巧用句式變換,應(yīng)對基礎(chǔ)寫作的信息整合

陳璇

廣東省英語高考題中的基礎(chǔ)寫作主要考查考生在語言結(jié)構(gòu)方面的應(yīng)用能力：能夠應(yīng)用正確、規(guī)范的語言表達(dá)特定的內(nèi)容。由于廣東高考的基礎(chǔ)寫作部分要求考生只能用5個(gè)句子表達(dá)寫作材料中的所有信息，因此，考生一定要會(huì)靈活地運(yùn)用并列句、復(fù)合句、非謂語動(dòng)詞等擴(kuò)展和合并句子，才能把所有的信息表達(dá)出來。但要注意的是，寫作時(shí)一定要根據(jù)文章的題材、體裁和寫作對象選擇句型，在100個(gè)詞左右的短文里，機(jī)械地混用一些句式和詞匯，并不能給文章增光添彩。

下面介紹幾種常見的信息整合的方法。

1.簡單句

只含有主謂結(jié)構(gòu)的簡單句一般較短，要表達(dá)復(fù)雜的意思時(shí)，就要對簡單句進(jìn)行擴(kuò)充，比如添加形容詞、副詞、非謂語動(dòng)詞和介詞短語等。下面是簡單句的五種基本句型的前后變化對比。

（1）SV: The children played.

→]All of the lovely children of Mr. Smith from England played happily in the garden.

（2）SVP: The hall is beautiful.

→The hall is beautiful with all the doors made of glass.

（3）SVO: She left the office.

→She always left the office very quietly.

（4）SVOO: The company gave Tom a watch.

→The old company gave Tom a beautiful gold watch on his retirement.

（5）SVOC: I saw him working.

→I often saw him working in the field with the peasants.

另外，分詞結(jié)構(gòu)作狀語在英語句子中出現(xiàn)的頻率極高。一方面，使句式多樣化，另一方面，使句子變得更加簡練。如：

（6）Zhongshan University was located in Guangzhou，Guangdong Province.

Zhongshan University was set up by Sun Zhongshan in 1924.

→Located in Guangzhou，Guangdong Province，Zhongshan University was set up by Sun Zhongshan in 1924.

（7）He died early，and he left his wife nothing but grief and debt.

→He died early，leaving his wife nothing but grief and debt.

還可以用形容詞或形容詞短語作狀語，當(dāng)其放在句首時(shí)，常作原因狀語。

（8）Shocked by the bad news，the local government needed to consider carrying out more effective measures.（As the local government were shocked by the bad news，they needed to consider carrying out more effective measures.）

或用形容詞或形容詞短語作狀語，當(dāng)其放在句末時(shí)，常表示主語所處的狀態(tài)。

（9）I went home with my bag filled with fruit，proud and satisfied.

2.并列句

如果兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上的簡單句之間有并列或遞進(jìn)關(guān)系（“此外”，“而且”），轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系（“但是”，“然而”），因果關(guān)系（“因此”，“所以”），選擇關(guān)系（“或者”，“否則”，“不然的話”）等，可以用并列連詞（或連接副詞）連接成并列句。其基本句型是“簡單句+并列連詞（或連接副詞）+簡單句”。因此，要寫好并列句，首先就必須了解每個(gè)并列連詞的意義和功能。如：

In the past，people cheated by writing answers on their hands or small pieces of papers，or by looking at someone elses paper. （選擇關(guān)系）

過去，人們作弊的手段包括：將答案寫在手上或小紙條上，或者是看別人的試卷。

In fact，their lives are often not their own，and they are placed under considerable pressure from the public.（并列關(guān)系）

事實(shí)上，他們沒有自己的生活，公眾給了他們巨大的壓力。

Most college students choose to live in the university dormitories in China，while Chinese students in London choose to board with English families.

在中國，大多數(shù)大學(xué)生住在大學(xué)宿舍里，但是在英國留學(xué)的中國學(xué)生一般寄宿在英國人的家里。（轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系）

3.復(fù)合句

復(fù)合句由一個(gè)主句和一個(gè)或一個(gè)以上的從句構(gòu)成。主句為句子的主體，從句是句子的附屬部分，如主語從句、賓語從句、表語從句、狀語從句、同位語從句等。從句不能獨(dú)立存在，其與主句是從屬關(guān)系。通常用一定的連詞把主句和從句連接起來。從句可以分為名詞性從句（主語從句、賓語從句、表語從句、同位語從句）、定語從句和狀語從句。不同從句在體現(xiàn)信息點(diǎn)上有不同的特點(diǎn)和側(cè)重點(diǎn)。

（1）巧用定語從句

秘訣：主要信息放在主句；次要信息放在從句（如非限制性定語從句）。如：

①Our teacher has helped us a lot （結(jié)論性的重要信息），including advice，encouragement and revision of writing，which leads us down onto a path to success.

②Guangzhou has seen great changes in city construction in the past 5 years，such as the building of the subway and the development of public transportation，which ranks the city as one of the top cities in China.

③The students had to walk for two hours to school，where students had to study in bambool made classrooms without water，electricity and textbooks.

（2）巧用同位語

秘訣：小概念+大概念+其他修飾成分

I am eager to go to Beijing，a city with a long history of 3， 000

小概念 大概念其他修飾成分

years.

（3）巧用定語從句與同位語的轉(zhuǎn)化

秘訣：把名詞后面的用來補(bǔ)充說明信息的非限制性定語從句轉(zhuǎn)換成名詞短語。如：

Finally，Li Bai，who was a great poet，arrived in Xian，which was then the capital of the Tang Dynasty and also an international city. （畫線部分為定語從句）

→Finally，Li Bai，a great poet，arrived in Xian，then the capital of the Tang Dynasty and also an international city.

（4）巧用定語從句與with短語的轉(zhuǎn)化

秘訣：把名詞后起修飾或限制作用的限制性定語從句或非限制性定語從句轉(zhuǎn)換成with+名詞（或with+名詞+補(bǔ)足成分），充當(dāng)定語或狀語。

Mr. Chen was the only person who was invited to attend the party.

→Mr. Chen was the only person with an invitation to the party. （with 短語作定語）

We finally arrived at the village which was connected with the outside world by a narrow hilly road.

→We finally arrived at the village with a narrow hilly road connecting the outside world.（with短語作狀語）

（5）巧用省略句可使句子簡練

值得注意的是，省略的方法很多，但在基礎(chǔ)寫作中最常使用的是if，when，while，before，after等引導(dǎo)的狀語從句的省略，如：

When I was walking in the street，I came across John，a friend of mine at middle school.

→When walking in the street，I came across John，a friend of mine at middle school.

使用省略時(shí)，一定牢記不能使省略后的結(jié)構(gòu)產(chǎn)生歧義或改變原句意思。

（6）巧用介詞組合信息

使用介詞組合信息在記敘文中比較常用，具有文字簡練、信息量大的特點(diǎn)，適合表達(dá)連貫或連續(xù)的一系列動(dòng)作和過程，更加符合英語的“靜態(tài)語言”的特點(diǎn)。如：

As soon as the bell rang，the students ran out the classrooms，and ran down to the playground to do morning exercise.

→The bell sent the students out of the classroom down onto the playground for morning exercise.

又如：猴子用尾巴鉤住樹枝，吊在半空中搖晃著。

The monkey was hanging himself by its tail from a tree.

總而言之，考生要利用不同的靈活多變的句型組合信息，使之能準(zhǔn)確表達(dá)意思，傳遞思想。因此，考生要注重平時(shí)的訓(xùn)練和積累，多閱讀，多提煉歸納，做有心人。