定語從句難點解析

張　磊

摘要：英語高考必有的語法考查知識點之一就是定語從句。定語從句難就難在需要特殊注意的要點比較繁瑣，而且跟其他從句容易混淆，不易辨別。為了比較容易地辨析定語從句，本文就定語從句的難點進行了解析。

關(guān)鍵詞：定語從句；相關(guān)術(shù)語；解析

定語從句是整個高中英語教學(xué)課程的重點，也是高考必有的語法考查知識點。雖說平時對其的專題練習(xí)不少，但當(dāng)考試時，學(xué)生還是失分較多，不得要領(lǐng)。實際上定語從句難就難在需要特殊注意的要點比較繁瑣，而且跟其他從句容易混淆，不易辨別。所以我就定語從句的重難點進行解析，以期對各位讀者能有所幫助。

一般做題之前要分析句子;對于難句子要把握好句子的成分，先把主干理出來，然后對照從句，看從句是名詞性的還是形容詞性的，如果是形容詞性的就是定語從句了。定語從句一般都用來修飾主句中名詞性成分。

重點分析：

一、定語從句及相關(guān)術(shù)語

1. 定語從句：修飾一個名詞或代詞的從句稱為定語從句，一般緊跟在它所修飾的先行詞后面。它是由關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo)的從句，其作用是作定語修飾主句的某個名詞性成分，定語從句分為限制性和非限制性從句兩種。

關(guān)系詞：引導(dǎo)定語從句的關(guān)聯(lián)詞稱為關(guān)系詞 。關(guān)系詞有關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞。關(guān)系代詞有that, which, who, whom, whose, as等；關(guān)系副詞有where, when, why等。關(guān)系詞常有3個作用：1. 引導(dǎo)定語從句。2. 代替先行詞。3. 在定語從句中擔(dān)當(dāng)一個成分。

二、具體分析

（A）限制性定語從句

限制性定語從句與主句的關(guān)系很緊湊，對其先行詞起限定、修飾的作用。如果將其去掉，會影響句子意思的完整性；有時甚至于引起費解、誤解。

（B）非限制性定語從句：非限制性定語從句的作用是對所修飾的成分作進一步說明，非限制性定語從句在形式上就與主句很松散，它與主句之間有一個逗點“，”隔開；它對其先行詞沒有限定、修飾的作用，只起補充、說明的作用。有時也用它來對全句進行補充、說明。即使將其去掉，也不會影響句子意思。由于上述原因，非限制性定語從句在表達意思方面也有別于限制性定語從句。另外，非限制性定語從句在中文譯文里，which引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語從句用來說明前面整個句子的情況或主句的某一部分，所以我們往往將其作為一個分句處理，而不把它作定語翻譯。

具體舉例分析：

要注意區(qū)分以下兩個句子的不同。

(1) His brother who is now a doctor always encourages him to go to college.

他那當(dāng)醫(yī)生的哥哥常鼓勵他要考上大學(xué)。（他還有其他的哥哥）

(2) His brother, who is now a doctor, always encourages him to go to college.

他的哥哥是當(dāng)醫(yī)生的，常鼓勵他要考上大學(xué)。（他只有一個哥哥）

注:①限制性定語從句與②非限制性定語從句之間的區(qū)別：

1. 形式上。①不用逗號和主句隔開，②用逗號和主句隔開

2. 意義上。①是先行詞不可缺少的定語，不能刪除，②是對先行詞的補充說明，刪除后意思仍完整

3. 譯法上。①翻譯成先行詞的定語，“…的…”，②通常翻譯成主句的并列句

4. 關(guān)系詞的使用上。限定性定語從句：A.作賓語時可省略B.可用that C.可用who代替whom；非限定性定語從句:A.不可省略 B.不用that C.不用who代替whom。

（C）關(guān)系詞：分為關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞兩類。

1. that既可代表事物也可代表人，which代表事物；它們在從句中作主語或賓語，that在從句中作賓語時常可省略，which在從句中作賓語則不能省略。而且，如果which在從句中作“不及物動詞＋介詞”的介詞的賓語，注意介詞不要丟掉，而且介詞總是放在關(guān)系代詞which的前邊，但有的則放在原來的位置

2. which作賓語時，根據(jù)先行詞與定語從句之間的語義關(guān)系，先行詞與which之間的介詞不能丟

3. 代表事物時多用which，但在帶有下列詞的句子中用that而不用which，這些詞包括all, anything, much等，這時的that常被省略

4. who和whom引導(dǎo)的從句用來修飾人，分別作從句中的主語和賓語，whom作賓語時，要注意它可以作動詞的賓語也可以作介詞的賓語

5. where是關(guān)系副詞，用來表示地點的定語從句

6. when引導(dǎo)定語從句表示時間

7. whose是關(guān)系代詞，修飾名詞作定語，相當(dāng)于所修飾成分的前置所有格

8. 當(dāng)從句的邏輯主語是some, any, no, somebody, anybody, nobody, something, anything, everything或nothing時，常用there is來引導(dǎo)關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)的定語從句

具體舉例分析：

(a)關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)定語從句。

1. who指人，在從句中作主語。

The boys who are playing football are from Class One.

Yesterday I helped an old man who lost his way.

2. whom指人，在從句中作賓語，?？墒÷浴?/p>

Mr. Liu is the person (whom) you talked about on the bus.

注意：關(guān)系代詞whom在口語和非正式語體中常用who代替，可省略。

The man who/whom you met just now is my friend.

3. which指事物，在從句中作主語或者賓語，作賓語時可省略。

Football is a game which is liked by most boys.

This is the pen (which) he bought yesterday.

如果在從句中作賓語,就用whom或who。比如:

He is the man whom/who I talk to.

如果在從句中作主語就只能用who。比如:

He is the man who has an English book.

4. that指人時，相當(dāng)于who或者whom；指物時，相當(dāng)于which。在從句中作主語或者賓語，作賓語時可省略。

The number of the people that/who come to visit the city each year rises one million.

Where is the man that/whom I saw this morning?

5. whose通常指人，也可指物，在從句中作定語。

He has a friend whose father is a doctor.

I once lived in a house whose roof has fallen in.

whose指物時，常用以下結(jié)構(gòu)來代替：

The classroom whose door is broken will soon be repaired.

The classroom the door of which is broken will soon be repaired.

Do you like the book whose cover is yellow?

Do you like the book the color of which is yellow?

(b) 關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo)的定語從句。

1. when指時間，在定語從句中作時間狀語。

I still remember the day when I first came to the school.

The time when we got together finally came.

2. where指地點，在定語從句中作地點狀語。

Shanghai is the city where I was born.

The house where I lived ten years ago has been pulled down.

3. why指原因，在定語從句中作原因狀語。

Please tell me the reason why you missed the plane.

I dont know the reason why he looks unhappy today.

注意：關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo)的從句可以由“介詞+關(guān)系代詞”引導(dǎo)的從句替換。

The reason why/for which he refused the invitation is not clear.

From the year when/in which he was going to school he began to know what he wanted when he grew up.

(c)介詞+關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)的定語從句。

關(guān)系代詞在定語從句中作介詞賓語時，從句常由介詞+關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)。

The school (that/which) he once studied in is very famous.

The school in which he once studied is very famous.

Well go to hear the famous singer (whom/that/who) we have often talked about.

Well go to hear the famous singer about whom we have often talked.

注意：1. 含有介詞的動詞短語一般不拆開使用，如：look for, look after, take care of等。

This is the watch which/that I am looking for. (T)

This is the watch for which I am looking. (F)

2. 若介詞放在關(guān)系代詞前，關(guān)系代詞指人時用whom，不可用who或者that；指物時用which，不能用that；關(guān)系代詞是所有格時用whose。

The man with whom you talked is my friend. (T)

The man who/that you talked with is my friend. (F)

The plane in which we flew to Canada is very comfortable. (T)

The plane in that we flew in to Canada is very comfortable. (F)

3.“介詞+關(guān)系代詞”前可有some, any, none, both, all, neither, most, each, few等代詞或者數(shù)詞。

He loved his parents deeply, both of whom are very kind to him.

In the basket there are quite many apples, some of which have gone bad.

There are forty students in our class in all, most of whom are from big cities.

(d) as和which引導(dǎo)的定語從句。

as和which引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句，有相同之處也有不同之處。具體情況是：

1． as和which都可以在定語從句中作主語或者賓語，代表前面整個句子。

He married her, as/which was natural.

2. as 引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句，可放在主句之前，或者主句之后，甚至可以切割一個主句；which引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語從句只能放在主句之后。另外，as有“正如……，正像……”的意思。

As is known to all, China is a developing country.

John, as you know, is a famous writer.

He has been to Paris more than several times, which I dont believe.

注意：當(dāng)主句和從句存在邏輯上的因果關(guān)系時，常用which。

Tom was always late for school, which made his teacher angry.

3. 當(dāng)先行詞受such, the same修飾時，常用as。

He is not such a fool as he looks.

This is the same book as I lost last week.

注意：當(dāng)先行詞由the same修飾時，偶爾也用that引導(dǎo)定語從句，但是和由as所引導(dǎo)的定語從句意思不同。

She wore the same dress that she wore at Marys wedding. 她穿著她在瑪麗婚禮上穿過的一條裙子。

She wore the same dress as her young sister wore. 她穿著和她妹妹所穿的一樣的裙子。

4. 以the way為先行詞的定語從句通常由in which, that引導(dǎo)，而且通?？梢允÷?。

The way in which/that he answered the question was surprising.

5. but有時也可以作關(guān)系詞引導(dǎo)定語從句。

There are very few but understand his idea. (but=who dont)

難點分析：

一、限制性定語從句只能用that的幾種情況：

1．當(dāng)先行詞是anything, everything, nothing (something 除外), few, all, none, little, some等代詞時，或者是由every, any, all, some, no, little, few, much等修飾時。

Have you taken down everything that Mr. Li has said?

There seems to be nothing that seems impossible for him in the world.

All that can be done has been done.

There is little that I can do for you.

注意：當(dāng)先行詞指人時，偶爾也可以用who。

Any man that/who has a sense of duty wont do such a thing.

2. 當(dāng)先行詞被序數(shù)詞修飾：

The first place that they visited in London was the Big Ben.

3. 當(dāng)先行詞被形容詞最高級修飾時：

This is the best film that I have seen.

4. 當(dāng)形容詞被the very, the only 修飾時：

This is the very good dictionary that I want to buy.

After the fire in his house, the old car is the only thing that he owned.

當(dāng)先行詞指人時，偶爾也可以用who。

Wang Hua is the only person in our school who will attend the meeting.

5. 當(dāng)先行詞前面有who, which等疑問代詞時：

Who is the man that is standing there?

Which is the T-shirt that fits me most?

6. 當(dāng)先行詞既有人，也有動物或者物體時：

Can you remember the scientist and his theory that we have learned?

二、區(qū)分定語從句和同位語從句

1． 定語從句修飾先行詞，它和先行詞是修飾關(guān)系；同位語從句說明先行詞的具體內(nèi)容，是補充說明的關(guān)系。

The plane that has just taken off is for London.定語從句

The fact that he has been dead is clear. 同位語從句

2． 定語從句由關(guān)系代詞或者關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo)，關(guān)系詞在句中充當(dāng)成分，有時可以省略；同位語從句主要由that引導(dǎo)，在句中一般不充當(dāng)成分；句子也可以由when, where, how, why, whether, what等詞引導(dǎo)，充當(dāng)成分。

The news he told me is true.

The news that he has just died is true.

The problem that we are facing now is how we can collect so much money.

The problem how we can collect so much money is difficult to solve.

3. 同位語從句和先行詞一般可以用be動詞發(fā)展成一個完整的句子，而定語從句不可以。

The idea that we could ask the teacher for advice is wonderful.

The idea was that we could ask the teacher for advice.

The fact that the earth moves around the earth is known to all.

The fact is that the earth moves around the earth.