薛 猛 姒健敏
浙江大學(xué)醫(yī)學(xué)院附屬邵逸夫醫(yī)院消化內(nèi)科 浙江大學(xué)胃腸病研究所(310016)
潰瘍性結(jié)腸炎(UC)是一種以結(jié)腸黏膜彌漫性病變?yōu)樘卣鞯奶匕l(fā)性慢性炎癥性疾病。盡管5-氨基水楊酸制劑和激素能緩解大多數(shù)UC患者的癥狀,仍有約30%的住院患者對激素治療無應(yīng)答,需通過免疫調(diào)節(jié)劑和(或)生物制劑甚至手術(shù)治療以緩解癥狀[1]。許多研究試圖闡明UC的潛在致病機制,并尋求有效治療方法。
巨細胞病毒(cytomegalovirus,CMV)是人類皰疹病毒科中病毒體結(jié)構(gòu)最大的成員,具有一雙鏈DNA核,其外包被衣殼蛋白、殼皮蛋白和囊膜蛋白,這些蛋白有利于CMV逃避宿主免疫反應(yīng),并可調(diào)節(jié)宿主基因轉(zhuǎn)錄和翻譯[2]。CMV感染包括急性感染和CMV重新激活,是一種可侵犯機體內(nèi)多個器官,特別是腺上皮和腔道上皮的系統(tǒng)性疾病。CMV病毒體可通過血液循環(huán)到達靶器官,繼而通過內(nèi)吞作用進入內(nèi)皮細胞。感染細胞腫脹并在核內(nèi)形成巨大的包涵體[3]。
大多數(shù)情況下,CMV感染人體后終生保持潛伏,然而在免疫低下患者中,如HIV感染者、器官移植者[4]或因患自身免疫性疾病如 UC[5~7]而接受免疫抑制治療者,CMV可逃避宿主免疫監(jiān)視而重新激活(見圖1)。
越來越多的證據(jù)表明,感染CMV的UC患者易發(fā)生激素治療無效,CMV與激素難治性UC密切相關(guān)的觀點已被廣泛接受。本綜述旨在簡要回顧現(xiàn)有證據(jù),并討論這一相關(guān)性的可能機制。
炎癥性腸病(IBD)患者中急性CMV感染并不罕見且常被低估。難治性或復(fù)雜IBD患者在接受沖擊性免疫抑制治療前應(yīng)排除CMV感染[8]。一些研究[9~17]報道,大多數(shù)CMV陽性UC患者對激素治療無應(yīng)答,CMV陽性者的激素耐藥發(fā)生率遠高于CMV陰性者(見表1)。
Wada等[10]發(fā)現(xiàn),CMV 陽性 UC患者中的重癥者比例顯著高于CMV陰性患者。Kuwabara等[13]報道,從CMV陰性、CMV輕微感染至CMV重度感染,UC患者的臨床表現(xiàn)逐漸加重。與CMV陰性UC患者相比,CMV陽性患者常于激素治療的基礎(chǔ)上接受AZA、CsA 和英夫利西單抗治療[18]。
圖1 CMV重新激活的機制及其在激素難治性UC中的作用
表1 CMV陽性和CMV陰性UC患者激素耐藥發(fā)生率
與CMV陰性UC患者相比,CMV陽性患者手術(shù)指征更強,手術(shù)時機更為迫切,術(shù)后住院時間更長,術(shù)后并發(fā)癥更常見,而適當(dāng)?shù)目共《局委熆煽s短術(shù)后住院時間[13],降低對IBD相關(guān)結(jié)腸切除術(shù)的需求和死亡率[20]。一系列病例報道表明,CMV感染UC患者常發(fā)生中毒性巨結(jié)腸,在這些患者中,CMV檢出的延遲可能最終導(dǎo)致結(jié)腸切除[21,22]。Kishore等[23]亦發(fā)現(xiàn),IBD患者如合并CMV感染,需接受手術(shù)治療(4/10對4/53)和死亡結(jié)局(3/10對0/53)將更為常見。
一些回顧性和前瞻性研究報道,對于激素難治性UC患者,抗CMV治療可誘導(dǎo)緩解,避免腸段切除。Kambham等[11]報道,3例確診CMV感染的UC患者接受靜脈輸注更昔洛韋或口服伐昔洛韋治療后癥狀得以改善,激素逐漸減量并避免了結(jié)直腸切除。因此激素難治性UC患者應(yīng)常規(guī)評估有無CMV感染,以避免不必要的藥物或手術(shù)治療[22]。一項前瞻性多中心研究[24]顯示,78.6%(11/14)的CMV 感染激素難治性UC患者經(jīng)更昔洛韋治療后獲得緩解。一些研究[7,10,11,14,16,17,22,24~30]評價了抗病毒治療對CMV陽性激素難治性UC患者的有效性,結(jié)果顯示不同研究人群緩解率不一,但總體緩解率可達80.2%(見表2)。
然而,并非所有研究均會顯示出一致的結(jié)果。Maconi等[18]的研究中,CMV陽性與 CMV陰性 UC患者中激素抵抗者的比例差異無統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(88%對67%)。一項回顧性研究[31]顯示,激素依賴和需手術(shù)治療與結(jié)腸組織檢出CMV無統(tǒng)計學(xué)相關(guān)性。推測CMV檢測方法可能會有一些假陰性結(jié)果,可以用來解釋CMV陰性的激素難治性UC。此外,據(jù)信CMV感染是激素難治性UC的重要原因但并非惟一原因,因此一些小樣本研究結(jié)果不一致并不能否定大量支持性證據(jù)。
Kojima等[19]將UC患者根據(jù)手術(shù)指征分為重度UC、難治性UC和UC相關(guān)異型增生/癌變組,評估三組患者的CMV感染率以及組間關(guān)系,發(fā)現(xiàn)難治性UC組CMV感染率低于重度UC組(8.3%對25%),重度UC患者因癥狀危重或致死性并發(fā)癥(已排除UC相關(guān)異型增生/癌變患者)而尋求手術(shù)治療可以用來解釋這一現(xiàn)象。如果這些患者對激素治療應(yīng)答良好,手術(shù)治療就不會成為首選治療方式。這些患者病情過于嚴(yán)重,以致缺乏足夠長的激素治療“時間窗”,正是他們未被診斷為激素難治性UC的原因。
表2 CMV陽性激素難治性UC患者接受抗病毒治療后的緩解率
Matsuoka等[5]報道,在一些活動期UC患者中,重新激活的CMV感染在未使用抗病毒藥物的情況下自行消失。一些CMV重新激活具有自限性,可以解釋CMV陽性活動期UC患者在未使用抗病毒藥物的情況下仍能獲得緩解[32]。部分CMV感染UC患者抗病毒治療效果不佳,可能系更昔洛韋耐藥所致[33]。
UC是一種主要累及結(jié)腸的炎癥性疾病。盡管已提出多種假說,但其病因仍未完全闡明。已得到公認(rèn)的四個UC基本病因為遺傳、免疫調(diào)節(jié)障礙、腸黏膜屏障功能障礙和腸道菌群[34]。已發(fā)現(xiàn)一些病原體可能與UC相關(guān),如JC多瘤病毒[35]和鳥分枝桿菌副結(jié)核亞種[36]。首例合并CMV感染的UC報道于1961年,但目前對CMV是一種UC病原體還是一個無關(guān)“過路者”,觀點仍不一致[37],本文所回顧的臨床研究大多數(shù)顯示CMV感染與激素難治性UC密切相關(guān)。由于CMV的存在可誘導(dǎo)持續(xù)的免疫功能障礙,在UC發(fā)病中起關(guān)鍵作用[38],CMV陽性活動期UC患者很少能獲得緩解,給予抗CMV藥物有利于誘導(dǎo)緩解。
過去數(shù)十年中的大量研究揭示了CMV感染與激素難治性UC相關(guān)的可能機制。通過插入可模擬宿主基因功能的基因,病毒蛋白與宿主細胞蛋白交叉反應(yīng),引起自身免疫樣病變[39]。CMV可引起T細胞功能障礙,如誘導(dǎo)CD4+T細胞分化為CD4+CD28-T細胞[40]。在缺乏共刺激分子CD28的情況下,CD4+T細胞可產(chǎn)生大量Th1型細胞因子,如IFN-γ 和 TNF-α,從而加劇炎癥反應(yīng)[41]。此外,CMV尚可激活NF-кB信號通路[42],誘導(dǎo)促炎細胞因子,包括 COX-2[43]、5-LO[44]等表達,導(dǎo)致炎癥反應(yīng)惡化(見圖1)。
CMV顆粒的成熟伴隨著胞內(nèi)細胞毒性CD13分子增多。對常規(guī)藥物治療無應(yīng)答而接受手術(shù)治療的重度UC患者較易檢出抗CD13自身抗體。在人結(jié)腸癌Caco-2細胞中加入上述患者的血清可增加死亡細胞比例,阻斷CD13則可降低其比例[45]。
Koch’s準(zhǔn)則包括四條標(biāo)準(zhǔn),是一種可用于確定某一特定疾病病原微生物的方法,曾被用于發(fā)現(xiàn)HIV[46]和幽門螺桿菌[47]。第一條標(biāo)準(zhǔn)為患病個體中大量存在該病原體,健康個體中則不存在,該標(biāo)準(zhǔn)已基本為本文所回顧的研究證實,但仍需大量在嚴(yán)格納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn)下獲得的高質(zhì)量標(biāo)本,以檢測激素難治性UC患者中CMV的存在情況,可聯(lián)合應(yīng)用不同檢測方法以降低假陽性率和假陰性率[48]。第二條標(biāo)準(zhǔn)為病原體能在純培養(yǎng)基上生長,從激素難治性UC患者中可分離出CMV滿足該標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。可通過采用UC動物模型評估外源性CMV的致病性,以及確認(rèn)日后能否從動物模型中分離出CMV,來滿足第三和第四條標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。
糖皮質(zhì)激素的藥理作用依賴于糖皮質(zhì)激素受體(GR)。GR有GRα和GRβ兩個亞型,其中GRα為功能亞型,GRβ無生理學(xué)活性,但能與GRα結(jié)合而阻斷其活性。P-糖蛋白170由多藥耐藥基因MDR編碼,定位于淋巴細胞和腸上皮細胞的細胞膜,可將激素泵出細胞以減弱其作用。已發(fā)現(xiàn)激素難治性UC患者存在GRβ和MDR高表達[49,50]。檢測感染外源性CMV的結(jié)腸細胞和實驗動物的GRβ和MDR表達可確定CMV是否系通過調(diào)節(jié)這些靶點誘導(dǎo)UC患者對激素治療產(chǎn)生抵抗。
根據(jù)本文所回顧的證據(jù),可以認(rèn)為CMV可能在激素難治性UC的發(fā)病中起一定作用。尚需進一步開展基礎(chǔ)研究和前瞻性大樣本臨床研究,以使該假說更令人信服。
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