英文寫作教學(xué)中的銜接與連貫

【摘 要】“銜接”與“連貫”是兩個(gè)既相互聯(lián)系又互有側(cè)重的概念?！般暯印眰?cè)重于文章的表層結(jié)構(gòu)，是文章的有形網(wǎng)絡(luò)；“連貫”是文章中語(yǔ)義的關(guān)聯(lián)，是無(wú)形網(wǎng)絡(luò)。在英文寫作教學(xué)中，我們不僅要通過(guò)銜接使文章結(jié)構(gòu)合理還要把握文章深層的語(yǔ)義關(guān)聯(lián)，使文章前后連貫渾然一體。只有這樣，才能使文章表層結(jié)構(gòu)與深層結(jié)構(gòu)相統(tǒng)一，有形網(wǎng)絡(luò)和無(wú)形網(wǎng)絡(luò)相一致，收到良好的效果。

【關(guān)鍵詞】英文寫作教學(xué) 銜接 連貫

一、概述

寫作始終是大學(xué)英語(yǔ)教學(xué)的一個(gè)重要組成部分。怎樣才能教學(xué)生寫出結(jié)構(gòu)清晰，邏輯性強(qiáng)的文章呢？這涉及寫作過(guò)程中的銜接與連貫。文章表層的銜接與深層的連貫是最基本要素。因此，在寫作教學(xué)中如何讓學(xué)生把握好銜接與連貫這一技巧是提高寫作能力的一項(xiàng)重要措施。

二、銜接與連貫

“銜接”與“連貫”是兩個(gè)相互聯(lián)系又不同的概念。銜接是文章內(nèi)不同句子間或內(nèi)不同成分間的表層語(yǔ)法、詞匯接應(yīng)關(guān)系，連貫是話語(yǔ)語(yǔ)句意義或句子意義的深層功能連接關(guān)系；前者之于后者猶如“形式”之于 “內(nèi)容”。 “銜接”是表層結(jié)構(gòu)通過(guò)語(yǔ)法手段（如照應(yīng)、替代、省略等）和詞匯手段（如復(fù)現(xiàn)關(guān)系、同現(xiàn)關(guān)系等）來(lái)實(shí)現(xiàn)，從而使文章在結(jié)構(gòu)上得以銜接。話語(yǔ)的銜接關(guān)系是通過(guò)形式標(biāo)記（話語(yǔ)標(biāo)記）來(lái)體現(xiàn)的；主要的形式標(biāo)記有照應(yīng)、替代、省略、連接和詞匯銜接五個(gè)方面。例如：

（1）Tom and Rose are good friends.They got to know each other in 1999.

例（1）中兩個(gè)句子是銜接連貫的；第二句話中的they和第一句話中Tom and Rose發(fā)生了照應(yīng)關(guān)系。

（2） We stayed at a small hotel in the capital of the island. The hotel was very high up and we had a wonderful view of the sea and the island.We had enjoyed the typical Greek food in the hotel restaurant and we enjoyed walking down the beaches，too.

例（2）是通過(guò)詞匯銜接手段實(shí)現(xiàn)銜接的一個(gè)合格段落。 “hotel”一詞的重復(fù)至關(guān)重要，它使話語(yǔ)得到了清楚的表達(dá)，起到了對(duì)話語(yǔ)的銜接。假如把第二句中的hotel改為it，把the hotel restaurant改為the hotel there，語(yǔ)法結(jié)構(gòu)上存在銜接，但是由于指代不明確（it和there指hotel還是island，易產(chǎn)生歧義。形式上的銜接并不能保證一段文字能夠成為一個(gè)連貫的篇章。安克維斯特舉出了一個(gè)目前在語(yǔ)言學(xué)界很著名的例子：

（3） I bought a Ford.The car in which President Wilson rode down the Champs Elysees was black. Black English has been widely discussed.The discussion between the Presidents ended last week.A week has seven days.Every day I feed my cat.Cats have four legs.The cat is on the mat.Mat has three letters.

Enkvist指出這是個(gè)銜接得很好的篇章，因?yàn)樵诶?）中有諸如Ford對(duì)應(yīng)car，black對(duì)應(yīng)Black，my cat照應(yīng)cats這一類的銜接關(guān)系，但是我們不能把這樣連接起來(lái)的句子看作是一個(gè)語(yǔ)意連貫的篇章，原因很簡(jiǎn)單，這些句子之間沒(méi)有—個(gè)連貫的意思。

三、銜接與連貫在英文寫作教學(xué)中的運(yùn)用

請(qǐng)看下例：

（4） I went to visit the writer.1 went there at 5 in the afternoon.Another guest was with him.He was smoking.He lived in a remote village and his house was just a hut.His wife and his daughter were also at home.She served me with a cup of tea and her hospitality impressed me a lot.He told me that he was very tired recently.He didn’t want to have the interview.

例（4）這段話讀了后有點(diǎn)讓人摸不著頭腦?！皌here”指的是什么地方？ “他”在抽煙，“他”指的是誰(shuí)？“她”為我端了一杯茶，“她”指的是“女兒daughter”還是“他的妻子his wife”？盡管讀者發(fā)揮自己的想象和聯(lián)想，還是弄不清楚上面的幾個(gè)問(wèn)題。如用銜接中的語(yǔ)法手段或詞匯手段將這段話中的句子有效地銜接起來(lái)，這些問(wèn)題就能得以解決。我們可以把這段話作如下改動(dòng)：

1went to visit the writer.He lived in a remote village and his house was just a hut.I got to his house at 5 in the afternoon. I saw another guest talking with him when l got there.They were smoking.His wife and his daughter were also at home. His daughter served me with a cup of tea and their hospitality impressed me a lot.However，it was my bad luck that the writer looked very tired after talking with the guest for a long time.He told me that he was very tired recently so he would like to have a rest and have the interview later on when he was energetic.

通過(guò)修改這段話銜接緊密，結(jié)構(gòu)緊湊，意思表達(dá)清楚。這段話的銜接主要通過(guò)三種手段：照應(yīng)、復(fù)現(xiàn)、同現(xiàn)。He指代了writer，there指代了his house，they指代了writer and the guest，因此產(chǎn)生了照應(yīng)關(guān)系；通過(guò)對(duì)his daughter以及the guest，the writer的重復(fù)以避免引起歧義，用復(fù)現(xiàn)的手法使句子間更好地得以銜接；通過(guò)tired 和energetic，recently和later on的同現(xiàn)構(gòu)成了兩句話的對(duì)立關(guān)系。學(xué)生們通過(guò)對(duì)比就能一目了然。

四、結(jié)語(yǔ)

銜接與連貫是兩個(gè)互有側(cè)重但又有聯(lián)系的概念。銜接是文章的表層結(jié)構(gòu)，是文章的有形網(wǎng)絡(luò)；連貫是文章的深層結(jié)構(gòu)，是無(wú)形網(wǎng)絡(luò)，兩者缺一不可。在英文寫作教學(xué)中，教師要培養(yǎng)學(xué)生組織語(yǔ)篇的素養(yǎng)，掌握合理恰當(dāng)?shù)剡\(yùn)用銜接與連貫，從而使文章前后連貫而渾然一體。

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