《論語(yǔ)》代表了儒家文化的思想智慧。要了解中國(guó)人的精神世界,離不開《論語(yǔ)》。本文擷取《論語(yǔ)》六則,賞析《論語(yǔ)》英譯過程中東西方語(yǔ)言文化的相互交融。
一、斯人也而有斯疾也
語(yǔ)出《論語(yǔ)·雍也篇》。伯牛有疾,子問之,自牖執(zhí)其手,曰:“亡之,命矣夫!斯人也而有斯疾也!斯人也而有斯疾也!”
劉殿爵的譯文為“Why else should such a man be stricken with such a disease?”(《論語(yǔ)(中英文對(duì)照)》,劉殿爵英譯,中華書局,2008,頁(yè)91,以下引自該譯本的譯文不再注釋)。why else后,可考慮加入插入語(yǔ):of all people。
英文中的“of all…”結(jié)構(gòu)往往有強(qiáng)調(diào)的意味。《權(quán)力的游戲》中“小惡魔”的扮演者彼得·丁克拉格在母校本寧頓學(xué)院做畢業(yè)演講,自我調(diào)侃道:“Of all the novelists, teachers, playwrights, poets, groundbreaking visual artists and pioneers of science, you got the TV actor.”這一句就可以理解為“那么多優(yōu)秀的校友(小說家、教師、劇作家、詩(shī)人、開創(chuàng)性的視覺藝術(shù)家和科技先鋒)不請(qǐng),卻偏偏選中一名電視演員來致辭。”芝加哥大學(xué)2017年的畢業(yè)典禮上,《紐約時(shí)報(bào)》專欄作家戴維·布魯克斯在開場(chǎng)白中同樣用到of all people,“Then I began wondering why the University of Chicago class is asking me of all people to be a speaker at such a big event.(然后我又想,為什么芝大偏偏請(qǐng)我來這個(gè)重要的場(chǎng)合當(dāng)致辭嘉賓。)”
由此可見,加入of all people,更能讓讀者感受到孔子對(duì)伯牛赍志而歿的悲痛和憐惜、對(duì)天妒英才的無奈和哀嘆。
美國(guó)漢學(xué)家、哈佛大學(xué)教授賈德納為人忠厚正直、扶掖后學(xué),曾資助楊聯(lián)陞赴美一年。后聽聞他患上健忘癥,楊聯(lián)陞亦感慨:真令人有斯人而有斯疾之嘆?。盥?lián)陞著,《哈佛遺墨(修訂本)》,商務(wù)印書館,2016,頁(yè)55)。
斯人也而有斯疾也,換成決絕一點(diǎn)的說法,大概就是“殺人放火金腰帶,修橋補(bǔ)路無尸骸”吧!
二、有朋自遠(yuǎn)方來,不亦樂乎?
語(yǔ)出《論語(yǔ)·學(xué)而篇》。子曰:“學(xué)而時(shí)習(xí)之,不亦說乎?有朋自遠(yuǎn)方來,不亦樂乎?人不知,而不慍,不亦君子乎?”
劉殿爵的譯本為“Is it not a joy to have like-minded friends come from afar?”譯文中的a joy,讓人想到濟(jì)慈敘事長(zhǎng)詩(shī)《恩底彌昂》(Endymion)開篇的千古絕唱:
A thing of beauty is a joy for ever:
Its loveliness increases; it will never
Pass into nothingness; but still will keep
A bower quiet for us, and a sleep
Full of sweet dreams, and health, and quiet breathing.
(John Barnard, ed., The Complete Poems of John Keats, Penguin Books, 1988, p.107)
由此看來,劉殿爵的譯法要比簡(jiǎn)單追求押韻的“How happy we are, to meet friends from afar!”更有文化內(nèi)涵和人文底蘊(yùn)。
濟(jì)慈這句意味深遠(yuǎn)、洗練雋永的短句流傳甚廣。
翻譯家李文俊喜歡到潘家園淘舊書和小骨董。一冊(cè)《平山郁夫畫文集》,一只白砂扁腹壺,一個(gè)磁州窖小罐,一把當(dāng)代名家燒制的紫砂壺,都能讓這位譯界巨擘感嘆,“美的物件是永恒的愉悅。這是英國(guó)詩(shī)人約翰·濟(jì)慈說的,原文是:‘A thing of beauty is a joy forever.’”。(李文俊著,《有人喊encore,我便心滿意足》,四川文藝出版社,2019,頁(yè)226)
李文俊對(duì)這句名言青睞有加。上學(xué)時(shí),(上海)拉都路往北的東正教教堂,以及國(guó)泰電影院往北到蘭心大戲院一段的商業(yè)街都讓他流連忘返。他回憶道:“在街道整潔、環(huán)境優(yōu)雅、建筑精致的地方長(zhǎng)大,對(duì)于一個(gè)小孩的心靈與藝術(shù)趣味的發(fā)展,無疑是會(huì)有積極的作用的。濟(jì)慈的詩(shī)里說‘A thing of beauty is a joy forever’,我深深相信這一點(diǎn)?!保ɡ钗目≈秹m緣未了》,海天出版社,2018,頁(yè)90—91)
濟(jì)慈的名句對(duì)翻譯家李文俊的影響可謂深矣!有朋自遠(yuǎn)方來,不亦說乎!有一句終身受益的箴言雋語(yǔ)相伴,不亦說乎!
三、有教無類
語(yǔ)出《論語(yǔ)·衛(wèi)靈公篇》。子曰:“有教無類?!?/p>
這句話,富有時(shí)代感的譯法可以是:“Educations should be accessible to all, rich or poor.”或“Education is a right, not a privilege.”一類,譯文中的accessible和right頗有政治正確的意味。
張其春將理雅各(There being instruction, there will be no distinction of classes.)和蘇慧廉(In teaching there should be no class distinctions.)的譯文簡(jiǎn)化為:“Instruction knows no class distinction.”。(張其春著,《翻譯之藝術(shù)》,外語(yǔ)教學(xué)與研究出版社,2015,頁(yè)157)
“knows no…”句型的使用,讓人眼前一亮。該結(jié)構(gòu)簡(jiǎn)潔明了,搭配靈活,在翻譯成語(yǔ)、外宣文案時(shí)經(jīng)常用到。筆者平時(shí)收集到一些,附錄于此,以饗讀者。
創(chuàng)意無極限: Creativity knows no bounds.
科學(xué)無國(guó)界: Science knows no country. (原句為:Science knows no country, because knowledge belongs to humanity, and is the torch which illuminates the world.)這句話的英文有不同表述。1965年,《科學(xué)》雜志發(fā)表了美國(guó)科學(xué)促進(jìn)會(huì)蒙特利爾會(huì)議名譽(yù)主席懷爾德·彭菲爾德的文章《科學(xué)無國(guó)界》,英文為“Science knows no boundaries.”。2020年6月《自然》子刊的評(píng)論文章題為No Borders in Science。
蒼蠅老虎一起打:Fighting corruption knows no bounds. /The fight against corruption knows no bounds.
得隴望蜀/欲壑難填/人心不足蛇吞象:Avarice/Greed knows no bounds.
大愛無疆/愛無國(guó)界:Love knows no borders. (比較美劇《摩登家庭》第一季第一集里出現(xiàn)的“l(fā)ove knows no race, creed or gender”,愛不分種族、信仰,不分性別。)
佛法無邊:Power of the Buddha knows no limit.
夕陽(yáng)無限好,只是近黃昏:The sunny beauty knows no bounds before it fades to be fainter, paler, and dimmer.(張智中譯,參見馮全功:《中國(guó)古典詩(shī)詞翻譯中的互文重構(gòu)——兼評(píng)張智中的〈英文閱讀與古詩(shī)英譯〉》,《外國(guó)語(yǔ)文研究》,2025年第1期,頁(yè)50)
厚顏無恥(無底線):One’s shamelessness knows no bounds.
歲月無情:Age knows no mercy.
學(xué)無止境: Knowledge knows no bounds. 香港藝術(shù)館2023年7月開始展出的“情投藝合——靜觀樓藏謝稚柳、陳佩秋作品選”展覽中,一幅展板上引用了陳佩秋生前接受采訪的一段話,“前人說‘學(xué)無止境’。到老來,我更體會(huì)到這是經(jīng)典之言?!薄皩W(xué)無止境”所附譯文即“Knowledge knows no bounds.”。
教育應(yīng)該跨越界限,好的譯文同樣應(yīng)該不受條條框框的約束:“Good translation knows no rules.”。
(作者單位:深圳職業(yè)技術(shù)大學(xué))
Interesting Grammar Rules
The Oxford comma
Oxford comma, sometimes known as the serial comma, is a punctuation mark used before the conjunction (typically “and”, “or”) in a list of three or more items. For example, “I like apples, bananas, and oranges.” This rule is optional for some writing styles, although it can help to avoid confusion and improve clarity.
The singular “they”
When a person’s gender is unknown or unimportant, the single pronoun “they” is used to refer to that person. For example, “someone left their books on the table.” The rule is gaining popularity because it encourages diversity in language usage. Also, you can use it to mention a friend whose gender you don’t want to reveal to the person you are talking to.
Ending sentence with a preposition
It was widely believed that ending a statement with a preposition, such as “to,” “for,” or “with,” was grammatically incorrect. The rule, however, has become more flexible through time and is now universally accepted in modern English. For example, “What are you waiting for?” Here, the preposition “for” has been placed at the end of the sentence.