摘 要: 本文主要論述了短語(yǔ)運(yùn)用對(duì)提高初中生寫作水平的重要作用,重點(diǎn)闡述了培養(yǎng)學(xué)生靈活運(yùn)用短語(yǔ)的重要策略和方法。
關(guān)鍵詞: 短語(yǔ)運(yùn)用 書面表達(dá) 初中寫作教學(xué)
對(duì)于農(nóng)村初中生來(lái)說(shuō),書面表達(dá)是他們英語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)中的一大難題。其難點(diǎn)在于:詞匯表達(dá)難,連詞成句難,篇章融合難,語(yǔ)法無(wú)錯(cuò)難,寫出精彩文章難。下面我僅從短語(yǔ)運(yùn)用為學(xué)生寫作奠定基礎(chǔ)的角度談些教學(xué)體驗(yàn),以供讀者參考并加以指正。
一、短語(yǔ)運(yùn)用是書面表達(dá)的重要基礎(chǔ)
詞匯是語(yǔ)言的三大要素之一,是語(yǔ)言賴以生存的支柱。英國(guó)應(yīng)用語(yǔ)言學(xué)家威爾金斯(D.wilkins,1976)說(shuō):“沒(méi)有語(yǔ)法,人們不能表達(dá)很多東西;而沒(méi)有詞匯,人們則不能表達(dá)任何東西?!倍Z(yǔ)塊是事先預(yù)制好的相對(duì)穩(wěn)定的詞的組合,它包含了某個(gè)詞的特定的結(jié)構(gòu)(grammatical pattern)。英語(yǔ)自然語(yǔ)言中存在大量的這種兼有句和詞匯特征的固定或半固定的語(yǔ)言結(jié)構(gòu)。
短語(yǔ)運(yùn)用對(duì)書面表達(dá)有幾個(gè)方面的作用:一是使文章表達(dá)生動(dòng)形象,感染力增強(qiáng);二是使語(yǔ)言精練到位,言簡(jiǎn)意賅。盡可能恰當(dāng)?shù)厥褂枚陶Z(yǔ)是寫好書面表達(dá)的有效方法之一。對(duì)學(xué)生來(lái)說(shuō),在英語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)中多積累短語(yǔ),擴(kuò)大短語(yǔ)“內(nèi)存”量,形成語(yǔ)感,厚積薄發(fā),等到要用時(shí)就可信手拈來(lái),有話可說(shuō),有文可寫。
以下是以“Lower Carbon,Happier life”為題的兩篇初三學(xué)生的習(xí)作,我們進(jìn)行一個(gè)對(duì)比。
文章一:It’s our duty to save the environment.How spend the World Environment Day become a very popular topic?Use the car less is the best way to protect the environment.I will ride a bike to school.I will also use energy-saving lamps at home and spend less time a shower.And it is important to send my used books to the lower grades students.There are we can do really many things.Lower carbon,happier life.Let’s take actions.
文章二:It’s our duty to save the environment,so I and my parents have made a plan to protect the environment.
To begin with,my parents and I decide to ride bikes to school and work.Then,we will use the lights which need less energy and will also spend less time taking a shower.It’s one of the best ways to save water.In addition,as for students,we can give books that we have used to lower grades.Last but not the least,we are supposed to turn off the lights when we leave classroom or home.I believe that the mouR3oDlglMRDwo2A3Xd8YzDB0EbZ7DQTG/0SsNM9P5Eg=re you do for environment,the happier you are.Lower carbon,happier life. Let’s take actions.
通過(guò)對(duì)比,我們不難發(fā)現(xiàn)文章二中運(yùn)用了12個(gè)已學(xué)過(guò)的短語(yǔ),可謂語(yǔ)言流暢,精練到位,且句句閃亮。相反文章一中雖然用到了個(gè)把短語(yǔ),但是短語(yǔ)運(yùn)用不準(zhǔn)確,造成文章不夠連貫,表達(dá)平平。因此,一旦短語(yǔ)運(yùn)用恰當(dāng),我們就可以發(fā)現(xiàn)這些短語(yǔ)在文中起到了準(zhǔn)確表達(dá)、生動(dòng)描述、增強(qiáng)力度的作用。
二、巧記短語(yǔ)的策略
1.聯(lián)想歸類策略
歸類就是找出短語(yǔ)之間的聯(lián)系,造成更多的聯(lián)想條件,它有利于短語(yǔ)的記憶和鞏固。利用聯(lián)想,對(duì)同類詞組歸類,同義詞組反義詞組對(duì)比。同類詞組歸納有很多方法,如運(yùn)用頭腦風(fēng)暴(brainstorming)形式,例如,當(dāng)我講授Go for it!初一教材中第七單元中周末活動(dòng)時(shí),就要求學(xué)生聯(lián)想與此有關(guān)的詞組,學(xué)生就會(huì)聯(lián)想到play basketball;play chess;read books;watch TV;go swimming;surf the Internet;do some cleaning;go shopping;visit the museum;climb mountains;go to a movie等。
引導(dǎo)學(xué)生對(duì)這些短語(yǔ)進(jìn)行聯(lián)想,可使學(xué)生熟悉這些短語(yǔ)的用法,進(jìn)一步加深理解和記憶。
2.固定搭配記憶策略
短語(yǔ)指具有一定習(xí)語(yǔ)性質(zhì)的詞組,即由一個(gè)以上單詞組成的“固定詞組”,比如get up;help with;get along with;be famous for;go to bed;wait for。而搭配詞,指那些一起出現(xiàn)頻率很高的詞語(yǔ),最典型的是動(dòng)詞—名詞、形容詞—名詞搭配,比如make friends;have breakfast;read books;play basketball;a beautiful girl;a world-famous pianist;a great book。還有一部分可以稱之為慣用話語(yǔ),指形式固定或半固定語(yǔ)用功能的動(dòng)詞組合。它們也可以是完整的句子,如it is easy to do;there is no doubt that;it is said/believed that。也可以是句子的開頭,如 Generally speaking;personally speaking;in a word;above all;all in all.
3.關(guān)聯(lián)短語(yǔ)記憶策略
在書面表達(dá)中,關(guān)聯(lián)短語(yǔ)的使用會(huì)使文章更加順暢,起承轉(zhuǎn)接更加自然。因此,我認(rèn)為關(guān)聯(lián)短語(yǔ)的記憶是寫好書面表達(dá)的一項(xiàng)重要內(nèi)容。常用的關(guān)聯(lián)短語(yǔ)有以下幾類:
表順序:at first,first of all,to begin with,at last,in the end等。
表原因:because of,for the reason等。
表結(jié)果:as a result,lead to,so...that等。
表解釋:in other words,for example,to be honest,to tell the truth等。
表對(duì)比:as...as,not so...as,more than,less than,no more than,rather than等。
表遞進(jìn):what’s more,what’s worse,in addition等。
表結(jié)論:as a result,in a world,in short,at last,in the end,to sum up等。
表目的:so that,in order to,in order that等。
表并列:both...and,not only...but also,...as well,for one thing...for another thing等。
表個(gè)人觀點(diǎn):in my opinion,personally speaking,I think/believe...
三、綜合運(yùn)用寫活文章
以下是一篇書面表達(dá)的考題,其內(nèi)容如下:最近你們班的學(xué)生和老師展開一場(chǎng)關(guān)于學(xué)生能否騎自行車上學(xué)的討論,請(qǐng)你就此內(nèi)容寫一篇文章,要求內(nèi)容全面,字?jǐn)?shù)不少于100字
Can students go to school by bike?
Recently we have had a discussion with our teachers about whether students can go to school by bike.?搖?搖?搖 ?搖。
根據(jù)要點(diǎn)提示,很明顯這是一篇觀點(diǎn)性的半開放式的作文,要求學(xué)生把老師的觀點(diǎn)表達(dá)清楚,并加上學(xué)生自己的觀點(diǎn)。審題準(zhǔn)確之后,學(xué)生可以考慮運(yùn)用那些自己在平時(shí)學(xué)習(xí)中積累的短語(yǔ)或固定搭配.
運(yùn)用短語(yǔ)和固定搭配,學(xué)生就能更加靈活地寫好文章,遇到寫作就不會(huì)再膽怯了。以下是我的一名學(xué)生在此指導(dǎo)下寫的一篇文章,充分達(dá)到了巧用短語(yǔ)、寫活文章的目的。
Can students go to school by bike?
Recently we have had a discussion with our teachers about whether students can go to school by bike.
Our teachers are against it strongly.At first,they think students may easy to fall down and get hurt if they are not careful enough.What’s worse,it may even cause some traffic accidents.Another problem is that there is no place to park bikes at school.
Personally speaking,I hope we’re allowed to ride bikes to school.For one thing,it’s a good way to help us keep in good health.For another thing,parents will get relaxed if they don’t need to take their kids to school.In addition,riding bikes is a great idea to protect our environment.We’re supposed to have a low-carbon life.
四、結(jié)語(yǔ)
教師要讓學(xué)生認(rèn)識(shí)到短語(yǔ)在書面表達(dá)中的威力之大,含金量之高。要讓學(xué)生對(duì)短語(yǔ)多記,則積少成多;多用,則熟能生巧。待到能“巧”用短語(yǔ)那日,便是書面表達(dá)“活色生香”之時(shí)。
參考文獻(xiàn):
[1]湯利平.培養(yǎng)記憶策略 提高詞匯教學(xué)效率[J].中學(xué)生英語(yǔ)(高中)教師版,2010,9.
[2]胡春洞,王才仁.外語(yǔ)教育語(yǔ)言學(xué)[M].廣西教育出版社,1996,5.
[3]羅巧云.熟記短語(yǔ),寫“亮”作文[J].中學(xué)生英語(yǔ)(高中)教師版,2010,10.