巧用思維導(dǎo)圖解高中英語七選五閱讀

海南 盧曉華

眾所周知高三復(fù)習(xí)時間緊、任務(wù)重，那么如何高效地提升復(fù)習(xí)效率?這是每一個高三英語教師一直在思考的問題。 現(xiàn)以高考閱讀理解七選五為例，利用思維導(dǎo)圖來提高學(xué)生的解題效率，促使學(xué)生以最快的速度找到正確答案，為高考七選五得滿分打下良好的基礎(chǔ)。思維導(dǎo)圖（Mind Map）又稱“心智圖”或“腦圖”，是一種知識可視化的思維工具。英國東尼·博贊提出：“思維導(dǎo)圖是放射性思維的表達，因此也是人類思維的自然功能。它是一種非常有用的圖形技術(shù)，是打開大腦潛力的萬用鑰匙。”教師要充分利用這把萬能鑰匙幫助學(xué)生分析解題思路，概括解題技巧并總結(jié)解題規(guī)律。這樣有利于幫助學(xué)生掌握解答此題型的技巧，進而為提高學(xué)生的實際應(yīng)試能力打下基礎(chǔ)，最終促進學(xué)生思維能力的發(fā)展。

教學(xué)內(nèi)容介紹：本節(jié)課是一節(jié)高三英語復(fù)習(xí)課，先以短片導(dǎo)入并呈現(xiàn)本節(jié)課的基礎(chǔ)目標(biāo)和挑戰(zhàn)目標(biāo)，然后從分析高考英語閱讀理解七選五的基本特征入手，化簡難度，告訴學(xué)生把它當(dāng)作一個拼圖游戲來做，引導(dǎo)學(xué)生領(lǐng)會高考閱讀理解七選五的考綱要求：主要考查學(xué)生對文章的整體內(nèi)容和結(jié)構(gòu)以及上下文邏輯意義的理解和掌握。然后在近幾年的高考題中驗證所考內(nèi)容是不是考綱要求的信息，再深入挖掘閱讀理解七選五題型的解題技巧，最后是解題三部曲，引導(dǎo)學(xué)生利用解題技巧取得滿分。

具體教學(xué)設(shè)計流程如下：

一、導(dǎo)入

本節(jié)課用一個倡導(dǎo)閱讀重要性的公益廣告作為導(dǎo)入，引出高考新題型閱讀理解七選五是學(xué)生提升閱讀水平的一個突破口。讓學(xué)生踏上對七選五的探索之旅，激發(fā)學(xué)生對本節(jié)課知識的渴求和期待，并呈現(xiàn)本節(jié)課的基礎(chǔ)目標(biāo)和挑戰(zhàn)目標(biāo)。接著呈現(xiàn)往年七選五閱讀理解高考題，引出這節(jié)課主要要解決這類七選五閱讀題型：無明顯的條目，結(jié)構(gòu)不是很清晰明了，選項出現(xiàn)從句。要想應(yīng)對這類七選五，首先教師要幫學(xué)生化簡難度，把它當(dāng)作一個拼圖游戲來做。讓學(xué)生從拼圖游戲中感悟出做閱讀理解七選五應(yīng)該從哪些方面入手，進而引出考試大綱對七選五的要求：主要考查學(xué)生對文章的整體內(nèi)容和結(jié)構(gòu)以及上下文邏輯意義的理解和掌握。這也符合《普通高中英語課程標(biāo)準(zhǔn)》的要求即訓(xùn)練學(xué)生“用英語獲取、處理和運用信息的能力；逐步獲取用英語思維的能力”。近幾年高考英語閱讀七選五是不是這樣考的呢？請同學(xué)們通過高考題來驗證。驗證后又如何解決呢？這就要求教師引導(dǎo)學(xué)生學(xué)會運用正確的解題策略。

二、滲透解題技巧

本環(huán)節(jié)利用思維導(dǎo)圖幫助學(xué)生歸納高考英語七選五閱讀理解的解題策略。為了讓學(xué)生清晰地記住規(guī)律，故將其總結(jié)為：TCL（送大家一臺大彩電）

1. T—Topic（主旨）篇章主旨類解題技巧

Parents should help their children understand money...

1. The basic function of money

Being explaining the basic function of...

2. Money lessons

Approach money lessons with openness...

3._____

Begin at the grocery store. Pick out similar brands of a product... You can show your child how to make choices between different brands of a product...

A. Wise decision B. The value of money

答案：A。

筆者列舉了上述實例，引導(dǎo)學(xué)生總結(jié)篇章主旨類試題解題規(guī)律：選小標(biāo)題前先觀察其他小標(biāo)題的特點，然后再根據(jù)本段的主旨去找答案。

利用思維導(dǎo)圖小結(jié)如下：

2. C—Coherence（一致性）細(xì)節(jié)類解題技巧

1）語法手段

（2015年全國Ⅱ卷）...When you have found shoes that seem right, walk in them for a few days to double-check the fit.

37 ...

E. If they still feel good, you can begin running in them.

F. Time spent for preparation raises the quality of training.

答案：E。

2）詞匯手段

（2016年全國Ⅰ卷） 38 You might represent each letter with a number, for example. Let’s number the letters of the alphabet,...

E. You can hide a message by having the first letters of each word spell it out.

G. Another way to hide a message is to use symbols to stand for specific letters of the alphabet.

答案：G。

3）結(jié)構(gòu)重復(fù)

Suggest a private meeting.

A one-on-one meeting is a calmer setting than speaking in front of your peers._____

C. Some ideas can be quite concrete.

E. It can also be more effective in exchanging ideas.

答案：E。

利用思維導(dǎo)圖小結(jié)如下：

3.L—Logic（邏輯）邏輯類解題技巧

1）轉(zhuǎn)折

（2015年全國Ⅰ卷）...look at everything you still have and be thankful for all of the good in your life. 40 Instead,it’s a healthy way to work through the experience to allow room for positive growth and forgiveness.

D. Remember that you can expect the best in return.

G. Seeing the positive side of things doesn’t mean you’re ignoring what happened.

答案：G。

2）因果

（2015年全國Ⅰ卷）...Sometimes people simply can’t trust anymore. 37 It’s understandable, but...

D. Remember that you can expect the best in return.

E. They’ve been too badly hurt and they can’t bear to let it happen again.

答案：E。

3）并列

（2014全國Ⅱ卷） Hopefully that gives you a good start. 40 And don’t let a busy schedule discourage you from making some great changes in the way you eat and live!

E. Cooking is a burden for many people.

F. Let cooking and living simply be a joy rather than a burden.

答案：F。

4）解釋

（2016全國Ⅲ卷） ...Buying, storing, and cooking fish isnt’ difficult. 37 This text is about how to buy and cook fish in an easy way.

C. This is how you can do it.

D. It just requires a little knowledge.

答案：D。

利用思維導(dǎo)圖小結(jié)如下：

設(shè)計意圖：

此環(huán)節(jié)通過引導(dǎo)學(xué)生分析高考題，讓學(xué)生感受如何利用關(guān)鍵詞、上下文線索詞或信息詞等進行解題。讓學(xué)生在進行分析、探索和歸納的過程中對所獲得的知識進一步系統(tǒng)化、條理化，并升華為學(xué)生認(rèn)知結(jié)構(gòu)中的知識鏈和知識網(wǎng)絡(luò)，為學(xué)生綜合能力的發(fā)展做好儲備。再用順口溜總結(jié)：七選五較容易，重點閱讀前后句；前后句和選項，有詞重復(fù)重點看；弄清指代和邏輯，獲得滿分沒問題。

三、利用思維導(dǎo)圖展示七選五解題步驟，引導(dǎo)學(xué)生用正確的步驟解七選五

只知道一些解題策略是不夠的，還需要掌握正確的解題步驟才能得滿分。首先，利用思維導(dǎo)圖清晰地展示七選五解題步驟。

現(xiàn)以2016年全國Ⅰ卷高考題為例幫助學(xué)生理順正確的解題步驟：

Secret codes (密碼) keep messages private. Banks, companies,and government agencies use secret codes in doing business,especially when information is sent by computer.

People have used secret codes for thousands of years. 36 Code breaking never lags (落后) far behind code making. The science of creating and reading coded messages is called cryptography.

There are three main types of cryptography. 37 For example, the first letters of“My elephant eats too many eels”spell out the hidden message“Meet me”.

38 You might represent each letter with a number,for example. Let’s number the letters of the alphabet, in order,from 1 to 26. If we substitute a number for each letter, the message“Meet me”would read “135520135”.

A code uses symbols to replace words, phrases, or sentences. To read the message of a real code, you must have a code book. 39 For example, “bridge”might stand for“meet” and“out”might stand for“me”. The message “Bridge out”would actually mean“Meet me”. 40 However, it is also hard to keep a code book secret for long. So codes must be changed frequently.

A. It is very hard to break a code without the code book.

B. In any language, some letters are used more than others.

C. Only people who know the keyword can read the message.

D. As long as there have been codes, people have tried to break them.

E. You can hide a message by having the first letters of each word spell it out.

F. With a code book, you might write down words that would stand for other words.

G. Another way to hide a message is to use symbols to stand for specific letters of the alphabet.

任務(wù)1，兩人一組分析各段要義和關(guān)鍵詞并填寫思維導(dǎo)圖，幫助學(xué)生理順文章結(jié)構(gòu)。

Secret codes (密碼) keep messages private. Banks, companies,and government agencies use secret codes in doing business,especially when information is sent by computer.

People have used secret codes for thousands of years.36 Code breaking never lags (落后) far behind code making.The science of creating and reading coded messages is called cryptography.

There are three main types of cryptography. 37 For example, the first letters of“My elephant eats too many eels”spell out the hidden message“Meet me”.

38 You might represent each letter with a number,for example. Let’s number the letters of the alphabet, in order,from 1 to 26. If we substitute a number for each letter, the message“Meet me”would read“135520135”.

A code uses symbols to replace words, phrases, or sentences.To read the message of a real code, you must have a code book.39 For example,“bridge”might stand for “meet” and “out”might stand for“me”. The message“Bridge out”would actually mean “Meet me”. 40 However, it is also hard to keep a code book secret for long. So codes must be changed frequently.

思維導(dǎo)圖以放射性的呈現(xiàn)方式正確地引導(dǎo)學(xué)生找到文章中每一段的主旨大意，就是學(xué)生自己劃分主旨不清晰明了的文章結(jié)構(gòu)，有助于學(xué)生從整體上把握文章結(jié)構(gòu)。因為思維導(dǎo)圖能把人們看不見、摸不著的想法外顯出來，根據(jù)找主旨的規(guī)律即主旨句一般都在首段或尾段，讓學(xué)生兩人一組以填寫思維導(dǎo)圖的形式把握文章結(jié)構(gòu)。使其思維能力得到提高, 并逐漸成為能夠進行自我指導(dǎo)和自主學(xué)習(xí)的學(xué)習(xí)者。

任務(wù)2，觀察第37、38和39設(shè)空處所在段落的結(jié)構(gòu)和句式特征。

There are three main types of cryptography. 37 For example, the first letters of“My elephant eats too many eels”spell out the hidden message“Meet me”.

38 You might represent each letter with a number,for example. Let’s number the letters of the alphabet, in order,from 1 to 26. If we substitute a number for each letter, the message“Meet me”would read “135520135”.

A code uses symbols to replace words, phrases, or sentences. To read the message of a real code, you must have a code book. 39 For example,“bridge”might stand for“meet” and “out” might stand for “me”. The message “Bridge out”would actually mean “Meet me”...

學(xué)生很快找到例證關(guān)系的三個關(guān)鍵詞For example，說明這三段是一個“大段落”，主要是說密碼的分類。接著引導(dǎo)學(xué)生在選項中找到不屬于創(chuàng)設(shè)密碼的選項，這樣就化簡了題的難度讓學(xué)生很快得到了6分。

任務(wù)3，快速瀏覽，剔除不屬于創(chuàng)設(shè)密碼的方法的選項。

A. It is very hard to break a code without the code book.

B. In any language, some letters are used more than others.

C. Only people who know the keyword can read the message.

D. As long as there have been codes, people have tried to break them.

E. You can hide a message by having the first letters of each word spell it out.

F. With a code book, you might write down words that would stand for other words.

G. Another way to hide a message is to use symbols to stand for specific letters of the alphabet.

學(xué)生最擅長利用排除法確定選項了。

答案：D，E，G，F(xiàn)，A。

任務(wù)4，根據(jù)關(guān)鍵詞對應(yīng)法選出正確選項，確保句子邏輯連貫。

設(shè)計意圖：

學(xué)生通過思維導(dǎo)圖，應(yīng)用所掌握的解題技巧尋找具體的解題方法。本環(huán)節(jié)通過設(shè)置一個一個的問題去引導(dǎo)學(xué)生發(fā)現(xiàn)規(guī)律，同時訓(xùn)練學(xué)生用眼觀察以及發(fā)現(xiàn)問題后思考如何解決問題。此環(huán)節(jié)的設(shè)置提高了學(xué)生的合作意識和思維能力，使學(xué)生感悟和領(lǐng)會出題人的思維和想法，最終得滿分。

四、練習(xí)鞏固

讓學(xué)生運用以上學(xué)習(xí)到的解題方法解答下面2017年全國Ⅱ卷七選五試題，使學(xué)生在解題過程中加深對解題技巧的記憶并在之后的練習(xí)中可以靈活運用。

Interruptions are one of the worst things to deal with while you’re trying to get work done. 36 , there are several ways to handle things. Let’s take a look at them now.

37 .Tell the person you’re sorry and explain that you have a million things to do and then ask if the two of you can talk at a different time.

When people try to interrupt you，have set hours planned and let them know to come back during that time or that youl’l find them then. 38 . It can help to eliminate (消除) future interruptions.

When you need to talk to someone，don’t do it in your own office. 39 , it’s much easier to excuse yourself to get back to your work than if you try to get someone out of your space even after explaining how busy you are.

If you have a door to your office, make good use of it.40 . If someone knocks and it’s not an important matter,excuse yourself and let the person know you’re busy so they can get the hint (暗示) that when the door is closed, you’re not to be disturbed.

A.If you’re busy, don’t feel bad about saying no

B.When you want to avoid interruptions at work

C.Set boundaries for yourself as far as your time goes

D.If you’re in the other person’s office or in a public area

E.Its’ important that you let them know when youl’l be available

F.It might seem unkind to cut people short when they interrupt you

G.Leave it open when you’re available to talk and close it when you’re not

答案：B，A，E，D，G。

設(shè)計意圖：

利用思維導(dǎo)圖學(xué)案，由段落過渡到篇章，學(xué)生的整體語境運用能力得到提升。并通過當(dāng)堂訓(xùn)練使學(xué)生的做題能力有所提升，能做到舉一反三。

五、呈現(xiàn)

請學(xué)生來呈現(xiàn)做題結(jié)果，用投影的方式展示給大家，并向大家講解是如何做的。極大調(diào)動了學(xué)生的學(xué)習(xí)熱情，為營造高效課堂打下基礎(chǔ)。

六、利用思維導(dǎo)圖總結(jié)本課內(nèi)容

總結(jié)七選五解題三部曲，即通讀全文，了解話題。依照技巧，選出答案。代入文章，進行復(fù)查。運用思維導(dǎo)圖來總結(jié)本節(jié)課的教學(xué)內(nèi)容，效果顯著。把復(fù)雜問題簡單化，引導(dǎo)學(xué)生把解題策略歸納為TCL,解題步驟為MCD,解題技巧為KFC，使學(xué)生易于掌握和運用。

七、作業(yè)

通過大量練習(xí)鞏固解題策略。

本節(jié)課始終貫穿學(xué)法指導(dǎo)，有解題技巧的點撥，有七選五解題三部曲的總結(jié)，使學(xué)生收獲頗多。首先，在引入部分，運用拼圖游戲的引入讓學(xué)生感受閱讀理解七選五并不難。然后，分析近幾年高考七選五的考點分布，明確出題的角度。接著引導(dǎo)學(xué)生通過做題，發(fā)現(xiàn)規(guī)律，并用順口溜總結(jié)技巧。在概括七選五解題策略、解題步驟和總結(jié)技巧等環(huán)節(jié)，先讓學(xué)生練習(xí)，再引導(dǎo)學(xué)生進行思考和小結(jié)，可謂講練結(jié)合、學(xué)思結(jié)合。最后，限時訓(xùn)練，檢測效果，使學(xué)生能夠逐漸掌握運用思維導(dǎo)圖進行解題的方法。思維導(dǎo)圖的運用，使學(xué)生很好地掌握了這節(jié)課的學(xué)習(xí)內(nèi)容，在接下來的高三英語閱讀理解七選五復(fù)習(xí)中，更是激發(fā)了學(xué)生的學(xué)習(xí)興趣，極大地提高了復(fù)習(xí)效率。