[摘要] 目的 分析健康人群不同牙周表型受試者上前牙冠根比的特點(diǎn)。方法 選取100名牙周健康的青年志愿者,女53名,男47名,共計納入594顆上前牙。運(yùn)用牙周探針法判斷不同牙位的牙周表型,中切牙厚齦型108顆,薄齦型90顆;側(cè)切牙厚齦型95顆,薄齦型103顆,尖牙厚齦型98顆,薄齦型100顆。拍攝全景片,計算上前牙牙冠與牙根長度與冠根比,分析兩組差異。結(jié)果 中切牙與側(cè)切牙薄齦型上前牙冠根比大于厚齦型,牙根長度小于厚齦型,差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(Plt;0.05)。上前牙角化齦寬度薄齦型者小于厚齦型,差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P lt; 0.05)。結(jié)論 在上前牙區(qū)域,相比較于厚齦型,薄齦型中切牙與側(cè)切牙的冠根比更高,其角化齦寬度也較窄。因此在進(jìn)行前牙區(qū)修復(fù)體的設(shè)計及正畸治療前牙移動時,應(yīng)對考慮潛在風(fēng)險。
[關(guān)鍵詞] 牙周表型;上前牙;冠根比;角化齦寬度
[中圖分類號] R394" " " [文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識碼] A" " " [DOI] 10.3969/j.issn.1673-9701.2025.11.003
Analysis of the relationship between periodontal phenotype and crown-root ratio in anterior teeth
LI Haojie, MA Chenghui, HUANG Lingxia, ZHONG Jiayong
Department of Stomatology, Jiaxing First Hospital, Jiaxing 314000, Zhejiang, China
[Abstract] Objective To analyze the characteristics of the crown-root ratios of the anterior teeth in subjects with different periodontal phenotypes in healthy population. Methods A total of 100 periodontally healthy young volunteers were selected, there were 53 females and 47 males, totaling 594 anterior teeth were included in the study. The periodontal probe method was used to determine the periodontal phenotypes of different tooth positions, with 108 cases of thick gingival type and 90 cases of thin gingival type in mesial incisors; 95 teeth of thick gingival type and 103 teeth of thin gingival type in lateral incisors, and 98 teeth of thick gingival type and 100 teeth of thin gingival type in cuspids. Panoramic radiographs were taken, crown length and root length of upper anterior teeth were calculated, and crown-root ratio was calculated, to compare and analyze the differences between the results of the two groups. Results The crown-to-root ratio in thin gingival group of mesial incisors and lateral incisors were higher than those in thick gingival group, and the root length was smaller than thick gingival group. The difference was statistically significant (P lt; 0.05). The keratinized gingival width of thin gingival group was less than that of thick gingival group, and the difference was statistically significant (Plt;0.05). Conclusion The relatively high crown-to-root ratio of mesial incisors and lateral incisors in patients with thin gingival phenotypes and the lesser width of keratinized gingiva in thin gingival phenotypes than thick gingival phenotypes. and risk assessment should be taken into account in the restorative system as well as in the orthodontic design of the anterior tooth movement.
[Key words] Periodontal phenotype; Anterior teeth; Crown-to-root ratio; Width of keratinized gingival
牙周表型涉及牙齦厚度、角化齦寬度、牙冠外形等,研究表明上前牙冠齦形態(tài)與牙周表型關(guān)系密切[1]。上前牙為單根牙,其健康與冠根比緊密相關(guān),牙冠與牙根的比例是正畸和修復(fù)治療中的重要考慮因素[2]。前牙冠根比偏高時,正畸治療中發(fā)生牙根吸收的可能性增大,修復(fù)治療中不適合作為基牙[3]。研究表明冠根比主要受遺傳因素影響,同時與畸形也有密切關(guān)系[4]。冠根比與牙槽骨高度密切相關(guān)[5]。不同牙周表型具有不同的牙槽骨高度與厚度,其角化齦寬度及厚度也不同,但目前對不同牙周表型上前牙區(qū)冠根比差異的研究較缺乏。本研究基于全景片對不同牙周表型受試者上前牙冠根長度、冠根比進(jìn)行比較分析,研究牙周表型與冠根比的關(guān)系,為正畸治療中前牙施力、修復(fù)治療提供指導(dǎo)。
1" 對象與方法
1.1" 研究對象
選取2022年1月至2023年12月在嘉興市第一醫(yī)院口腔科就診的100名牙周健康志愿患者作為研究對象,共計594顆上前牙,記錄受試者的年齡、性別及牙周表型分類。納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn):①年齡18~35歲;②恒牙列;③牙槽骨無明顯退縮,牙齦無探診出血;④上頜前牙牙齒無缺失缺損;⑤就診資料完整;" " "⑥無嚴(yán)重錯?畸形。排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn):①有上前牙外傷或磨損史;②有上頜前牙修復(fù)、正畸、根管治療史;③上前牙區(qū)存在擁擠、缺失牙、埋伏牙或多生牙者;④有上頜前牙區(qū)頜面外科病史;⑤附著在根上的骨內(nèi)病變、骨質(zhì)增生或擴(kuò)張者;⑥中重度牙周炎者;⑦前牙區(qū)牙齦增生者;⑧患有對骨質(zhì)密度有影響的系統(tǒng)性疾病。所有受試者均簽署知情同意書,本研究經(jīng)嘉興市第一醫(yī)院醫(yī)學(xué)倫理委員會審核批準(zhǔn)(倫理審批號:2022-KY-193)。
1.2" 測量方法
①角化齦寬度測量[6]:上前牙唇面的游離齦緣最凹點(diǎn)至膜齦聯(lián)合處的距離,該段距離為角化齦寬度。 口內(nèi)使用標(biāo)準(zhǔn)牙周探針(美國豪孚迪公司)進(jìn)行測量,牙周探針上放置標(biāo)記閥,標(biāo)記閥位于齦緣最凹點(diǎn),電子游標(biāo)卡尺(德國蘇測公司)測量牙周探針上尖端至標(biāo)記閥的距離,重復(fù)讀數(shù)兩遍取其平均值,精確至0.01mm。②牙周表型的分類測量:牙周探針法判斷牙齦厚薄[7]。檢查者將標(biāo)準(zhǔn)牙周探針放置在牙齒唇側(cè)牙齦頂點(diǎn)處,平行于牙體長軸插入齦溝內(nèi)1mm處,觀察唇側(cè)牙齦,若牙周探針輪廓清晰可見,記錄為薄齦型,若無法看到牙周探針輪廓則記錄為厚齦型。在對研究者進(jìn)行培訓(xùn)后,由兩位研究者參照受試者資料獨(dú)立按照牙周表型的分類標(biāo)準(zhǔn)對實驗對象進(jìn)行牙周表型定性分型。③全景片的拍攝:由同一名高年資放射科醫(yī)生完成。使用改良LIND法測量。使用PACS軟件進(jìn)行計算,冠和根的長度按以下方式進(jìn)行校準(zhǔn)。以過切端或牙尖做與牙體長軸垂直的切線即為咬合平面,“中點(diǎn)”定義為連接近端牙槽嵴頂線和遠(yuǎn)端牙槽嵴頂線的中點(diǎn)。冠高度定義為從中點(diǎn)到咬合平面的垂直線,單根牙根長度為根尖參考線到中點(diǎn)的垂直距離,該根尖參考線與咬合平面平行[8]。由同一名研究者完成所有數(shù)據(jù)的測量與收集,所有數(shù)據(jù)重復(fù)測量3次,結(jié)果取均值。測量結(jié)束兩周后,選擇30名志愿者的全景片,由同一研究者對相應(yīng)數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行重新測量。
1.3" 統(tǒng)計學(xué)方法
采用SPSS 25.0統(tǒng)計學(xué)軟件對數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行處理分析,計量資料以均數(shù)±標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差()表示,組間比較采用t檢驗;計數(shù)資料以例數(shù)(百分率)[n(%)]表示,組間比較采用χ2檢驗。采用組內(nèi)相關(guān)系數(shù)檢查測量結(jié)果的可重復(fù)性,定性資料采用kappa值進(jìn)行結(jié)果一致性檢驗。Plt;0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義。
2" 結(jié)果
594顆上前牙中,中切牙厚齦型108顆,薄齦型90顆;側(cè)切牙厚齦型95顆,薄齦型103顆;尖牙厚齦型98顆,薄齦型100顆。厚齦型中切牙、側(cè)切牙牙根長度顯著大于薄齦型(Plt;0.05),冠根比顯著小于薄齦型組(Plt;0.05),見表1。薄齦型組上前牙的角化齦寬度顯著小于厚齦型(Plt;0.05),見表2。檢驗員內(nèi)部校準(zhǔn)的組內(nèi)相關(guān)系數(shù)為0.79~0.89,kappa值0.90,表明研究采取的測量方法可靠。
3" 討論
常見牙周表型測量方法包括穿刺測量法、錐形束計算機(jī)斷層掃描測量法、牙周探針透視法[9-10]。牙周探針透視法可重復(fù)操作,無創(chuàng)傷,測量結(jié)果與錐形束計算機(jī)斷層掃描無明顯差異,目前被認(rèn)為是檢查牙周表型的金標(biāo)準(zhǔn)[11-12]。
研究表明全景片計算牙冠與牙根比值較準(zhǔn)確,且測量相對簡單,技術(shù)敏感性低,臨床輻射小費(fèi)用低,可重復(fù)性好,因此臨床中更加廣泛的使用全景片計算牙齒冠根比[13-14]。臨床冠根比有兩種計算方法:一種以釉牙骨質(zhì)界為參考基準(zhǔn)計算冠根比,稱為解剖冠根比;一種以牙槽骨為參考基準(zhǔn)計算,稱為臨床冠根比[15]。臨床冠根比受遺傳影響因素較小,可反映出牙槽骨水平的變化,準(zhǔn)確判斷牙周健康情況,更具有臨床意義[16]。
本研究薄齦型中切牙、側(cè)切牙牙根長度小于厚齦型,薄齦型中切牙、側(cè)切牙冠根比大于厚齦型,提示薄齦型牙槽嵴頂出現(xiàn)降低,使得牙根長度減少,冠根比大于厚齦型。本研究薄齦型角化齦寬度較厚齦型窄,與Vlachodimou等[17]研究結(jié)果相似。角化齦具有重要支持與保護(hù)牙齒的作用,較窄可降低牙周組織對局部刺激的抵抗力加重炎癥,薄齦型受到炎癥刺激時更易發(fā)生牙槽骨萎縮導(dǎo)致冠根比增加,因此治療需保持良好口腔衛(wèi)生減少炎癥刺激。
根據(jù)生物力學(xué)等效杠桿原理,可將牙齒視為杠桿,冠長度為動力臂,根長度為阻力臂;冠根比增大時,牙齒更易受到側(cè)向力,牙齒松動概率增加。在正畸代償治療過程中,上頜切牙在壓低運(yùn)動時及上前牙內(nèi)收距離較大時,牙根外吸收的風(fēng)險均較高[18-19]。若薄齦型患者存在較重骨性前突錯?畸形,在正畸移動及壓低上前牙時,應(yīng)密切關(guān)注冠根比特點(diǎn),合理控制切牙壓低量,減少根尖區(qū)應(yīng)力,減少牙根吸收的發(fā)生[20]。治療過程中檢查咬合干擾,避免咀嚼硬物,減少側(cè)向力,以免牙齒出現(xiàn)松動。上頜尖牙冠根比最小,主要?dú)w因于尖牙是口內(nèi)牙根最長的牙。薄齦型者與厚齦型者上頜尖牙冠根比差異無統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義,考慮為尖牙牙冠形態(tài)卵圓形,使得牙頸部牙齦張力較大,探診測量牙周表型時存在一定誤差,因此使用牙周探診法測量尖牙牙周表型有不足之處。
Watanabe等[21]提出冠根比較大時牙周炎患者的長期預(yù)后效果較差,并指出在可摘局部義齒修復(fù)時,基牙冠根比超過1.0時,義齒制作失敗的風(fēng)險較大,因此修復(fù)治療前對冠根比較大的牙齒應(yīng)與患者進(jìn)行充分術(shù)前溝通,如前牙區(qū)連續(xù)缺失、骨量不足薄齦型患者可考慮增加基牙。Yun等[8]研究表明普通韓國人群中冠根比平均數(shù)值為0.77~1.10。
綜上,在進(jìn)行正畸及修復(fù)等治療時需要充分考慮患者牙周表型對冠根比及角化齦寬度的影響,制定個性化治療方案。
利益沖突:所有作者均聲明不存在利益沖突。
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(收稿日期:2024–12–23)
(修回日期:2025–03–04)