神經(jīng)內(nèi)分泌,健康受試者接受高頻重復(fù)經(jīng)顱磁刺激后的正電子發(fā)射計(jì)算機(jī)斷層顯像研究顯示,部分腦區(qū)皮質(zhì)谷氨酸系統(tǒng)代謝增強(qiáng),其研究結(jié)果提示,重復(fù)經(jīng)顱磁刺激能夠活化前額葉的谷氨酸神經(jīng)元[35]。還有研究顯示,重復(fù)經(jīng)顱磁刺激能夠影響促甲狀腺激素釋放,地塞米松抑制試驗(yàn)顯示陽性,提示磁刺激能夠影響甲狀腺軸激素水平[36-38]。另有研究顯示,重復(fù)經(jīng)顱磁刺激能夠改變神經(jīng)細(xì)胞的可塑性以及促進(jìn)神經(jīng)細(xì)胞的再生,經(jīng)顱刺激能夠促進(jìn)c-Fos以及c-Jun基因的表達(dá),從而促進(jìn)海馬區(qū)域神經(jīng)元細(xì)胞的增生[39-40]。尚有研究顯示,重復(fù)經(jīng)顱磁刺激能夠影響血腦屏障,有助于血液內(nèi)藥物通過血腦屏障,以達(dá)到治療作用,然而最近的研究結(jié)果卻無法證實(shí)重復(fù)經(jīng)顱磁刺激治療對血腦屏障的影響[39-40]。
有研究顯示,重復(fù)經(jīng)顱磁刺激可以作為重度抑郁維持治療的治療方式之一,連續(xù)10 d的重復(fù)經(jīng)顱磁刺激能夠達(dá)到與抗抑郁藥相當(dāng)?shù)闹委熜Ч?,而持續(xù)至少4周的重復(fù)經(jīng)顱磁刺激臨床效果顯著,并且低頻重復(fù)經(jīng)顱磁刺激較之高頻重復(fù)經(jīng)顱磁刺激效果更明顯[41]。也有研究顯示,重復(fù)經(jīng)顱磁刺激治療可以作為阿米替林治療的輔助治療方式,提高阿米替林的治療效果[42]。
經(jīng)過近20年來的研究,多數(shù)研究結(jié)果顯示,重復(fù)經(jīng)顱磁刺激作為一種非侵入性的治療方法,具有較好的治療安全性以及耐受性,基礎(chǔ)研究也顯示,能夠改善腦區(qū)的血流代謝、影響受體水平和神經(jīng)內(nèi)分泌、神經(jīng)可塑性及神經(jīng)的再生,均提示重復(fù)經(jīng)顱磁刺激具有一定的抗抑郁作用,但是臨床薈萃分析的數(shù)據(jù)不盡一致,其原因考慮與多種因素有關(guān),如重復(fù)經(jīng)顱磁刺激治療參數(shù)的設(shè)置、刺激的部位、患者的不同特征和依照研究的設(shè)置等,因此關(guān)于重復(fù)經(jīng)顱磁刺激的治療的臨床療效及抗抑郁療效的神經(jīng)機(jī)制尚需進(jìn)一步驗(yàn)證。
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