李麗霞,趙冬梅,范留彬,劉國(guó)棟
(河北工業(yè)大學(xué) 高分子科學(xué)與工程研究所,天津 300130)
玻璃態(tài)PS焓松弛β參數(shù)的熱歷史依賴性
李麗霞,趙冬梅,范留彬,劉國(guó)棟
(河北工業(yè)大學(xué) 高分子科學(xué)與工程研究所,天津 300130)
用TNM模型研究了PS的焓松弛,將模型參數(shù)Δh,x和lnA作為材料常數(shù),假定β參數(shù)隨熱處理?xiàng)l件變化,提出了新的參數(shù)優(yōu)化方法:由極限假想溫度Tf′求取Δh;由Tf′和峰值溫度Tmax求取x和lnA,不同熱處理?xiàng)l件下的β值由對(duì)歸一化比熱CNp數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行擬合得到.Tf′,Tmax和CNp的理論計(jì)算值都與實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果十分接近,得到的參數(shù)具有規(guī)律性,β隨熱處理?xiàng)l件變化,當(dāng)降溫速率從100K/min降到0.1K/min時(shí),β從0.498降到0.341,在363.15K下恒溫老化,隨老化時(shí)間延長(zhǎng)β呈現(xiàn)極大值0.504,從結(jié)構(gòu)松弛的角度對(duì)上述結(jié)果進(jìn)行了解釋.
PS;β參數(shù);玻璃化轉(zhuǎn)變;焓松弛;熱歷史
聚合物在玻璃化轉(zhuǎn)變附近的焓松弛和物理老化一直都是高分子領(lǐng)域的重要研究課題,它不僅影響到聚合物的力學(xué)性能,而且與對(duì)玻璃化轉(zhuǎn)變本質(zhì)的認(rèn)識(shí)密切相關(guān)[1-2].對(duì)于一個(gè)偏離平衡態(tài)的聚合物,無(wú)論是在恒溫還是在升降溫的條件下,它都會(huì)向熱力學(xué)平衡態(tài)轉(zhuǎn)變,但是在玻璃態(tài)時(shí)這個(gè)過程速度很慢,是一個(gè)松弛過程,具有非指數(shù)和非線性的特點(diǎn).非指數(shù)特性通常采用KWW松弛方程描述[3]
式中t為時(shí)間,τ為松弛時(shí)間,參數(shù)β是介于0到1之間的正數(shù),由松弛時(shí)間分布決定.松弛時(shí)間τ具有結(jié)構(gòu)和溫度依賴性,過去幾十年間,學(xué)者們進(jìn)行了大量的研究,建立了很多模型用以描述松弛時(shí)間對(duì)材料結(jié)構(gòu)的依賴性,如 TNM 模型[4-6],AG 模型[7],GR模型[8]等,其中 TNM 模型應(yīng)用的最為廣泛
式中A和Δh為模型常數(shù),參數(shù)x(0<x≤1)為非線性指數(shù),當(dāng)x=1時(shí),松弛呈現(xiàn)線性特征,R為理想氣體常數(shù),T為溫度,Tf為假想溫度,由下式求取
其中T1為高于玻璃化溫度Tg的某一溫度,Cpr,Cpg和Cp分別為橡膠、玻璃和實(shí)際材料的等壓比熱.
模型參數(shù)可以給出分子運(yùn)動(dòng)的信息,有研究表明聚合物化學(xué)結(jié)構(gòu)、分子質(zhì)量及分布等對(duì)參數(shù)β有重要影響,但是對(duì)于同一種聚合物聚苯乙烯(PS),報(bào)道的β在0.39到1之間變化.對(duì)于同一種樣品的焓松弛研究表明,降溫速率、老化溫度、老化時(shí)間等對(duì)參數(shù)也有影響,但是目前的研究結(jié)果又存在矛盾.隨老化溫度降低,Cowie和Sastry報(bào)道β減?。?-11],但是Alegría報(bào)道β基本不變[12];隨老化時(shí)間延長(zhǎng),Tribone和 Hodge認(rèn)為β不變[13-14],Oudhuis發(fā)現(xiàn)β單調(diào)增大[15],Vidal Russell則報(bào)道β減?。?6],Alegría報(bào)道β有極大值[12].研究表明,β的最優(yōu)值不僅受熱歷史影響,還與Δh的取值密切相關(guān)[13,17],在聚合物的焓松弛參數(shù)與熱歷史關(guān)系研究中,研究者通常假定其中某一個(gè)參數(shù),lnA或者Δh,與熱歷史無(wú)關(guān),而認(rèn)為其他參數(shù)隨熱歷史變化,或者認(rèn)為所有參數(shù)均具有熱歷史依賴性[13-14,18-19].在TNM模型中,Δh,x和lnA描述焓松弛時(shí)間的結(jié)構(gòu)依賴性,應(yīng)是材料的本征參數(shù),然而β具有不同的物理含義,與材料結(jié)構(gòu)相關(guān),依賴于熱處理過程.但是目前未見有關(guān)β與材料結(jié)構(gòu)關(guān)系的研究報(bào)道,本文即以此為出發(fā)點(diǎn)研究PS焓松弛過程中β與熱歷史的關(guān)系.
1.1 樣品測(cè)定
PS采取本體聚合方法制備,由Polymer Lab GPC 220測(cè)定其數(shù)均分子質(zhì)量為5.26×104g/mol,分散
1.2 計(jì)算與擬合
其中T0是測(cè)試的起始溫度,對(duì)式3進(jìn)行微分可以得到[20]
由式1、式2結(jié)合Boltzmann疊加原理即可獲得任一時(shí)刻樣品的Tf
根據(jù)極限假想溫度Tf′與降溫速率q的關(guān)系[6]
以ln|q|對(duì)1/Tf′作圖即可得到Δh/R為(113.8±5.4)kK,如圖1所示,高于Hodge報(bào)道的(79±10)kK[21],但是筆者的Tf′變化范圍為8.0K,遠(yuǎn)大于Hodge的3.6K,所以可信度更高.
圖1 不同降溫速率PS的lnq~1/Tf′關(guān)系Fig.1 Experimental variation of 1/Tf′with lnq
在升降溫過程中步長(zhǎng)為1/3K,恒溫階段按等比分成50個(gè)時(shí)間間隔,x,lnA和β的最小步長(zhǎng)分別為0.001,0.01和0.001.
2.1 擬合結(jié)果
如圖2所示,Tf′隨降溫速率減小和老化時(shí)間延長(zhǎng)而降低,Tmax隨降溫速率減小呈現(xiàn)不太明顯的極小值,但是隨老化時(shí)間延長(zhǎng)而單調(diào)升高,Tf′和Tmax的理論預(yù)測(cè)值都與實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果十分接近,基本都小于測(cè)定誤差,遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)小于Hodge的預(yù)測(cè)誤差[13].
圖2 Tf′和Tmax的實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果與預(yù)測(cè)值Fig.2 Experimental and predicted Tf′and Tmax
圖3 不同降溫速率和不同熱處理時(shí)間后PS升溫的實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果與理論值Fig.3 of PS recorded after cooling from 423.15to 273.15Kat different cooling rates and annealing times
2.2 降溫速率對(duì)β的影響
圖4是不同降溫速率下的β值,與其他研究者對(duì)PS焓松弛研究得到的0.677和0.45~0.63[21-22]基本一致,隨降溫速率從100降到0.1K/min,β值由0.498降至0.341,這種趨勢(shì)與Hodge固定Δh/R為63和80kK時(shí)的趨勢(shì)相反.Cowie和Sastry研究表明β隨老化溫度升高而增大[9-11,20,23].Alegría認(rèn)為偏離平衡態(tài)的系統(tǒng)β應(yīng)該略高于玻璃態(tài)[24],由此可以認(rèn)為橡膠(液體)具有最窄的松弛時(shí)間分布,所以β最高,而玻璃的松弛時(shí)間分布最寬而具有最小的β,材料的β隨狀態(tài)而變化,但是在所有的擬合過程中均假定β不隨熱處理過程變化,因此得到的β只是一個(gè)統(tǒng)計(jì)平均值.如圖5所示,隨降溫速率變小,聚合物的Tf′降低,因此在升溫中的松弛過程更加接近理想玻璃體,具有更低的β值,而且樣品具有更高的Tg使得樣品在更長(zhǎng)的時(shí)間段內(nèi)處于玻璃態(tài),使得總體呈現(xiàn)低的β值,所以,PS的β隨降溫速率降低而變小.Andreozzi和Privalko認(rèn)為分子量對(duì)β有重要影響并將其歸因于分子量減小使得松弛時(shí)間分布變窄[2,22],事實(shí)上,分子量降低聚合物的Tf′和Tg都降低,所以在同樣的測(cè)試條件下樣品更多地處于橡膠態(tài)可能才是β增大的根本原因.
圖4 不同降溫速率的最優(yōu)β值Fig.4 Best-fitβof PS after cooling from 423.15to 273.15Kat different rates
圖5 降溫升溫過程中聚合物的假想溫度Fig.5 Fictive temperature of polymer during cooling and heating course
2.3 老化時(shí)間對(duì)β的影響
圖6為β隨363.15K下熱處理時(shí)間的變化規(guī)律,可以看到隨時(shí)間延長(zhǎng),β先增加后降低,這與Tribone報(bào)道β與熱處理溫度和時(shí)間無(wú)關(guān)不同,但是與Alegría和Russell的恒溫松弛實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果一致[12,16].這是由于在恒溫老化過程中(圖7),材料結(jié)構(gòu)逐漸向平衡態(tài)松弛,與此同時(shí),松弛時(shí)間分布逐漸變窄,β增大,當(dāng)老化時(shí)間繼續(xù)延長(zhǎng),雖然恒溫時(shí)間段β進(jìn)一步增大,但是材料在后續(xù)的降溫和升溫階段由于更加接近理想玻璃態(tài)而具有更小的β值,因此導(dǎo)致隨老化時(shí)間延長(zhǎng)PS的β出現(xiàn)極大值后反而降低.
圖6 363.15K下熱處理不同時(shí)間后PS的最優(yōu)β值Fig.6 Best-fitβof PS after annealing at 363.15Kin different time
圖7 熱處理過程中聚合物的假想溫度Fig.7 Schematic plot of Tfvs Tin annealing
基于TNM模型參數(shù)的物理意義,提出了處理聚合物焓松弛數(shù)據(jù)的新方法,即由極限假想溫度Tf′確定Δh,由Tf′和Tmax確定x和lnA,最后由CNp曲線求取不同老化條件樣品的β參數(shù),對(duì)PS數(shù)據(jù)的研究表明預(yù)測(cè)值與實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果較為接近,熱歷史對(duì)β具有明顯的影響,當(dāng)降溫速率從100K/min降到0.1K/min,β從0.498降到0.341,隨老化時(shí)間(365.15K)延長(zhǎng)β出現(xiàn)極大值0.504后逐漸降低.
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Thermal History Dependence of Kohlrausch Parameterβin Enthalpy Relaxation of Glassy Polystyrene
LI Li-xia,ZHAO Dong-mei,F(xiàn)AN Liu-bin,LIU Guo-dong(Institute of Polymer Science and Engineering,Hebei University of Technology,Tianjin 300130,China)
Structural relaxation and physical aging of glassy polymers are important topics in polymer science.The relaxation was characterized by nonexponentiality and nonlinearity.The enthalpy relaxation of PS was restudied by adapting TNM model in this paper.Δh,xand lnAwere assumed to be material constants whileβto be a thermal history dependent parameter.Based on this assumption,a new optimizing method was proposed.Δhwas obtained by fitting limiting temperatureTf′,xand lnAwere obtained by fittingTf′andTmax,while the individualβwas obtained by fitting the normalized heat capacitiesCpN.The fitting results of bothTf′,TmaxandCpNwere perfect well.The best-fitΔh,xand lnAwere obtained to be 114kK,0.247and-300.72s-1,respectively.βwas found to be thermal history dependent.It decreased from 0.498to 0.341when the cooling rate deceased from 100to 0.1K/min while showed a maximum of 0.504with the increasing annealing time at 363.15K.The observed result was tentatively interpreted by conceiving thatβchanges along the thermal treatment and the obtained value maybe an apparent one.The apparentβmay be determined byTf′andTgof the sample with different thermal history as well as the temperature range it experienced.
polystyrene;Kohlrausch parameterβ;glass transition;enthalpy relaxation;thermal history
O 631.5
A
1000-1565(2011)06-0617-06
2011-03-21
國(guó)家自然科學(xué)青年基金資助項(xiàng)目(20804013);教育部功能高分子材料重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室開放基金
李麗霞(1984-),女,河北蔚縣人,河北工業(yè)大學(xué)在讀碩士研究生,主要從事多相與多組分聚合物體系方向的研究.
劉國(guó)棟(1973-),男,河北淶水人,河北工業(yè)大學(xué)教授,主要從事多相多組分聚合物體系方向研究.
E-mail:liugd@hebut.edu.cn
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