張凌云*, 劉葉榮, 譚 萍, 薛建軍, 何炎鴻, 李 巖
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小劑量氯胺酮術(shù)后鎮(zhèn)痛對(duì)全髖關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù)患者細(xì)胞因子表達(dá)的影響
張凌云*, 劉葉榮, 譚 萍, 薛建軍, 何炎鴻, 李 巖
(甘肅省中醫(yī)院麻醉科, 蘭州 730050)
觀察小劑量氯胺酮+芬太尼用于全髖關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù)患者術(shù)后鎮(zhèn)靜、鎮(zhèn)痛的效果,以及對(duì)細(xì)胞因子腫瘤壞死因子-α(TNF-α)、白細(xì)胞介素-1β(IL-1β)的表達(dá)的影響。80例全髖關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù)后患者隨機(jī)分為兩組行術(shù)后經(jīng)靜脈患者自控鎮(zhèn)痛(PCIA),F(xiàn)組(40例)配方芬太尼20μg/kg+昂丹司瓊8mg+生理鹽水至100ml;FK組(40例)芬太尼16μg/kg+氯胺酮2mg/kg+昂丹司瓊8mg+生理鹽水至100ml。術(shù)后靜脈持續(xù)泵注2ml/h,觀察不同時(shí)間點(diǎn)視覺(jué)模擬評(píng)分(VAS)鎮(zhèn)痛、鎮(zhèn)靜、呼吸血壓變化、惡心嘔吐等不良反應(yīng),血清TNF-α和IL-1β的表達(dá)。兩組患者術(shù)后各時(shí)間點(diǎn)VAS鎮(zhèn)痛、鎮(zhèn)靜評(píng)分、平均動(dòng)脈壓、血氧飽和度比較差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(>0.05);KF組患者與F組比較,術(shù)后惡心、嘔吐不良反應(yīng)明顯減少(<0.05);術(shù)后0及4h IL-1β的表達(dá)差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(>0.05),術(shù)后12及24h IL-1β表達(dá)明顯降低(<0.05);術(shù)后各時(shí)間點(diǎn)TNF-α的表達(dá)差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(>0.05)。小劑量氯胺酮復(fù)合芬太尼用于髖關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù)患者術(shù)后鎮(zhèn)痛,較傳統(tǒng)的單用芬太尼術(shù)后靜脈鎮(zhèn)痛,能產(chǎn)生良好的鎮(zhèn)痛效果,減少惡心、嘔吐等不良反應(yīng),同時(shí)能抑制炎癥因子IL-1β的表達(dá),更有利于患者的康復(fù)。
氯胺酮; 經(jīng)靜脈患者自控鎮(zhèn)痛; 全髖關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù); 腫瘤壞死因子-α; 白細(xì)胞介素-1β
隨著我國(guó)逐步進(jìn)入老齡化社會(huì),涌現(xiàn)出越來(lái)越多老年性骨關(guān)節(jié)炎和創(chuàng)傷導(dǎo)致的人工關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù)患者。這類手術(shù)術(shù)后強(qiáng)烈的疼痛以及人工假體的植入、使用止血帶造成的肢體缺血再灌注損傷等,都將導(dǎo)致機(jī)體發(fā)生強(qiáng)烈的應(yīng)激反應(yīng),產(chǎn)生炎癥反應(yīng),不利于手術(shù)患者的康復(fù)。近年國(guó)外學(xué)者嘗試伍用小劑量氯胺酮以增強(qiáng)阿片類藥物的鎮(zhèn)痛效應(yīng),并通過(guò)減少阿片類藥物的用量以減少其不良反應(yīng)[1];此外,當(dāng)存在阿片類藥物耐受性疼痛時(shí),術(shù)后應(yīng)用小劑量氯胺酮能夠提供迅速持久的鎮(zhèn)痛[2],已有的動(dòng)物實(shí)驗(yàn)和人體研究證實(shí)氯胺酮具有抗缺血再灌注損傷和抗炎作用,即使小劑量使用也有效[3,4]。本研究通過(guò)對(duì)全髖關(guān)節(jié)置換手術(shù)后患者采用小劑量氯胺酮復(fù)合芬太尼進(jìn)行術(shù)后鎮(zhèn)痛,并對(duì)鎮(zhèn)痛效果以及鎮(zhèn)痛期間的細(xì)胞因子表達(dá)變化進(jìn)行觀察并探討。
選擇符合美國(guó)麻醉醫(yī)師協(xié)會(huì)診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)Ⅰ~Ⅲ級(jí)需行全髖關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù)患者80例,年齡65~80歲,體質(zhì)量50~78kg。所有患者無(wú)嚴(yán)重心、肺疾病及惡性腫瘤、免疫系統(tǒng)疾病。隨機(jī)數(shù)字表法分為F組和FK組,每組各40例。兩組性別、年齡、體質(zhì)量、病情均無(wú)明顯差異。
患者入室后開通靜脈輸液,給予吸氧、心電監(jiān)護(hù);麻醉方法選擇為連續(xù)硬膜外阻滯(L2~3椎間隙穿刺;1.5%利多卡因維持麻醉);術(shù)后行經(jīng)靜脈患者自控鎮(zhèn)痛(patient controlled intravenous analgesia,PCIA),F(xiàn)組配方為芬太尼20μg/kg+昂丹司瓊8mg+生理鹽水至100ml;FK組為芬太尼16μg/kg+氯胺酮2mg/kg+昂丹司瓊8mg+生理鹽水至100ml。術(shù)后靜脈持續(xù)泵注2ml/h,追加劑量0.5ml/次,鎖定間隔時(shí)間15min(注射泵為上海怡新醫(yī)療設(shè)備有限公司生產(chǎn))。
觀察術(shù)后4,10,24及48h視覺(jué)模擬評(píng)分(visual analogue scale,VAS)鎮(zhèn)痛、鎮(zhèn)靜、呼吸血壓變化及惡心、嘔吐等不良反應(yīng)。術(shù)后疼痛程度采用VAS:0分為無(wú)痛,10分為劇痛,<3分為優(yōu),3~5分為良,>5分為差;術(shù)后鎮(zhèn)靜評(píng)分:沉睡為4分,嗜睡為3分,淡漠為2分,清醒為1分。
分別于術(shù)后0,4,12及24h抽取靜脈血樣并立即將血樣移入EDTA管,4℃,3 000r/min離心10min,取血漿-40℃下保存,酶聯(lián)免疫吸附試劑盒(晶美生物有限公司)測(cè)定血漿腫瘤壞死因子-α(tumor necrosis factor-α,TNF-α)、白細(xì)胞介素-1β(interleukin-1β,IL-1β)的表達(dá)。
應(yīng)用SPSS11.0軟件進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計(jì)分析。組內(nèi)各時(shí)間點(diǎn)血漿細(xì)胞因子比較采用單因素重復(fù)方差分析;組間患者一般資料、手術(shù)時(shí)間、鎮(zhèn)痛評(píng)分、血漿炎癥細(xì)胞因子的比較采用獨(dú)立樣本檢驗(yàn),兩組間副作用發(fā)生率比較采用2檢驗(yàn)。<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
兩組患者均順利完成手術(shù),術(shù)中血流動(dòng)力學(xué)維持穩(wěn)定。兩組患者體質(zhì)量、手術(shù)時(shí)間、失血量、晶體液輸入量、膠體液輸入量、尿量差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(>0.05;表1)。
兩組患者術(shù)后各時(shí)間點(diǎn)VAS鎮(zhèn)痛、鎮(zhèn)靜評(píng)分,平均動(dòng)脈壓(mean aterial pressure,MAP),血氧飽和度(blood oxygen saturation,SpO2)比較差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(>0.05;表2)。
與F組比較,KF組術(shù)后不良反應(yīng)減少,不良反應(yīng)率明顯降低(<0.05;表3)。
與F組比較,KF組術(shù)后0和4h IL-1β的表達(dá)差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(>0.05),術(shù)后12和24h IL-1β表達(dá)明顯降低(<0.05);與F組比較,KF組術(shù)后各時(shí)間點(diǎn)TNF-α的表達(dá)差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(>0.05;表4)。
表1 兩組患者術(shù)前和術(shù)中一般情況比較
F: fentanyl and ondansetron; KF: small dose ketamine combined with fentanyl and ondansetron
表2 術(shù)后各時(shí)間點(diǎn)VAS、鎮(zhèn)靜評(píng)分、平均動(dòng)脈壓及SpO2比較
F: fentanyl and ondansetron; KF: small dose ketamine combined with fentanyl and ondansetron; VAS: visual analogue scale; MAP: mean aterial pressure; SpO2: blood oxygen saturation. 1mmHg=0.133kPa
表3 術(shù)后鎮(zhèn)痛期間不良反應(yīng)比較
F: fentanyl and ondansetron; KF: small dose ketamine combined with fentanyl and ondansetron; PCIA: patient controlled intravenous analgesia. Compared with F group,*<0.05
表4 術(shù)后各時(shí)間點(diǎn)血漿TNF-Α和IL-1β的表達(dá)
F: fentanyl and ondansetron; KF: small dose ketamine combined with fentanyl and ondansetron; TNF-α: tumor necrosis factor-α; IL-1β: interleukin-1β. Compared with F group,*<0.05
傳統(tǒng)的術(shù)后芬太尼靜脈持續(xù)鎮(zhèn)痛存在諸如皮膚瘙癢、惡心嘔吐、尿潴留等副作用,如何減少阿片類藥物術(shù)后鎮(zhèn)痛的劑量是近年來(lái)相關(guān)領(lǐng)域的一個(gè)研究熱點(diǎn)。本試驗(yàn)結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn)KF組與F組在術(shù)后4,10,24和48h各個(gè)時(shí)間點(diǎn)VAS鎮(zhèn)痛、鎮(zhèn)靜評(píng)分、MAP、SpO2差異均無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(>0.05),提示KF組和F組一樣都能為髖關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù)后中老年患者提供較滿意的術(shù)后鎮(zhèn)痛效果,并且不會(huì)對(duì)鎮(zhèn)痛期間患者的呼吸、循環(huán)系統(tǒng)產(chǎn)生不良影響。同時(shí),KF組較F組在術(shù)后4,10,24和48h各個(gè)時(shí)間點(diǎn)患者惡心、嘔吐等不良反應(yīng)發(fā)生率顯著降低(<0.05),提示通過(guò)復(fù)合小劑量氯胺酮來(lái)減少芬太尼的劑量可以顯著減少阿片類藥物所帶來(lái)的皮膚瘙癢、惡心、嘔吐等不良反應(yīng)。氯胺酮作為一種傳統(tǒng)靜脈麻醉藥,具有較強(qiáng)的鎮(zhèn)靜鎮(zhèn)痛作用,大劑量使用會(huì)產(chǎn)生幻覺(jué)、噩夢(mèng)、驚厥等不良反應(yīng),但小劑量使用則會(huì)減少這些不良反應(yīng)[5]。本試驗(yàn)中兩組患者均未出現(xiàn)精神癥狀方面的不良反應(yīng),也提示小劑量氯胺酮用于術(shù)后鎮(zhèn)痛并不增加老年患者的藥物精神反應(yīng)。
在全髖關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù)中及術(shù)后,患者可能出現(xiàn)較嚴(yán)重的炎癥反應(yīng)。目前的研究普遍支持骨水泥顆粒以及創(chuàng)傷可誘導(dǎo)巨噬細(xì)胞中IL-1,IL-6,TNF-α等細(xì)胞因子的表達(dá)[6]。TNF是一種多肽類細(xì)胞因子,主要由巨噬/單核細(xì)胞生成,是最早出現(xiàn)的細(xì)胞因子,常與重癥炎癥反應(yīng)相關(guān),可激活其他多種細(xì)胞因子和炎癥介質(zhì),共同產(chǎn)生特征性的級(jí)聯(lián)反應(yīng),放大炎癥效應(yīng)[7]。IL-1在補(bǔ)體系統(tǒng)的刺激下由單核細(xì)胞產(chǎn)生,是應(yīng)激反應(yīng)和代謝的重要調(diào)節(jié)因子,可影響中性粒細(xì)胞黏附,增加血管通透性,降低循環(huán)阻力,是體內(nèi)主要的內(nèi)源性致熱源[8]。已有研究表明,氯胺酮具有抗炎、抗氧化應(yīng)激的作用,本試驗(yàn)結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn),與F組比較,KF組術(shù)后0和4h IL-1β的表達(dá)差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(>0.05),術(shù)后12和24h IL-1β表達(dá)明顯降低(<0.05);與F組比較,KF組術(shù)后各時(shí)間點(diǎn)TNF-α的表達(dá)差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(>0.05)。以上結(jié)果提示小劑量氯胺酮復(fù)合芬太尼術(shù)后鎮(zhèn)痛較單用芬太尼術(shù)后鎮(zhèn)痛對(duì)髖關(guān)節(jié)置換手術(shù)患者血漿IL-1β的表達(dá)會(huì)產(chǎn)生影響,但差異出現(xiàn)于4h之后,這可能與炎癥反應(yīng)的自身規(guī)律、麻醉的消退時(shí)間以及麻醉本身可以抑制炎癥因子的表達(dá)有關(guān);同時(shí),對(duì)TNF-α的表達(dá)組間未見差異,這可能與血漿TNF-α濃度可受多種炎癥因子的影響、缺乏特異性有關(guān),另外,研究證實(shí)圍術(shù)期血漿TNF-α濃度的變化不如傷口局部濃度的變化顯著[9],所以以上結(jié)論有待于進(jìn)一步通過(guò)后續(xù)研究來(lái)證實(shí)。
綜上所述,小劑量氯胺酮復(fù)合芬太尼用于髖關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù)患者術(shù)后鎮(zhèn)痛,較傳統(tǒng)的單用芬太尼術(shù)后靜脈鎮(zhèn)痛,能產(chǎn)生良好的鎮(zhèn)痛效果,減少惡心、嘔吐、皮膚瘙癢等不良反應(yīng),同時(shí)能抑制炎癥因子IL-1β的表達(dá),更有利于患者的康復(fù)。
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(編輯: 周宇紅)
Effects of postoperative analgesia with small dose ketamine on plasma cytokines in patients undergoing total hip replacement
ZHANG Ling-Yun*, LIU Ye-Rong, TAN Ping, XUE Jian-Jun, HE Yan-Hong, LI Yan
(Department of Anesthesiology, Gansu Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou 730050, China)
To investigate the analgesic effect of small dose ketamine, and its impact on the expression of plasma tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-1β (IL-1β) in patients after total hip replacement.A total of 80 patients (with age of 65 to 80 and ASA grade Ⅰ to Ⅲ) after total hip replacement underwent patient controlled intravenous analgesia (PCIA) in our department. They were randomly divided into two groups: fentanyl and ondansetron group (F group, 20μg/kg fentanyl+8mg ondansetron+normal saline till 100ml,=40), and small dose ketamine combined with fentanyl and ondansetron group (KF group, 16μg/kg fentanyl+2mg/kg ketamine+8mg ondansetron+normal saline till 100ml,=40) at a continuous intravenous infusion of 2ml/h. Visual analogue scale (VAS), mean aterial pressure (MAP), blood oxygen saturation (SpO2), side-effects during PCIA (such as nausea and vomiting), and the plasma levels of TNF-α and IL-1β were recorded and compared between the two groups at different time points.There was no significant difference in the VAS, sedation score, MAP and SpO2between the two groups at all time points (>0.05), but the incidence of side-effects was significantly lower in KF group than in F group (<0.05). No significant difference was found in the plasma level of IL-1β between the two groups in 0 and 4h after operation; but in 12 and 24h after operation, that in KF group was significantly lower (<0.05). No significant difference was found in the level of TNF-α between the two groups at all time points. (>0.05).Small dose ketamine combined with fentanyl in PCIA has better analgesic effect than conventional method of using fentanyl alone for patients after total hip replacement. It also reduces the incidence of nausea and vomiting and inhibits the expression of inflammatory factor IL-1β, and thus is helpful to patient’s recovery.
ketamine; patient controlled intravenous analgesia; total hip replacement; tumor necrosis factor-α; interleukin-1β
(2012-ZD-04).
R687
A
10.3724/SP.J.1264.2013.00205
2013?04?24;
2013?06?12
蘭州市科技指導(dǎo)性計(jì)劃項(xiàng)目(2012-ZD-04)
張凌云, E-mail: zhangly8848@126.com