名詞性從句易混點(diǎn)辨析
2010-12-31 00:00:00王號(hào)召
中學(xué)課程輔導(dǎo)·高考版 2010年8期
一、that和what
先看一道高考題:
impressed me most was such a little boy could play the violin so well.
A. That; whatB. What; that
C. That; thatD. What; what
答案:B。第一空是what 引導(dǎo)的主語從句，并在主語從句中作主語;第二空是that 引導(dǎo)的表語從句，that在表語從句中不能省略，不作成分，也沒詞義。
what可用作關(guān)系代詞，意為“所……的事或物”，用來引導(dǎo)各種名詞性從句，并在從句中做主語、賓語或表語。如:
① What he said was true. 他所講的是事實(shí)。(what引導(dǎo)主語從句，并在從句中做said的賓語)
② He did what he could to help her. 他盡全力來幫她。(what 引導(dǎo)賓語從句，并在從句中做省略了的do的賓語)
③ The boy isn’t what he used to be. 這孩子不再是過去的樣子了。(what引導(dǎo)表語從句，并在從句中做be的表語)
④ I have no idea what has happened to her. 我不知道她發(fā)生了什么事。 (what引導(dǎo)同位語從句，并在從句中做主語)
that 也可用來引導(dǎo)名詞性從句，但 that本身無意義，也不在從句中做任何成分，僅僅起一個(gè)連接的作用，它所引導(dǎo)的名詞性從句的句子結(jié)構(gòu)和意義都完整。如:
① That she lacks experience is obvious. 她缺少經(jīng)驗(yàn)，這是顯然的。(引導(dǎo)主語從句)
② He realized that she was exhausted too. 他意識(shí)到她也精疲力盡。(引導(dǎo)賓語從句)
③ My idea is that you shouldn’t have left the country. 我的意見是你不應(yīng)該離開那個(gè)國家(引導(dǎo)表語從句)
④ Bob has the mistaken idea that tomorrow is a holiday. 鮑勃錯(cuò)誤地認(rèn)為明天是一個(gè)假日。(引導(dǎo)同位語從句)
鞏固訓(xùn)練:
A modern city has been set up in was a wasteland ten years ago. (2006安徽卷)
A. whatB. whichC. thatD. where
答案:A。
You can only be sure of you have at present; you cannot be sure of something you might get in the future. (2007安徽卷)
A. that; whatB. what; /
C. which; thatD. /; that
答案:B。
light travels in straight lines is known to all.
A. WhatB. whichC. whetherD. That
答案:D。
There is much chance Bill will recover from his injury in time for the race.
A. thatB. whichC. untilD. if
答案:A。
二、if 和whether
1. 通常用whether的場合。
(1) 引導(dǎo)主語從句時(shí)。如:
Whether the news is true remains a question. 這個(gè)消息是否真實(shí)仍然是個(gè)問題。
It is still a question whether he will come. 他是否會(huì)來還是個(gè)問題。
(2) 引導(dǎo)表語從句時(shí)。如:
The question is whether we should go on with the work. 問題是我們是否應(yīng)該繼續(xù)進(jìn)行這項(xiàng)工作。
(3) 引導(dǎo)賓語從句且放在句首時(shí)。如:
Whether he is single， I don’t know. 他是否單身，我不知道。
(4) 引導(dǎo)同位語從句時(shí)。如:
The question whether we’ll build another lecture building hasn’t been settled.
是否要另建一幢教學(xué)樓的問題還未決定。
(5) 用于介詞之后時(shí)。如:
It depends on whether the letter arrives in time. 這取決于信是否來得及時(shí)。
(6) 引導(dǎo)讓步狀語從句時(shí)。如:
Whether he agrees or not， I shall do that. 不管他同意與否，我都要那樣做。
(7) 用于不定式之前時(shí)。如:
I’m not sure whether to stay or leave. 我不知是留還是去。
(8) 直接與or not 連用時(shí)。如:
I will write to you whether or not I can come. 我能不能來，我將寫信告訴你。
注:若不是直接與or not 用在一起，則有時(shí)也可用 if。如:
I don’t know whether /if he will win or not. 我不知他是否能贏。
(9) 在某些動(dòng)詞后(如 discuss等) 通常只用 whether。如:
We discussed whether we should hold a meeting. 我們討論了是否要開一個(gè)會(huì)。
2. 通常用 if 的場合
當(dāng)引導(dǎo)一個(gè)否定的賓語從句時(shí)，通常用 if 而不用 whether。如:
I don’t care if it will rain tomorrow. 我不在乎明天是否下雨。
3. 互換的場合
引導(dǎo)動(dòng)詞后賓語從句表示“是否”時(shí)， 兩者?？苫Q。如:
Nobody knows whether /if it will rain tomorrow. 沒有人知道明天是否下雨。
Lucy asked whether /if they had a cotton sweater. 露西問他們是否有棉制的羊毛衣。
鞏固訓(xùn)練:
the 2008 Olympic Games will be held in Beijing is not known yet. (NMET’92)
A. ThatB. If
C. WhetherD. Whenever
答案:C。
三、who和whoever
who 和whoever都可以引導(dǎo)名詞性從句，它們都有“誰”的含義，但能否互相替代呢?請(qǐng)觀察下列句子并選擇正確選項(xiàng):
(A) leaves the room last ought to turn off the light.
A. AnyoneB. Who
C. WhoeverD. No matter who
(B) will give us a talk is unknown to us all.
A. WhoeverB. Who
C. AnyoneD. No matter who
句 (A) 的正確選項(xiàng)為C。whoever是表示任何一個(gè)人或事物，無范圍可言，相當(dāng)于anyone who。句 (A) 的意思是:無論誰最后離開房間都應(yīng)該關(guān)燈。又如:
Whoever (Anyone who) breaks the law should be punished. 不管誰違法都應(yīng)該受到懲罰。
句 (B) 的正確選項(xiàng)為B。who雖然也可以引導(dǎo)主語從句，但它常保留本身疑問的含義，是指具體的人或物。句 (B) 的意思為:對(duì)我們大家來說，誰給我們講話還不知道。又如:
Who will go with us has not yet been decided. 誰和我們一起去還沒決定。
鞏固訓(xùn)練:
It was a matter of would take the position.
A. WhoeverB. Who
C. AnyoneD. No matter who
答案:B。
Sarah hopes to become a friend of shares her interests.
A. whoeverB. whomever
C. anyoneD. no matter who
答案:A。
注意:此題不能選擇B，因?yàn)閛f后的賓語從句缺少主語而不是賓語，故用主格whoever，即anyone who。
四、no matter + what / who...和whatever / whoever...
當(dāng)引導(dǎo)讓步狀語從句時(shí)，兩者相同，可以互換，但當(dāng)引導(dǎo)名詞性從句 (主語從句，賓語從句，表語從句和同位語從句) 時(shí)則只能用whatever (whoever， whichever， whenever， etc)。
However (=No matter how) expensive it may be， I’ll take it. 無論它有多貴，我也要買下它。
Don’t let them in， whoever (=no matter who) they are. 不管他們是誰，別讓他們進(jìn)來。
下面的句子不能用no matter結(jié)構(gòu):
I’ll eat whatever (≠no matter what) you give me. 你給我吃什么，我就吃什么。(whatever引導(dǎo)賓語從句)
Whoever (≠no matter who) comes will be welcome. 不管誰來都受到歡迎。(Whoever引導(dǎo)主語從句)
即時(shí)鞏固
1. Could you speak to is in charge of International Sales， please.
A. anyoneB. someone
C. whoeverD. no matter who
2. You’d better give the task to you think can succeed in carrying it out ahead of time.
A. whoeverB. whomever
C. anyoneD. no matter who
3. The prize will go to of you writes the best essay.
A. whicheverB. whatever
C. whomeverD. whoever
4. I am， it’s useful to know foreign languages.
A. WhoeverB. Whatever
C. WhomeverD. However
答案:1—4 CAAB
(作者:王號(hào)召，安徽省蕭縣中學(xué))
