定語從句一直是學生在學習英語時的重點和難點,而學生對as引導的定語從句與其他相似的從句更容易混淆,現(xiàn)就它們作一簡單的歸納與辨析。
一、as引導限制性定語從句
關(guān)系代詞as 可以引導限制性定語從句,在從句中可作主語、賓語或表語,但as只用在“the same…as…”“such … as…”“ so…as…”和“as…as…”結(jié)構(gòu)中。例如:
I’d like to use the same recorder as is used in class. (as 在從句中作主語)
He is such a man as is always ready to help others.(as在從句中作主語)
I am not so strong a man as I was.(as 在從句中作表語)
She will marry as rich a man as she can find.(as 在從句中作賓語)
辨析1. 當先行詞被the same 修飾時用 as 與that引導定語從句的比較
as引導的定語從句表示 “相似”意義,即主句與從句所講的是同類的人或事物,而that引導的定語從句表示“同一”意義,即主句與從句所講的是同一個人或事物。例如:
She wore the same (= the same kind of) dress as her younger sister wore. (她穿著跟她妹妹所穿的一樣的連衣裙。)
She wore the same ( = the very ) dress that she wore at Mary’s wedding. (她穿著她在瑪麗婚禮上穿過的同一條連衣裙。)
辨析2. “such / so… as …” 與 “such / so…that …” 結(jié)構(gòu)的比較
在“such / so… as …” 結(jié)構(gòu)中,as 引導定語從句并在從句中作主語、賓語或表語,而在“such / so…that …”結(jié)構(gòu)中,that 引導結(jié)果狀語從句并在從句中不作任何成分。例如:
His plan was such a good one that we all agreed to accept it.(that不作任何成分)
His plan was such a good one as we all agreed to accept. (as作accept的賓語)
He is so good a teacher as we all respect. (as作respect賓語)
He is so good a teacher that we all respect him. (that不作任何成分)
二、 as引導非限制性定語從句
辨析3. 引導非限制性定語從句的as與 which 的比較
關(guān)系代詞as與which都可以引導非限制性定語從句,在從句中可作主語或賓語,區(qū)別如下:
(1)指代不同。as 一般不代替某個具體的名詞或代詞,而是代表整個主句或主句的一部分,而which 既可以代替某個具體的名詞或代詞,又可以代表整個主句或主句的一部分。例如:
Diaoyu Island belongs to China ,as / which is known to all.( as / which 代替整個主句 )
Anyway, that evening , which I’ll tell you more about later, I ended up staying at Richard’s place. ( which 代替先行詞that evening, 不可用 as)
(2)位置不同。as 引導的非限制性定語從句可放在主句之前,也可以放在主句之后,有時還可以放在主句的中間,而which引導的非限制性定語從句不能放在句首。例如:
As can be seen ,oceans cover more than 70% of the earth . (不可用which)
The teacher is from Shanghai , as / which they know from her accent.
(3)意義不同。as 引導的非限制性定語從句意義與主句的意義一致,從句內(nèi)容是意料之中或合情合理的,as常譯為“正如……”“像……”等,而非限制性定語從句的意義與主句的意義不一致或者從句為否定意義時只能用which,which常譯為“這一點”“這件事”等。例如:
He got married again , as / which was expected. (他又結(jié)婚了,這是意料之中的事。)
He got married again , which was unexpected. (他又結(jié)婚了,這是出乎意料的事。不可用 as)
(4)as 與which 的互換。當非限制性定語從句的意義與主句意義一致時,若關(guān)系代詞在從句中做賓語,as 與which 可以互換,若關(guān)系代詞在從句中做主語,從句謂語中有系動詞時as 與which 可以互換,但從句謂語中沒有系動詞時只用which。例如:
The teacher is from Beijing, as / which they know from his accent .
He failed in the exam , as / which was expected .
Tom made rapid progress ,which delighted us . (不可用as)
(5)as引導的非限制性定語從句謂語動詞含有be或者是被動語態(tài)時,形成了不少固定說法。例如:
as we all know 正如我們都知道的那樣。
as you know 正如你知道的那樣。
as everybody knows正如每個人知道的那樣。
as we all can see 正如我們都能看到的那樣。
as anybody can see 正如任何人能夠看到的那樣。
as is mentioned above正如上面提到的那樣。
as often happens 正如經(jīng)常發(fā)生的那樣。
as is often the case 正如經(jīng)常的情況一樣。
as has been said before 如上所述。
as may be imagined 正如可以想象出來的那樣。
as is well known 眾所周知。
as is known to all /everybody正如大家知道的那樣。
as was expected 正如預料的那樣。
as has been already pointed out 正如已經(jīng)指出的那樣。
as has been reported in the newspaper 正如報紙上所報道的那樣。