陳祥娥,凌沛學(xué)
(1.山東大學(xué)藥學(xué)院,山東 濟南 250012;2.山東省生物藥物研究院博士后科研工作站,山東 濟南 250101)
大腸桿菌屬Nissle 1917研究進展
陳祥娥1,2,凌沛學(xué)1,2
(1.山東大學(xué)藥學(xué)院,山東 濟南 250012;2.山東省生物藥物研究院博士后科研工作站,山東 濟南 250101)
大腸桿菌屬Nissle 1917(EcN)是目前廣泛應(yīng)用的一種益生菌。研究發(fā)現(xiàn)EcN對常見胃腸道疾病有良好療效,被廣泛用于預(yù)防傳染性腹瀉、潰瘍性結(jié)腸炎等炎性腸疾病,防止新生兒消化道內(nèi)病原菌定殖等。近年研究發(fā)現(xiàn)EcN還具有免疫調(diào)節(jié)作用。本文對EcN的應(yīng)用作一綜述。
大腸桿菌屬Nissle 1917;胃腸紊亂;免疫
大腸桿菌屬Nissle 1917(EcN)是從一次志賀菌痢大爆發(fā)時未出現(xiàn)腹瀉的士兵的糞便中分離得到的。除了血清型O6∶K5∶H1 與尿道感染有關(guān),EcN 基本為非致病菌[1],被廣泛用于預(yù)防傳染性腹瀉[2]、炎性腸疾病如潰瘍性結(jié)腸炎和克羅恩病[3-4],防止新生兒消化道內(nèi)病原菌定殖[5]等,近來研究發(fā)現(xiàn)EcN還具有免疫調(diào)節(jié)作用[6-7],是目前應(yīng)用較為廣泛的一類益生菌。下面就EcN的應(yīng)用作一介紹。
EcN可保護胃腸道黏膜,對傳染性腹瀉,炎性腸疾病及腸易激綜合征等胃腸功能紊亂等有良好療效,可有效防止新生兒消化道內(nèi)病原菌定殖。
EcN是用于治療潰瘍性結(jié)腸炎等腸免疫性疾病的常見益生菌,它能有效治療緩解期潰瘍性結(jié)腸炎[8]、假膜性胃腸炎[9]以及急、慢性腸炎[10]等。Kuris 等[11]用 EcN 與 5-氨基水楊酸(500 mg,3次/d),分別治療緩解期潰瘍性結(jié)腸炎患者1年,分別觀察患者的臨床癥狀、內(nèi)鏡下活動指數(shù)并進行病理分析。發(fā)現(xiàn)兩組緩解期患者的復(fù)發(fā)率無顯著差別,且都有良好的用藥安全性和耐受性。結(jié)果表明EcN治療緩解期潰瘍性結(jié)腸炎,與5-氨基水楊酸一樣,有效且安全。
Arribas等[12]采用脂多糖誘導(dǎo)的小鼠膿毒征模型研究發(fā)現(xiàn),EcN可口服定位發(fā)揮全身抗炎作用。小鼠口服EcN兩周后,脂多糖全身膿毒性休克造模,24 h后進行檢測。結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn)EcN可以減少小鼠腸、血漿和肺中的腫瘤壞死因子α(TNF-α)等致炎細胞因子,抑制T細胞因子的產(chǎn)生,并下調(diào)脾細胞衍生B細胞分泌IgG??梢姡珽cN口服后的抗炎作用并不局限于胃腸道。Otte等[13]發(fā)現(xiàn)EcN可調(diào)節(jié)腸道上皮細胞環(huán)加氧酶-2(COX-2)的表達和前列腺素E2分泌。
EcN對傳染性腹瀉有良好的治療效果,尤其適用于嬰幼兒腹瀉。Henker等[14]對151例腹瀉4 d以上的嬰幼兒進行了雙盲試驗,發(fā)現(xiàn)口服EcN組在第7天即可表現(xiàn)出較高應(yīng)答率,14 d后與對照組出現(xiàn)顯著差異??诜﨓cN治療嬰幼兒腹瀉具有效果明顯、安全且耐受性良好的特點。此外,B?r等[15]通過體外器官浴槽發(fā)現(xiàn),EcN無細胞上清液可調(diào)節(jié)胃腸蠕動,通過直接刺激平滑肌細胞增加結(jié)腸收縮性。
腸道內(nèi)的細菌類型達1 000多種,各菌群之間相互協(xié)調(diào),維持腸道內(nèi)環(huán)境的穩(wěn)定,從而保證機體健康。EcN可有效地調(diào)節(jié)腸道內(nèi)菌群,抑制有害菌定殖[16],對腸易激綜合征等胃腸功能紊亂有較好療效[17]。
大多細菌感染與生物被膜的形成有關(guān)。生物被膜基本上可在各種表面形成,常產(chǎn)生慢性且較為頑固的感染。EcN作為一種有效對抗多種腸道功能紊亂的益生菌已應(yīng)用多年,是到目前為止在此領(lǐng)域應(yīng)用效果最好的大腸桿菌屬菌株。Hancock等[18]研究了EcN的生物被膜形成能力,發(fā)現(xiàn)與其他致腸病、腸毒性及腸出血性大腸桿菌相比,EcN具有良好的生物被膜形成能力,且EcN在生物被膜形成過程中可以競爭勝出這些菌株,從而暴露這些腸道病原體,使其易于被機體清除。
EcN具有廣泛的免疫調(diào)節(jié)作用,早期研究發(fā)現(xiàn)其定殖可導(dǎo)致宿主細胞因子譜發(fā)生變化[19],增加免疫球蛋白 A分泌[20],促進淋巴細胞或巨噬細胞的活化[21],調(diào)節(jié) CD4+的克隆性增殖[22],刺激腸道上皮細胞生產(chǎn)抗微生物肽[23]。近期研究發(fā)現(xiàn),EcN可活化 γδT細胞,刺激 CXCL8和白介素-6(IL-6)釋放,抑制TNF-α的分泌。活化后,EcN還可誘導(dǎo)活化的γδT細胞凋亡,表明EcN通過調(diào)節(jié)自適應(yīng)和固有免疫反應(yīng)間的界面,在T細胞之間的相互影響中具有重要作用[24]。EcN 也可通過阻斷 TNF-α 誘導(dǎo)的 IL-8分泌,通過非依賴NF-κB機制在上皮細胞直接表現(xiàn)抗炎活性[25]。
基于細菌的腫瘤定向療法是抗癌策略的一種新興形式。細菌特異靶器官成像以及采用放射性示蹤技術(shù)的腫瘤內(nèi)復(fù)制和視像可以準確定位惡性組織。Brader等[26]發(fā)現(xiàn)EcN可通過正電子發(fā)射斷層掃描術(shù)(PET)和視像促進腫瘤檢出。EcN攝取采用放射性標記的嘧啶核苷類似物和18F-脫氧葡糖(18F-FDG),并進行體內(nèi)外檢測。采用PET和視像監(jiān)測EcN對4T1乳腺腫瘤的靶向作用。腫瘤中放射性示蹤劑的累積與細菌數(shù)量相關(guān)?;谏锇l(fā)光的視像由在L-阿拉伯糖誘導(dǎo)的P(BAD)啟動子系統(tǒng)控制下編碼熒光素酶基因的EcN實現(xiàn)。通過放射性標記的嘧啶核苷類似物18F-FDG和PET檢測EcN的存在。采用生物發(fā)光成像確認EcN的存在?;趦?nèi)源性大腸桿菌胸苷激酶的表達,EcN可以經(jīng)PET成像,且這一成像模式不需要細菌與特定基因的轉(zhuǎn)化,可用于患者固體腫瘤檢測。
EcN可作為外源性治療因子的載體用于機體功能紊亂,是一種定向傳遞重組分子到達腸黏膜的安全載體[27]。Rao等[28]對EcN進行重組改造,使其分泌表達HIV結(jié)合抑制肽,通過口服給藥和直腸給藥的形式,發(fā)現(xiàn)重組菌可定殖于消化系黏膜,原位分泌表達抑制肽,阻斷HIV進入宿主細胞。
腸毒性大腸桿菌(ETEC)是引起胃腸道疾病的常見病原菌,其表達的菌毛黏附素可引發(fā)機體免疫應(yīng)答。Remer等[29]發(fā)現(xiàn)小鼠口服免疫表達ETEC菌毛黏附素K88的重組EcN后,免疫應(yīng)答發(fā)生分裂。構(gòu)建可以在細菌表面穩(wěn)定表達ETEC菌毛黏附素K88的重組EcNpMut2-kanK88(EcN-K88)菌株。小鼠口服EcN-K88一周后,僅在其糞便中檢出EcNK88、野生型EcN和攜帶質(zhì)粒載體的模擬轉(zhuǎn)化,表明EcN可階段性的定殖于小鼠腸道??诜﨓cN-K88一周后對IgG的血清滴度檢測顯著,但對IgA的滴度則不顯著。與此相反的是,在脾臟和腸系膜淋巴結(jié)中并未檢測到對K88抗原的顯著T細胞反應(yīng)。血清抗體應(yīng)答表明機體免疫系統(tǒng)識別出K88,但并不引發(fā)機體的選擇性T細胞反應(yīng)。
EcN作為目前廣泛應(yīng)用的一種益生菌,對各種胃腸功能紊亂和免疫性疾病具有良好的效果,安全,耐受性良好。EcN可維持腸道內(nèi)環(huán)境穩(wěn)定,調(diào)節(jié)免疫系統(tǒng),對機體正常功能的發(fā)揮具有重要作用。隨著研究的不斷深入和廣泛的應(yīng)用開發(fā),EcN將為人類健康發(fā)揮越來越重要的作用。
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Research progress on Escherichia coli strain Nissle 1917
CHEN Xiang-e1,2,LING Pei-xue1,2
(1.School of Pharmaceutical Science,Shandong University,Jinan 250012,China;2.Postdoctoral Scientific Research Workstation,Institute of Biopharmaceuticals of Shandong Province,Jinan 250101,China)
Q936
A
1005-1678(2011)06-0493-03
2010-07-27
陳祥娥,女,博士研究生,微生物與生化藥學(xué)專業(yè);凌沛學(xué),通信作者,研究員,博士生導(dǎo)師,Tel:0531-81213003,E-mail:peixue.ling@bausch.com。