高考英語(yǔ)單項(xiàng)填空題解題四法

王　萍

綜觀近幾年高考單項(xiàng)填空題，我們不難發(fā)現(xiàn)這樣兩種趨向：1. 單項(xiàng)填空題合理地淡化了對(duì)純語(yǔ)法和純?cè)~法的考查，而是結(jié)合語(yǔ)境和語(yǔ)意，考查考生綜合運(yùn)用語(yǔ)言的能力；2. 單項(xiàng)填空題加強(qiáng)了對(duì)考生句法分析能力的考查加重，出現(xiàn)了一些長(zhǎng)難句，一些需要同學(xué)們仔細(xì)分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)的題目。因此，要做好單項(xiàng)填空題，同學(xué)們光靠死記硬背些單詞和語(yǔ)法規(guī)則肯定是行不通的。筆者依據(jù)多年的高三教學(xué)實(shí)踐，針對(duì)高考命題的方向，將單項(xiàng)填空題的解題策略歸納為以下四法：題眼法、還原法、一致法和標(biāo)點(diǎn)法。

一、 題眼法

題眼法也即語(yǔ)境分析法?！把邸敝傅氖穷}干中的解題關(guān)鍵信息，一旦抓住了它，就能掌握選擇的依據(jù)。在解題時(shí)，同學(xué)們應(yīng)該樹立全局觀和整體觀，把每個(gè)單項(xiàng)填空題當(dāng)成一個(gè)小的閱讀理解題，認(rèn)真分析語(yǔ)境，準(zhǔn)確理解和把握信息并關(guān)注關(guān)鍵詞句，以找出突破口。例如：

(1) —Is there fog in the evening?

—There_____be. Ill make a phone call to find it out.

A. must B. would C. will D. might

(2) Most of the Europeans refuse to accept GM food_____ Americans regard it as the fruit from high tech.

A. when B. as

C. while D. the moment

(3) Unfortunately, when I dropped in, Do-ctor Li_____ for Beijing to join in the fight against SARS, so we only had time for a few words.

A. just left B. had just left

C. is just leaving D. was just leaving

(4) In Canada, the winters are very cold and every Canadian girl and boy knows how to_____ for the weather.

A. wear B. dress

C. have on D. put on

(5) Is there any possibility of the film

in Paris International Festival?

A. being tried out B. trying out

C. tried out D. to try out

(6)_____, but he insisted that he_____ to school.

A. Though he was ill; went

B. Having been ill; went

C. Having been ill; should go

D. He was ill; go

Keys： D C D B A D

解析：上述六題題干中黑體部分均為“題眼”，(1)—(3)題的解題關(guān)鍵在于把握好上下文信息。(1)題從Ill make a phone call to find it out.可知，說(shuō)話人對(duì)于當(dāng)晚是否有霧不那么確信，因此選擇might一詞；(2)題黑體部分可知，大部分歐洲人排斥轉(zhuǎn)基因食物，而美國(guó)人卻認(rèn)為轉(zhuǎn)基因食物是高科技的成果，前后句明顯存在轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系，因而選擇連詞while；(3)題從so we only had time for a few words可知，說(shuō)話人和李博士還是能說(shuō)上幾句話的，因此推斷當(dāng)時(shí)李博士是正要出發(fā)去北京而不是已離開。(4)—(6)題的解題關(guān)鍵在于抓住題干中的關(guān)鍵詞。(4)題從how可知，不定式動(dòng)詞要選擇不及物動(dòng)詞，A、C、D三項(xiàng)均為及物動(dòng)詞；(5)題考查介詞of后的賓語(yǔ)，故選擇動(dòng)詞-ing形式，此外，電影是被試映，因而應(yīng)選擇A項(xiàng)；(6)題由并列連詞but可知，第一空要填入一個(gè)完整的并列句，由此可得出D項(xiàng)。

二、 還原法

還原法，也即句子結(jié)構(gòu)分析法。很多高考單項(xiàng)填空題考點(diǎn)實(shí)則為難度較小的簡(jiǎn)單句，但命題人往往通過(guò)加長(zhǎng)句式、將陳述句改為疑問(wèn)句或感嘆句等句型、使用插入語(yǔ)、采用倒裝句和省略句等手段使簡(jiǎn)單的句式復(fù)雜化，以增加干擾因素。解題時(shí)，同學(xué)們應(yīng)通過(guò)句型分析弄清題干的來(lái)龍去脈，還原簡(jiǎn)單句的本來(lái)面目。

主要有如下八種還原方式：

1. 將疑問(wèn)句還原成陳述句。例如：

Whom is it up to_____ the matter?

A. decide B. to decide

C. deciding D. decided

解析： 將題干還原為陳述句可得出：It is up to sb. to decide the matter. 因此答案為B。

2. 將感嘆句還原成陳述句。例如：

role she played in the film! No wonder she has won an Oscar.

A. How interesting

B. How an interesting

C. What interesting

D. What an interesting

解析： 將題干還原為陳述句可得出： She played an interesting role in the film.因此答案為 D。

3. 將被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)還原成主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。例如：

Our time should be made full use of_____.

A. study B. studied

C. studying D. to study

解析：將題干還原成主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)可得出：We should make full use of our time to study.因此答案為D。

4. 將倒裝語(yǔ)序還原成正常語(yǔ)序。例如：

Here is a notebook, in which_____ the names of the visitors.

A. write B. written

C. were written D. was written

解析：將定語(yǔ)從句還原成正常語(yǔ)序可得出：the names of the visitors were written in the notebook,因此答案為 C。

5. 將強(qiáng)調(diào)句式還原成一般句式。例如：

It was_____ that resulted in the terrible car accident.

A. because of her carelessness

B. her being careless

C. because she was careless

D. she was so careless

解析： 將題干還原成一般句式可得出：Her being careless resulted in the terrible car accident.因此答案為B。

6. 將先行詞還原到定語(yǔ)從句中。例如：

(1) The managers discussed the plan that they would like to see_____ the next year.

A. carried out B. carrying out

C. carry out D. to carry out

(2) The study you have been making_____

the ancient Chinese characters is an instructive job.

A. to B. for C. of D. from

解析： （1）把定語(yǔ)從句先行詞plan還原回從句中得出：They would like to see the plan carried out the next year. 因而答案為A；（2）把定語(yǔ)從句先行詞the study還原回從句中得出：You have been making the study of the ancient Chinese characters. 因此答案為C。

7. 刪除附加結(jié)構(gòu)，將復(fù)雜句還原成簡(jiǎn)單句。例如：

(1) John plays football_____, if not better than, David.

A. as well B. as well as

C. so well D. so well as

(2) My demand is that the information referred to in my report_____ to Mr. Brown without delay.

A. to be e-mailed B. e-mailed

C. be e-mailed D. being e-mailed

解析：（1）將插入語(yǔ)if not better than刪除可得出：John plays football as well as David.故答案為B；（2）將后置定語(yǔ)referred to in my report刪除可得出：My demand is that the information (should) be e-mailed to Mr. Brown without delay. 因此答案為C。

8. 將省略句還原成完整的句子。例如：

(1) I have been studying the science of outer space for the last ten years and now I still_____.

A. am B. do C. be D. have

(2) —Do you know what Tom does all day?

—I know he spends at least as much time watching TV as he_____ his lessons.

A. is doing B. does

C. spends in D. does doing

解析： （1）將題干中and后的并列句還原為完整的句子，得出： ... now I am still studying the science of outer space. 因此答案為A；（2）將連詞as后的從句還原完整，得出： ... as he spends (in) doing his lessons, 此句中spends 可用does來(lái)替代，因此答案為D。

三、 一致法

一致法是另一種句子結(jié)構(gòu)分析法，即在解題時(shí)，我們要注意句子前后的關(guān)系要一致，包括主謂一致、時(shí)態(tài)一致、代詞一致、比較對(duì)象一致、句子結(jié)構(gòu)一致等等，以此找到解題的突破口。例如：

(1) The young man rushed out of the room,_____ into his car and started it hurriedly,_____to get home as soon as possible.

A. got; hoped B. getting; and hoped

C. got; hoping D. getting; hoped

(2) Written in a hurry,_____.

A. Peter made many mistakes in the

paper

B. there are many mistakes in the paper

C. we found some mistakes in the paper

D. the paper is full of mistakes

(3) Thinking about the fact that I was not prepared well enough, and_____ to lose my face, I gave up this years civil service exam.

A. didnt want B. not wanted

C. not wanting D. not to want

Keys： C D C

解析： (1) 從and可知，此題考查三個(gè)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞rushed, got和started的并列，時(shí)態(tài)要一致，所以第一空要填got，而第二空hoping是伴隨狀語(yǔ)；（2）分詞短語(yǔ)作狀語(yǔ)時(shí)，其邏輯主語(yǔ)必須與主句主語(yǔ)保持一致。此題中，written in a hurry的邏輯主語(yǔ)應(yīng)該是paper,所以選擇主語(yǔ)一致的D項(xiàng)；（3）此題考查and連接的兩個(gè)并列狀語(yǔ)，前后形式要一致, 故選擇not wanting, 與前面thinking一致。

四、 標(biāo)點(diǎn)法

在解答單項(xiàng)填空題時(shí)，標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)的作用也不可忽視。在做題時(shí)，一個(gè)標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)可能就決定了一個(gè)題的答案。例如：

(1) Our first destination was Indian Creek in Kansas._____ was then the frontier.

A. That B. Which C. What D. When

(2) Everyone was on time for the meeting—_____Chris, whos usually ten minutes late for everything.

A. but B. only C. even D. yet

(3) The speech_____, a lively discussion started.

A. being delivered

B. was delivered_____

C. be delivered

D. having been delivered

Keys： A C D

解析： （1）從前后句間的句號(hào)可知，后半句是獨(dú)立的句子而非從句，因此不可以在句首選用從屬連詞，故答案為A，代詞that作為句子的主語(yǔ)；（2）從破折號(hào)可知，符號(hào)后面的內(nèi)容是對(duì)前面句子的補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明，本句意為：每個(gè)人都準(zhǔn)時(shí)參加了會(huì)議，甚至連Chris這個(gè)通常什么事都遲到十分鐘的人都準(zhǔn)時(shí)到了；（3）此句主干是a lively discussion sta-rted，由逗號(hào)可知，前半部分是主格獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)作為狀語(yǔ)，而不可能是完整的句子。此外，根據(jù)句意，應(yīng)該是發(fā)表演講在前，然后才是討論，故選擇分詞的完成式。