摘 要:句子技巧可以提高寫作質(zhì)量。本文從排比句,強(qiáng)調(diào)句,修辭句及從屬結(jié)構(gòu)的使用對(duì)句子技巧進(jìn)行了研究。
關(guān)鍵詞:句子技巧 排比句 強(qiáng)調(diào)句 修辭句 從屬結(jié)構(gòu)
中圖分類號(hào):G623文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼:A文章編號(hào):1674-098X(2012)04(b)-0182-03
句子是語言結(jié)構(gòu)的最高層次,也是構(gòu)成語篇的基本單位。要想寫好文章首先得寫出像樣的句子來。有了好的句子,才有好的段落;有了好的段落,才有好的文章。寫好句子是表達(dá)過程中的關(guān)鍵。許多大學(xué)生在學(xué)句法時(shí)學(xué)得不錯(cuò),但卻不能自覺地把各種句子技巧應(yīng)用于寫作實(shí)踐中,即學(xué)用分離。一方面是因?yàn)閷W(xué)生功夫不到家,另一方面則是因?yàn)槿狈蠋煹囊龑?dǎo)。為了幫助提高學(xué)生的寫作水平,本文就如何在寫作中使用各種句子技巧進(jìn)行了探討。
1 排比句(parallelism)
語法功能相同的句子成分用相同的語法形式表達(dá)出來,這就是英語中的排比。通過排比,我們可以把相同的事物平衡起來。基本上任何句子成分都可以排比形式出現(xiàn)。排比不僅是一種機(jī)械手段,也是一種修辭手段。通過排比的使用,句子顯得流暢自然,節(jié)奏感強(qiáng),感染力強(qiáng)。請(qǐng)看例句:
(1) In the evening Steve likes playing with his son,reading the newspaper,and watching television.
(作賓語的三個(gè)動(dòng)名詞短語構(gòu)成排比)
(2)After the camping trip I was exhausted,irritable,and hungry.
(作表語的三個(gè)形容詞構(gòu)成排比)
(3)They not only invaded our privacy but also wasted our time.
(作謂語的兩個(gè)動(dòng)詞短語構(gòu)成排比)
(4)Being lazy and clumsy, I have never liked tennis.
(兩個(gè)形容詞平衡起來構(gòu)成排比)
(5)Where he works and where he lives are two completely different places.
(兩個(gè)從句平衡起來構(gòu)成排比)
使用一系列的詞語,短語,從句或完整的句子不僅能構(gòu)成排比,也可以構(gòu)成層遞效果(climax)。請(qǐng)看例句:
(1)I value a friend who is very sweet,kind and loving.
(三個(gè)詞語由輕到重構(gòu)成層遞)
(2)With this faith we will be able to work together,to pray together,to struggle together,to go to jail together, to stand up for freedom together,knowing that we will be free one day.
(五個(gè)不定式短語由輕到重構(gòu)成層遞)
(3)She had the same feeling when she graduated from middle school,when she graduated from high school,and when she graduated from college.
(三個(gè)從句由輕到重構(gòu)成層遞)
該使用排比的時(shí)候而不用排比不僅使句子生硬不連貫,也會(huì)削弱句子的感染力。羅馬帝國的
凱撒大帝(Julius Caesar)的名言“I came, I saw,I conquered.”之所以千年流傳,就是因?yàn)樗褂昧伺疟冗@一句子技巧,也可以說使用了層遞這一修辭手段。
如果凱撒大帝說成“I came,I was able to see,and the land was conquered.”,恐怕沒人愿意記這樣一拉雜羅嗦不連貫的句子。
2 強(qiáng)調(diào)句(emphasis)
單句中使用強(qiáng)調(diào)尤其重要。因?yàn)閺?qiáng)調(diào)可以喚起讀者對(duì)重要內(nèi)容的重視。獲得強(qiáng)調(diào)效果的手段是多樣的,包括:詞序,語態(tài),肯定式,重復(fù),省略,強(qiáng)調(diào)句式及一些機(jī)械手段。
請(qǐng)看例句:
(1)Great is the mystery of space, greater is the mystery of time.
(改變正常詞序獲得強(qiáng)調(diào)效果)
(2)Some books are to be tasted, others to be swallowed, and some few to be chewed and digested.
(培根在這里用了層遞手段強(qiáng)調(diào)了句子最后部分的內(nèi)容)
(3)The girl gave no reason for her refusal to come.
(使用主動(dòng)語態(tài)直截了當(dāng),重點(diǎn)突出)
(4)John Adam was elected President in 1796.
(使用被動(dòng)語態(tài)突出亞當(dāng)當(dāng)選總統(tǒng))
(5)He usually came late.(肯定句立場(chǎng)堅(jiān)定,態(tài)度鮮明。試比較:He was not very often on time.否定句則顯得態(tài)度曖昧,猶豫不決或故弄伎倆而讓人煩。
由此看來否定句有其不足之處,故,一些否定意義可用肯定形式來表達(dá),如:not honest說成dishonest;did not remember說成forgot;did not pay attention to說成ignored;not important 說成unimportant等等)
(6)Not that I loved Caesar less,but that I loved Rome more.
(肯定形式與否定形式結(jié)合使用,更能起到強(qiáng)調(diào)作用,即,強(qiáng)調(diào)肯定句中的內(nèi)容)
(7)The old man has nothing left, nothing except memories capable of filling volumes of books.
(使用重復(fù)詞語nothing 獲得強(qiáng)調(diào)效果)
(8)It was the merchants who protested the new taxes.
(使用強(qiáng)調(diào)句型強(qiáng)調(diào)主語)
(9)What the merchants did was to protest the new taxes.
(使用強(qiáng)調(diào)句型強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)詞protest)
(10)The new taxes were what the merchants protested.
(使用強(qiáng)調(diào)句型強(qiáng)調(diào)賓語the new taxes)
有時(shí)候,我們可以省去句中無關(guān)緊要的詞語獲得強(qiáng)調(diào)效果,如:As a student, he is most Conscientious.該句省略為:He is a most conscientious student.有時(shí)候我們可用一些機(jī)械手段獲得強(qiáng)調(diào)效果,譬如,給相關(guān)內(nèi)容加下劃線,斜體,黑體,大寫;還可以使用一些標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)獲得強(qiáng)調(diào)效果,如:感嘆號(hào),破折號(hào)及冒號(hào),見如下例句:
Watch out!
The verdict was what he expected — death.
The verdict was what he expected:death.
3 修辭句(rhetorical sentences)
在修辭中,句子不再是純粹的語法單位,而是構(gòu)成段落或篇章的一個(gè)個(gè)環(huán)節(jié)。從整段的角度或全文的角度來看,句式在長度或結(jié)構(gòu)上一定要有所不同,這樣才能產(chǎn)生節(jié)奏感從而激起讀者的興趣。修辭句式一般分為松句(Loose Sentences)、掉尾句(Periodic Sentences)、平衡句(Balanced Sentences)。
松句是一種主要內(nèi)容在前、次要內(nèi)容在后的句式。由于主要內(nèi)容在句子前面已經(jīng)表達(dá)出來,因此,我們可以將句號(hào)提前至句中的逗號(hào)處,省去后面那些次要信息句子意思仍然完整。主句在前、從句在后的復(fù)合句是松句,并列句及簡單句也可以是松句。
松句一般都很流暢平穩(wěn),簡單明了,常用于講話或?qū)懽髦?,用來陳述觀點(diǎn)、羅列事實(shí)、敘事或描寫:
The mist had lifted from the city below,and all the streets and open places were alive with noisy buyers and sellers, whose loud talking and disputing came up in a continuous hum,like the drone of swarm of bees.
在這個(gè)松句中,The mist had lifted from the city below為主要內(nèi)容,我們可以把句號(hào)加在“below”、“alive”、“buyers”、 “sellers”、“hum”等詞的后面而不影響句意的完整。
掉尾句是一種次要內(nèi)容在前、主要內(nèi)容在后的句式,也就是說,句子主要內(nèi)容直到句末才表達(dá)完整。從句在前、主句在后的復(fù)合句是掉尾句,句首有修飾語的簡單句也可以是掉尾句。掉尾句常用于強(qiáng)調(diào)或達(dá)到某種修辭效果。掉尾句的語言比較正式,尤其多個(gè)掉尾句一起使用時(shí)這種效果更加強(qiáng)烈。
因此,寫作時(shí)應(yīng)盡量使用簡短明了的掉尾句,避免使用較長的復(fù)雜的掉尾句。請(qǐng)看下面的例句:
As he still pressed forward,waving his swords and cheering his soldiers to the attack,a third shot lodged deep within his breast.
純粹的松句或純粹的掉尾句表達(dá)效果未必好。許多高明的句子往往是松句和掉尾句的結(jié)合體。請(qǐng)看下面的例句:
With little in common after years of separation, old friends are often shocked and embarrassed when they meet again.
One day about noon,going towards my boat,I was exceedingly surprised with the print of a man’s naked foot on the shore.
平衡句由兩個(gè)或多個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)相同、意義相對(duì)的短語或句子構(gòu)成。平衡句用來列舉事實(shí)或進(jìn)行對(duì)比。平衡句為正式的書面語,很少出現(xiàn)在口語或非正式文體中,但常用于說明文和議論文中。請(qǐng)看下面的句子:
The people want peace, but the imperialists want war.
To err is human,to forgive divine.
The politician is concerned with successful elections whereas the statesman is interested in the future of his people.
A long journey tests a horse’s strength;a long acquaintance shows a man’s heart.
4 從屬結(jié)構(gòu)(subordination)
從屬結(jié)構(gòu)是一種句子技巧,它的使用可以把分量不等的內(nèi)容組合到一起,且讀者很容易地看清這些內(nèi)容的輕重關(guān)系。我們把重要內(nèi)容放在主句中,而把次要內(nèi)容放在從屬結(jié)構(gòu)中。
使用從屬結(jié)構(gòu)可使句子流暢緊湊,或起到句式變化的效果。除了使用狀語從句構(gòu)成從屬結(jié)構(gòu),我們也可以使用定語從句,修飾性短語,同位語或一個(gè)詞語構(gòu)成從屬結(jié)構(gòu)。
請(qǐng)看例句:
1.Because he had overslept,he was late for class.
(原因狀語從句構(gòu)成從屬結(jié)構(gòu))
2.He arranged to come early so that we should have time for a talk before dinner.
(目的狀語從句構(gòu)成從屬結(jié)構(gòu))
3.In English courses we had to learn many rules of grammar,few of which are taken.
4.seriously today.
(定語從句構(gòu)成從屬結(jié)構(gòu))
5.The house at the end of the street was designed by Fred. at the end of the street
(介詞短語為從屬結(jié)構(gòu))
7.Caught in the rainstorm, the boys took refuge in a haystack.
(分詞短語構(gòu)成從屬結(jié)構(gòu))
8.My uncle, always a cautious man, refused to lend me the money.
(同位語構(gòu)成從屬結(jié)構(gòu))
9.She came running into the large,empty room.
(形容詞large和empty構(gòu)成從屬結(jié)構(gòu))
使用從屬結(jié)構(gòu)要注意不要把次要的內(nèi)容放在主句中,而把重要內(nèi)容放在從屬結(jié)構(gòu)中,這樣的句子我們稱為顛倒的從屬結(jié)構(gòu)。另外,我們還要避免過分重疊使用從屬結(jié)構(gòu),即, 一個(gè)主句帶有多個(gè)從句或從句中有從句。最后,我們還要避免出現(xiàn)翹翹板式的從屬結(jié)構(gòu),即,主句前后的從句用同一個(gè)連接詞。
譬如:When he came home from work,Dad would always complain when the children weren’t there to meet him. 這個(gè)句子中有兩個(gè)連接詞when,就給人一種蹺蹺板的感覺,需改成:When he came home from work,Dad would always complain if the children weren’t there to meet him.
以上我們探討了寫作過程中常用的句子技巧。使用這些技巧要合理合情,不能牽強(qiáng)。因?yàn)閷懽鬟^程中我們使用的還是普通句子居多,即,簡單句為主流句型,排比句,強(qiáng)調(diào)句,修辭句及從屬結(jié)構(gòu)要根據(jù)需要來使用。但一味的使用簡單句肯定不行,這樣會(huì)使語句羅嗦拉雜不緊湊,文體單調(diào)乏味,讀者看不下去而昏昏欲睡。恰到好處的使用一些句子技巧可以起到畫龍點(diǎn)睛的效果,可以改變文體風(fēng)格,如一絲清風(fēng)吹進(jìn)讀者的心房,令讀者精神大振,讀起來不厭其煩。
文章的好壞取決于兩方面,即內(nèi)容和表達(dá)。內(nèi)容反映作者的思想,而表達(dá)則反映作者的語言基本功,尤其是遣詞造句的能力。為了寫好文章,大學(xué)生要有意識(shí)的把語法課堂中學(xué)到的句法知識(shí)應(yīng)用到平時(shí)的寫作訓(xùn)練中,同時(shí)接受老師的指導(dǎo)和同學(xué)的意見。切記:要在基本功上舍得付出時(shí)間和精力,寫作水平的提高基于長期的學(xué)習(xí)和積累,并無其他捷徑。
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