英語(yǔ)書(shū)面表達(dá)往往要經(jīng)過(guò)認(rèn)真審題、擬出表達(dá)要點(diǎn)、根據(jù)要點(diǎn)擴(kuò)展成文、修改檢查這幾個(gè)步驟才能完成。而修改檢查是寫(xiě)好一篇文章、提高表達(dá)質(zhì)量、取得高分的關(guān)鍵。那么,在書(shū)面表達(dá)時(shí),我們?nèi)绾芜M(jìn)行修改檢查呢?
一、修改
在書(shū)面表達(dá)中,對(duì)一篇文章的修改,我們應(yīng)注意以下幾個(gè)方面。
1.恰當(dāng)使用同義詞或近義詞,避免因詞語(yǔ)的重復(fù)使用而造成的文章表達(dá)的單一性
請(qǐng)看下面一段描寫(xiě)與他人聯(lián)系方式及接受新聞信息的今昔對(duì)比文字:
Over the past twenty years or so,great changes have taken place in our life. Take my family for example. My parents contacted others mainly by sending them letters in the past,but now we get in touch with them by telephone at home. And once my parents listened to the radio for news and other information,now we watched the news and other programs on TV instead.
以上一小段文字中,在表達(dá)“聯(lián)系”時(shí)用了contact與get in touch with、“過(guò)去”用了in the past與once、“但是”用了but與instead,從而避免了單詞的前后重復(fù)使用,使得句子的表達(dá)靈活多變,且無(wú)煩瑣之感。
2.適當(dāng)增加修飾語(yǔ)句,使得句子的表達(dá)有血有肉,更加豐滿,避免句子表達(dá)的枯燥、干癟
請(qǐng)看下面一組描寫(xiě)住房條件的今昔對(duì)比的句子:
?。?)About twenty years ago,my parents lived in a small room,but now we have moved into a large house.
(2)When they got married about twenty years ago,my parents lived in a small room crowded with furniture,but now we have moved into a large new three-room apartment.
比較之下,第(2)句無(wú)論在句子結(jié)構(gòu)上,還是在語(yǔ)句的修飾方面,顯然比第(1)句更自如、更有文采。
3.刪除冗余詞語(yǔ),使句子顯得更簡(jiǎn)潔、利落
有些考生在進(jìn)行書(shū)面表達(dá)時(shí),擔(dān)心文章的詞數(shù)不足,便刻意在句中增加一些修飾成分。這樣,反而適得其反,會(huì)大大影響文章的表達(dá)效果。體會(huì)一下下面的一段文字,看看刪除了括號(hào)中的詞語(yǔ)以后,是否給人一種要言不煩、簡(jiǎn)潔流暢的感覺(jué)呢?
When they got married about twenty years ago,my parents lived in a small room(and it was )crowded with furniture,but now we have moved into a large new three-room apartment (in a new building).In short,changes (that have taken place)in our life in the past twenty years have brought us comfort and convenience.
4.適當(dāng)轉(zhuǎn)換句式,使句子結(jié)構(gòu)長(zhǎng)短交錯(cuò),生動(dòng)活潑
例如:
(1)Mike doesn’t like swimming in summer, and his brother doesn’t like swimming,either.
可轉(zhuǎn)換成:Mike doesn’t like swimming in summer, and neither does his brother.(倒裝句)
(2)We should do something to prevent such a mistake from being made again.
可轉(zhuǎn)換成:Something should be done to prevent such a mistake from being made again.(被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu))
以上兩句通過(guò)轉(zhuǎn)換,意義沒(méi)變,但表達(dá)效果大不相同。
5.盡量運(yùn)用高級(jí)詞匯或句式,來(lái)增加文章表達(dá)文采,提高文章得分檔次
高級(jí)詞匯的選擇主要體現(xiàn)在用高中所學(xué)詞匯來(lái)代替初中所學(xué)詞匯,用書(shū)面語(yǔ)詞匯來(lái)代替口語(yǔ)詞匯,并能運(yùn)用課本外所掌握詞匯來(lái)代替課本中所學(xué)詞匯。高級(jí)句式主要是指分詞、定語(yǔ)從句、介詞短語(yǔ)、省略句、修飾性狀語(yǔ)等。請(qǐng)?bào)w會(huì)一下下面幾個(gè)句子中的劃線部分被句后括號(hào)中的詞匯或句式替代后的效果。
例如:
?。?)I’m writing to tell you something about a flat for you. (inform you of )
(2)The bathroom and the kitchen are very good.(well furnished)
?。?)The flat has an area of 25 square meters and has a bedroom,a bathroom and a kitchen. (with)
?。?)The flat situates in a building on Fangcao Street,and it is not far from Jianxin Chinese School. (which)
?。?)If you don’t like it,I can try and find another place for you. (not)
(6)When they got married about twenty years ago,my parents lived in a small room and it was crowded with furniture. (crowded或which was crowded)
?。?)When he pointed to the policeman not far away,the young man explained. (Pointing to)
6.巧妙使用句子間的連接(過(guò)渡性)詞語(yǔ),使全文結(jié)構(gòu)嚴(yán)謹(jǐn),層次清晰,過(guò)渡自然,表達(dá)更具有連貫性
連接(過(guò)渡性)詞語(yǔ)的使用是語(yǔ)言的連貫性得以實(shí)現(xiàn)的最重要的手段。在句子與句子之間、段落與段落之間恰當(dāng)?shù)厥褂靡恍┏猩蠁⑾碌倪B接(過(guò)渡性)詞語(yǔ)是非常必要的。請(qǐng)?bào)w會(huì)下面的兩小段文字中的連接(過(guò)渡性)詞語(yǔ)。
?。?)In the bedroom,there is a bed,a sofa,a desk and a chair.The bathroom and the kitchen are well furnished. Moreover,Bus No. 11 can take you straight to the school. Actually,it’s only one stop way. Do you think you’ll like it?
?。?)When they got married about twenty years ago,my parents lived in a small room crowded with furniture,but now we have moved into a large new three-room apartment In short,changes in our life in the past twenty years have brought us comfort and convenience.
二、檢查
一篇書(shū)面表達(dá)經(jīng)過(guò)認(rèn)真審題,擬出要點(diǎn),再擴(kuò)展修改成文后,檢查這一環(huán)節(jié)是不可缺少的。檢查時(shí),我們應(yīng)該注意以下幾個(gè)方面。
1.檢查文體格式、人稱、動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)是否符eMeAtJXp25NnTE5Ni3jjT4OY1dvNvAqAatfX10gtVpA=合寫(xiě)作要求
正確的文體格式、人稱、動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)會(huì)給閱卷老師留下一個(gè)良好的印象,為提高文章的得分檔次打下基礎(chǔ)。
2.檢查所寫(xiě)文章要點(diǎn)是否齊全,有無(wú)遺漏
按高考書(shū)面表達(dá)評(píng)分標(biāo)準(zhǔn),每遺漏一個(gè)要點(diǎn),要扣除2分,因此遺漏要點(diǎn)將會(huì)嚴(yán)重影響文章的得分。
3.檢查連接(過(guò)渡性)詞語(yǔ)的使用是否有誤
不同意義的連接(過(guò)渡性)詞語(yǔ)在句子間所起的作用也有所不同,我們?cè)谑褂脮r(shí)千萬(wàn)不能任意亂插亂用。只有準(zhǔn)確使用,才能使得所寫(xiě)文章更具有連貫性,否則,將會(huì)影響文章成績(jī)。
4.檢查標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)、大小寫(xiě)及單詞拼寫(xiě)是否正確
在英語(yǔ)中,一般不使用冒號(hào)、書(shū)名號(hào)等標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào),有些同學(xué)在寫(xiě)信、留言條等文章開(kāi)頭的稱呼時(shí),常受漢語(yǔ)的影響,總是使用冒號(hào),如“Dear Tom”,其實(shí)應(yīng)該使用逗號(hào);在寫(xiě)書(shū)名時(shí),用書(shū)名號(hào),如《Oliver Twist》,其實(shí),英文書(shū)名不需要用標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào),僅大寫(xiě)即可。另外,句子的首字母要大寫(xiě),單詞拼寫(xiě)要正確,尤其是一些不規(guī)則動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去式或過(guò)去分詞,要特別注意弄清。記?。焊呖紩?shū)面表達(dá)評(píng)分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)規(guī)定,標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)、字母的大小寫(xiě)、單詞拼寫(xiě)的錯(cuò)誤,每三處扣1分。
5.檢查所寫(xiě)文章總詞數(shù)是否符合要求
近年來(lái),全國(guó)高考英語(yǔ)書(shū)面表達(dá)所要求考生寫(xiě)作的總詞匯都是以150詞為要求,故考生在寫(xiě)作時(shí),一般不得少于130詞,或不得多于170詞。否則,按高考書(shū)面表達(dá)評(píng)分標(biāo)準(zhǔn),要扣2分。
總之,在書(shū)面表達(dá)中,只要我們能嚴(yán)格按照寫(xiě)作要求去做,準(zhǔn)確把握寫(xiě)作方法,掌握寫(xiě)作技巧,就一定能寫(xiě)出一篇好的文章。
參考文獻(xiàn)
[1] 王篤勤.英語(yǔ)教學(xué)策略論.北京:外語(yǔ)教學(xué)與研究出版社,2002.
[2] 教育部.普通高中英語(yǔ)課程標(biāo)準(zhǔn)(實(shí)驗(yàn)).北京:人民教育出版社,2003.(責(zé)任編輯 郭振