動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)是英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法中的重中之重,是學(xué)習(xí)非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的基礎(chǔ),更是全國(guó)各省市高考英語(yǔ)命題的必考內(nèi)容,主要考查一般時(shí)態(tài)、進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)、完成時(shí)態(tài)及現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)。如何正確判斷時(shí)態(tài),是學(xué)生做題的難點(diǎn)。本文結(jié)合近幾年高考試題,談?wù)勛龊脛?dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)題的方法。
1.認(rèn)清具有時(shí)間標(biāo)志或提示性的詞語(yǔ),準(zhǔn)確分析時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)
不同的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)要求不同的時(shí)態(tài),這類(lèi)題屬于對(duì)時(shí)態(tài)的基本考查。
例1:——Did you watch the basketball match yesterday?
——Yes,I did.You know,my brother_______in the match.
A.is playing B.was playing
C.has played D.had played(08安徽)
【解題分析】上文中yesterday可知,本題考查一般過(guò)去時(shí)和過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí),題意為:(昨天我看比賽時(shí))我哥哥正在打比賽。過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)強(qiáng)調(diào)在過(guò)去某一具體時(shí)間正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作。正確選項(xiàng)為B。
例2:——I’m sure Andrew will win the first prize in the final.
——I think so.He?____________for it for months.
A.is preparingB.was preparing
C.had been preparing D.has been preparing(08江蘇)
【解題分析】本題由提示性的詞語(yǔ)for months可知,強(qiáng)調(diào)“幾個(gè)月以來(lái),他一直為此事做準(zhǔn)備”,故選現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí),正確答案為D。
2.結(jié)合語(yǔ)境,理解上下文的暗示
例3:The hotel wasn’t particularly good,but I___________in many worse hotels.
A.was staying B.stayed
C.would stay D.had stayed(2008北京)
【解題分析】本題考查一般過(guò)去時(shí)和過(guò)去完成時(shí)態(tài),根據(jù)語(yǔ)境可知,后句其意為I had lived in many worse hotels than that one,即“以前住過(guò)比這更糟的旅館”。正確選項(xiàng)為D。
例4:——What’s that noise?
—— Oh,I forgot to tell you.The new machine_________________.
A.was testedB.will be tested
C.is being tested D.has been tested(08浙江)
【解題分析】本題考查時(shí)態(tài)和語(yǔ)態(tài),“What’s that noise?”就當(dāng)前聽(tīng)到的聲音提問(wèn),故選C項(xiàng)。
3.分析句子結(jié)構(gòu),選擇適合固定句型的時(shí)態(tài)
例5:——Have you known Dr. Jackson for a long time?
——Yes,since she_______________the Chinese Society.
A.has joined B.joins C.had joined D.joined(06全國(guó)I)
【解題分析】第二句其實(shí)為省略句,即I have known Dr. Jackson since she joined the Chinese Society.正確選項(xiàng)為D。
例6:——Did Linda see the traffic accident?
——No,no sooner_____________than it happened.
A.had she goneB.she had gone
C.has she goneD.she has gone(06天津卷)
【解題分析】該題結(jié)合固定句型考時(shí)態(tài),即“no sooner...than...”句式。要求主句用過(guò)去完成時(shí),并且變?yōu)榈寡b結(jié)構(gòu)had she gone,故選A項(xiàng)。
4.吃透具體語(yǔ)境中的虛擬語(yǔ)氣
掌握好現(xiàn)在、將來(lái)、過(guò)去三種情況的虛擬語(yǔ)氣是做好該題的基礎(chǔ),同時(shí)還要注意混合時(shí)態(tài)的虛擬語(yǔ)氣。
例7:If the weather had been better,we could have had a picnic.
But it__________________all day.
A.rained B.rains C.has rained D.is raining(08全國(guó)II)
【解題分析】這是典型的與過(guò)去事實(shí)相反的虛擬語(yǔ)氣,表達(dá)的實(shí)際意思是“(過(guò)去)天下雨了”,一般過(guò)去時(shí)僅說(shuō)明動(dòng)作發(fā)生在過(guò)去,不強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作的延續(xù)性。正確選項(xiàng)為A。
例8:Eliza remembers everything as if it____________yesterday.
A.was happening B.happens
C.has happened D.happened(06全國(guó)I)
【解題分析】本題考查與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反的虛擬語(yǔ)氣中動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)的運(yùn)用,主句中remembers為一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài),as if引導(dǎo)的從句應(yīng)該用一般過(guò)去時(shí)。正確選項(xiàng)為D了。
總之,時(shí)態(tài)的使用往往與語(yǔ)境、時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)、句子結(jié)構(gòu)、虛擬語(yǔ)氣等多種因素有關(guān),在做題時(shí)只有吃透試題語(yǔ)境,認(rèn)清時(shí)態(tài)提示語(yǔ),才能合理選擇時(shí)態(tài)。