福建民居萬花筒

福建，這片古老而又充滿活力的土地，因其獨(dú)特的地形、多變的氣候以及豐富多彩的民俗習(xí)慣，孕育了多樣化的民居建筑風(fēng)格。在民居建造的過程中，各地匠人因地制宜，巧妙地利用本土材料，使得各地區(qū)的建筑呈現(xiàn)出不同的風(fēng)情與韻味。從客家土樓的雄偉壯觀到紅磚古厝（cuò）的精致典雅，從蚵（kuò）殼厝的異域風(fēng)情到石頭厝的堅(jiān)固質(zhì)樸，每一處都彰顯出福建人的智慧與創(chuàng)造力。

Fujian， an ancient yet vibrant land， has fostered a rich tapestry of residential architectural styles shaped by its unique terrain， variable climate， and colorful folk traditions. Local artisans， adapting to their environments， have ingeniously used native materials to craft dwellings that exude distinctive charm and character. From the grand and imposing Hakka earthen houses to the refined elegance of redbrick traditional buildings， from the exotic allure of oyster-shell houses to the rugged simplicity of stone residences， each structure reflects the wisdom and creativity of the Fujian people.

客家土樓 Hakka tulou

客家土樓主要分布在福建省的南部或西南部，是客家人聚族而居的堡壘式住宅。

Hakka tulou， or earthen houses， are predominantly found in the southern and southwestern regions of Fujian. These fortress-like structures are designed to house Hakka clans in a communal setting.

兩晉至唐宋時期，因戰(zhàn)亂、饑荒等原因，黃河流域的中原漢人被迫南遷。由于平坦地區(qū)已有人居住，他們只好在山區(qū)或丘陵地帶落腳。當(dāng)?shù)毓賳T為這些移民登記戶籍時，立為客籍，稱為 “客家”?？图蚁让襁M(jìn)入閩西后，多以家族為單元聚族而居，他們以當(dāng)?shù)厣翞橹饕ㄖ牧?，用夾墻板夯筑作為承重結(jié)構(gòu)，建造成直徑近百米、高十余米的或方、或圓的土樓。土樓外墻高大厚實(shí)，內(nèi)部空間寬敞通透，既適宜聚族而居，又有很強(qiáng)的防御性能。土樓冬暖夏涼，就地取材，循環(huán)利用，用最原始的形態(tài)體現(xiàn)了綠色建筑的理念和境界。

From the Eastern Jin to the Tang and Song dynasties， people from the Yellow River’s Central Plains were forced southward by wars and famines. Unable to settle in the already-occupied flatlands， these migrants established themselves in mountainous and hilly regions. Local officials referred to them as “guest households” in records， giving rise to the term “Hakka” （literally， “guest families”）. Upon arriving in western Fujian， the Hakka pioneers formed clan-based communities and built massive tulou from raw mud， fortified with rammed earth walls for strength and durability. These structures， which could be either round or square， often rise over ten meters high and span nearly 100 meters in diameter. Their thick， towering walls and spacious interiors made them ideal for communal living while offering robust defense against external threats. The tulou’s naturally insulated interiors remain cool in summer and warm in winter. Built entirely from locally sourced materials， these structures are a testament to sustainable design long before modern green building concepts emerged.

紅磚古厝 Red-brick houses

“厝”本義為磨刀石，在閩南方言里代表房屋。紅磚厝就是以紅磚為主建造的房屋，是閩南具有代表意義的傳統(tǒng)建筑，主要分布在福建南部平原區(qū)。

The term cuo originally referred to a whetstone， but in the Minnan dialect， it signifies a house. The Red-brick cuo， or red-brick house constructed mainly with red bricks， represents a quintessential style of traditional architecture in southern Fujian plains.

在中國，紅色象征著吉祥與喜慶。紅磚厝從建筑的屋頂、墻身到地面，都大量使用當(dāng)?shù)責(zé)频募t磚。其基本構(gòu)架遵循中原傳統(tǒng)建筑的合院式布局，整體建筑主次有序，以大厝廳堂為中軸線，秉承中國傳統(tǒng)民居對稱、嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)、封閉的傳統(tǒng)。

In Chinese culture， red symbolizes good fortune and festivity. These red-brick houses extensively use locally fired red bricks in the roofs， walls and floors. Their structure follows the courtyard-style layout of traditional Central Plains architecture. The overall design is meticulously organized， with the main hall forming the central axis， reflecting symmetry， orderliness， and enclosure of traditional Chinese homes.

紅磚厝并不高，但通常占地廣大。在“八山一水一分田”的福建省，占地面積本身就是一種張揚(yáng)。厝的底部用白石奠基，墻是紅磚砌、頂是紅瓦鋪，再搭配中間凹陷、兩端微翹的燕尾脊，以及精美的石雕、木雕裝飾，紅磚厝像極了皇宮和廟宇，華麗而古典，充分體現(xiàn)了閩南古建筑巧、美、秀、雅的風(fēng)格。

These houses are generally low-rise but expansive， a deliberate design choice in Fujian that is often described as “eight parts mountains， one part water， and one part farmland.” Built on white stone foundations， their red-brick walls and red-tiled roofs are paired with swallowtail ridges， with both ends of the roof gracefully curving upward， and intricate stone and wood carvings. These features evoke a classical grandeur， blending the artistry of palaces and temples with the refinement and elegance unique to Minnan traditional architecture.

蚵殼厝 Oyster-shell houses

蚵殼厝是用海中的牡蠣殼建造的房屋，是福建泉州地區(qū)一種傳統(tǒng)特色建筑。

The oyster-shell house， built with seashells， is a unique architectural style found in the Quanzhou region in Fujian.

泉州靠海，風(fēng)中都帶著海的氣息。為了更好地保護(hù)墻體，當(dāng)?shù)鼐用袂擅畹貙⒎课萃鈮ζ龀伞俺龃u入石”的樣式，紅磚和白石交錯壘砌，紅磚凸出墻面以抵御海風(fēng)侵蝕。泉州人還創(chuàng)造性地利用牡蠣殼防水防腐、質(zhì)地堅(jiān)硬的特性，把牡蠣殼鑲嵌在墻面上。魚鱗般的牡蠣殼錯落有致，不僅非常美觀，還具有隔音效果好、冬暖夏涼的特點(diǎn)，是閩南建筑的一大奇觀。

Situated on the coast， Quanzhou faces constant exposure to the salty ocean winds. To protect their homes， locals devised an innovative “protruding brick， inset stone” technique， alternating layers of red bricks and white stones. The red bricks extend slightly outward， shielding the walls from the sea breeze. Quanzhou residents also incorporated oyster shells into their walls. Known for their waterproof， corrosion-resistant qualities and durability， the shells were arranged like overlapping fish scales， providing aesthetic beauty and sound insulation and keeping interiors cool in summer and warm in winter. This design highlights the ingenuity of Minnan architecture.

蚵殼厝這種房屋建筑形式的歷史可追溯至宋末元初，也是泉州成為“海上絲綢之路”重要港口城市的見證。專家發(fā)現(xiàn)，有些蚵殼厝的牡蠣殼產(chǎn)于非洲東海岸，并非泉州原產(chǎn)。當(dāng)時的泉州是中國對外貿(mào)易的重要港口城市，大部分載滿絲綢、瓷器的商船從泉州起航，沿著閩南沿海到達(dá)南洋，再經(jīng)過印度洋到達(dá)非洲東海岸。返航的時候，如果艙內(nèi)不載貨，船就會重心不穩(wěn)，于是船員們就帶走散落在海邊的牡蠣殼壓艙，回來后再堆放在泉州海邊。就這樣，非洲的牡蠣殼神奇地出現(xiàn)在福建沿海的房屋外墻上，成了泉州海上絲綢文化的見證。

The origins of oyster-shell houses date back to the late Song and early Yuan dynasties， reflecting Quanzhou’s prominence as a bustling harbor city on the Maritime Silk Road. Experts believe that the oyster shells embedded in these walls were sourced from the east coast of Africa rather than locally. During Quanzhou’s golden era of maritime trade， merchant ships carried silk and porcelain to destinations throughout Southeast Asia and via the Indian Ocean to Africa. On their return voyages， these ships， often empty， required ballast to maintain stability. Sailors collected oyster shells from African shores， which were later unloaded at Quanzhou’s port and reused in local construction. These African shells thus serve as symbols of the city’s role in cultural exchange along the Maritime Silk Road.

石頭厝 Stone houses

福建的平潭島有句民謠：“平潭島，光長石頭不長草，風(fēng)沙滿地跑，房子像碉堡。”為了抵御臺風(fēng)和海浪，平潭人用山上的石頭和貝殼燒成的泥灰蓋房子，這種房子就是石頭厝。

On Pingtan Island in Fujian Province， a local saying captures its rugged environment： “Pingtan Island grows stones， not grass； sand blows across the ground， and houses resemble fortresses.” To withstand typhoons and ocean waves， residents turned to the mountains for stone and used lime made from shells， crafting the stone houses that define the island’s landscape.

平潭島原來是一座偏遠(yuǎn)的孤島，無論是物質(zhì)運(yùn)輸，還是人員流通，都存在諸多不便。在這個相對封閉的海島環(huán)境中，居民的生產(chǎn)生活尤為不易。島上木材緊缺，但盛產(chǎn)花崗巖，于是平潭人就地取材，利用島上豐富的石材大規(guī)模砌石頭厝，作為抗風(fēng)擋雨的居所。

Pingtan Island was once a remote and isolated island， with limited access to supplies and transportation， making life challenging for its residents. With little timber but an abundance of granite， the residents resourcefully constructed stone homes designed to endure the harsh environment.

石頭厝主要有竹篙厝和四扇厝兩種形式。竹篙厝深度較深，易于防守，但是采光與通風(fēng)不好，隨著人們生活水平的提高，建這樣房子的人逐漸變少。四扇厝以單進(jìn)四扇房為主，適合大家庭居住，是平潭傳統(tǒng)民居最主要的形式。大多數(shù)石頭厝的高度不超過兩層樓，將極簡主義發(fā)揮到極致，沒有如陽臺、檐角、門樓、連廊等多余的裝飾，就像是一個個貼合在島嶼上的蚌殼，庇護(hù)著一代代島民。

The stone houses on Pingtan Island fall into two main categories： zhugao cuo and sishan cuo. Zhugao cuo， long and narrow structures originally built for defense， have poor lighting and ventilation， which has made them less common as living standards have improved. Sishan cuo， on the other hand， feature four interconnected rooms in a single row， making them well-suited for large families and the dominant form of traditional housing on the island. These houses， modest in height and rarely exceeding two stories， reflect a minimalist aesthetic. Without ornate features such as balconies， eaves， or gates， they resemble shells nestled against the island， providing sturdy shelter for generations of residents.

石頭厝的屋頂設(shè)計也很有特色。為了防止強(qiáng)風(fēng)掀瓦，平潭人會在“人”字形的屋頂上面壓上規(guī)格不一的鵝卵石，密密麻麻又井然有序。此外，漫步于石頭厝之間，幾乎找不到兩間面對面、門對門的屋子，也鮮少看見某戶人家的后門正對著另一戶人家的大門，鄰里間地基高度與樓層數(shù)也基本默契統(tǒng)一。這種設(shè)計體現(xiàn)了平潭島居民的禮貌和溫柔。

The roofs of these homes are especially distinctive. To prevent typhoon winds from dislodging roof tiles， residents weighed down the gable-shaped roofs with carefully arranged cobblestones of varying sizes. Walking among these houses， one notices another feature： no two homes directly face each other； it is rare for one household’s back door to align with another’s front door； the foundation height and the number of floors are also generally in harmonious alignment. This arrangement demonstrates the residents’politeness and gentleness.

福建傳統(tǒng)民居各具特色，不僅是當(dāng)?shù)匕傩丈嬷腔鄣慕Y(jié)晶，也是福建傳統(tǒng)文化的載體。“那厝在，根就在”，從福建民居的萬花筒中望去，看到的是多彩的福建和濃厚的鄉(xiāng)情。

Fujian’s traditional houses are more than architectural forms； they are living carriers of the region’s cultural heritage. As the saying goes， “Where the house stands， the roots remain.” Through the kaleidoscope of Fujian’s architecture， one glimpses the vibrant character of a region deeply connected to its traditions.