摘 要:
捻轉(zhuǎn)血矛線蟲對伊維菌素、阿苯達唑等驅(qū)蟲藥物的耐藥性愈發(fā)嚴重,給全球多數(shù)國家和地區(qū)的養(yǎng)殖業(yè)帶來巨大損失。目前,對捻轉(zhuǎn)血矛線蟲耐藥性的研究多集中于流行病學調(diào)查、耐藥機制及耐藥性干預,并取得一定進展。本文針對捻轉(zhuǎn)血矛線蟲的耐藥性分布及其影響因素,耐藥機制以及基于細胞膜泵、自噬水平、細胞呼吸鏈、寄生蟲替換、植物提取物與驅(qū)蟲藥聯(lián)合驅(qū)蟲、抗性宿主培育等途徑逆轉(zhuǎn)耐藥性進行綜述,以期為捻轉(zhuǎn)血矛線蟲的耐藥性研究提供新的思路,同時為捻轉(zhuǎn)血矛線蟲病的科學防治、合理用藥以及新藥開發(fā)提供參考依據(jù)。
關(guān)鍵詞:
捻轉(zhuǎn)血矛線蟲;耐藥分布;耐藥機制;耐藥性逆轉(zhuǎn)
中圖分類號:
S852.73"""" 文獻標志碼:A """"文章編號: 0366-6964(2025)02-0523-11
收稿日期:2024-04-07
基金項目:寧夏自然科學基金項目(2024AAC03115);寧夏回族自治區(qū)重點研發(fā)計劃(引才專項)(2021BEB04025);內(nèi)蒙古自然科學基金項目(2022MS03065)
作者簡介:李案本(2002-),男,云南富源人,碩士生,主要從事病原生物與宿主免疫研究,E-mail:19143240787@139.com
*通信作者:劉 陽,主要從事預防獸醫(yī)學研究,E-mail:liuyangnihao@139.com
Progress in the Study of Drug Resistance and Its Reversal in Haemonchus contortus
LI" Anben1, FU" Nana1, LUO" Xiaoping2, LI" Junyan2, LIU" Yang1*
(1.College of Life Science, Ningxia University/ Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Western Characteristic Resources, Ministry of Education, Yinchuan 750021," China;
2.Inner Mongolia Academy of Agricultural and Animal Husbandry Sciences, Hohhot 010031," China)
Abstract:
The resistance of Haemonchus contortus to anthelmintics such as ivermectin and albendazole has become increasingly serious, causing major losses to the aquaculture industry in most countries and regions of the world. Currently, research on drug resistance in Haemonchus contortus focuses on epidemiological studies, drug resistance mechanisms and drug resistance interventions, and has made some progress. In this paper, we review the distribution of drug resistance and its influencing factors, the mechanism of drug resistance and reversal of drug resistance based on cell membrane pumps, autophagy level, cellular respiratory chain, parasite substitution, combined deworming with plant extracts and anthelmintics, and breeding of resistant hosts, to provide a new way of thinking for the study of drug resistance in Haemonchus contortus, and to provide reference bases for the scientific control of Haemonchus contortus, the rational use of drugs, and the development of new drugs. It also provides a reference base for scientific control, rational use of drugs and development of new drugs.
Key words:
Haemonchus contortus; drug resistance distribution; drug resistance mechanism; reversal of drug resistance
*Corresponding author:" LIU Yang, E-mail: liuyangnihao@139.com
捻轉(zhuǎn)血矛線蟲(Haemonchus contortus)是一種寄生于反芻動物皺胃的致病性胃腸道優(yōu)勢線蟲。這種嗜血性線蟲導致牲畜出現(xiàn)嚴重貧血及相關(guān)并發(fā)癥,嚴重者極度消瘦甚至死亡[1],給全球以畜牧業(yè)為主的國家或地區(qū)帶來重大經(jīng)濟損失。迄今為止,針對捻轉(zhuǎn)血矛線蟲的防治策略主要依賴于驅(qū)蟲藥治療,如伊維菌素(ivermectin,IVM)、阿苯達唑(albendazole,ABZ)等。IVM通過作用于配體門控氯離子通道,控制該通道基因在線蟲外側(cè)神經(jīng)索及咽部神經(jīng)元發(fā)揮作用,進而影響捻轉(zhuǎn)血矛線蟲的攝食和繁殖活性[2-3]。然而驅(qū)蟲藥的長期不合理使用已造成嚴重的耐藥性問題。在最近的研究中,一些干預策略在捻轉(zhuǎn)血矛線蟲耐藥性的預防及逆轉(zhuǎn)中被應用,并取得一定的突破,如抑制膜轉(zhuǎn)運蛋白、寄生蟲替換減少棲息地耐藥株的數(shù)量、天然產(chǎn)物與驅(qū)蟲藥聯(lián)合驅(qū)蟲以及抗性宿主培育。此外,調(diào)節(jié)自噬水平和抑制深紅醌(rhodoquinone, RQ)的合成在降低耐藥性上也具有一定的潛力。本文從捻轉(zhuǎn)血矛線蟲的耐藥性分布及其影響因素,耐藥機制及耐藥性干預策略進行綜述,以期為捻轉(zhuǎn)血矛線蟲病的科學防治、合理用藥以及新藥開發(fā)提供理論依據(jù)。
1 捻轉(zhuǎn)血矛線蟲耐藥性分布的影響因素
了解耐藥性分布及其影響因素對掌握地區(qū)捻轉(zhuǎn)血矛線蟲種群的分布及遺傳結(jié)構(gòu)特征具有重要作用。目前,全球多個國家和地區(qū)均出現(xiàn)關(guān)于捻轉(zhuǎn)血矛線蟲耐藥性的報道(表1、表2)。在我國,捻轉(zhuǎn)血矛線蟲耐藥性的報道主要集中于華北、西北地區(qū)。在這些反芻動物受災嚴重的地區(qū),因長期不合理使用驅(qū)蟲藥導致了耐藥性的產(chǎn)生。其次這些地區(qū)大部分牲畜以放養(yǎng)為主,驅(qū)蟲藥隨糞便進入環(huán)境中,使環(huán)境中藥物殘留累積,致使耐藥株的產(chǎn)生,之后隨牧草經(jīng)口進入反芻動物,這種惡性循環(huán)也促進捻轉(zhuǎn)血矛線蟲耐藥性的發(fā)生[4]。此外,宿主的跨地區(qū)運輸以及氣候和景觀變量之間的動態(tài)相互作用影響耐藥株在環(huán)境與宿主中的分布[5]。宿主種群在異質(zhì)景觀中的移動及氣候的變化通過影響捻轉(zhuǎn)血矛線蟲耐藥株在野生和家養(yǎng)反芻動物之間傳播,進而影響耐藥性分布[6]。其中土地覆被的變化可導致野生反芻動物與牲畜的接觸更緊密,這種變化加快了耐藥基因型的傳播、維持和轉(zhuǎn)移[7]。目前,環(huán)境促進耐藥性的傳播機制尚未闡明,可能是由種群遺傳結(jié)構(gòu)特征的改變所引起[8]。因此,仍需更多的深入研究,以了解耐藥性的動態(tài)分布,為降低捻轉(zhuǎn)血矛線蟲耐藥性提供參考依據(jù)。
2 捻轉(zhuǎn)血矛線蟲的耐藥機制
捻轉(zhuǎn)血矛線蟲對大環(huán)內(nèi)酯類藥物產(chǎn)生的耐藥機制十分復雜,目前普遍認為的有γ-氨基丁酸(G-aminobutyric acid,GABA)門控氯離子通道的改變[9]、藥物作用的谷氨酸門控氯離子通道受體(glutamate gated chloride channels receptor,GluCIR)基因突變以及藥物外排泵P糖蛋白(P-glycoproteins,P-gp)的過表達[10],然而至今沒有一種機制可以完全解釋捻轉(zhuǎn)血矛線蟲對大環(huán)內(nèi)酯類藥物的耐藥性[11]。相比大環(huán)內(nèi)酯類藥物耐藥機制,捻轉(zhuǎn)血矛線蟲對苯并咪類藥物的耐藥機制研究較為清楚,主要與β-微管蛋白同種I型基因的單核苷酸多態(tài)性和P-gp有關(guān),涉及F200Y(TTC-TAC)、F167Y(TTC-TAC)及E198Y(GAA-GCA)三個位點的氨基酸突變和P-gp過表達[12-13]。
近年來,隨著研究的深入發(fā)現(xiàn)寄生蟲對大環(huán)內(nèi)酯類與苯并咪唑類藥物的耐藥性可能與非編碼RNA相關(guān),如lncRNA、microRNA等[14-15]。研究人員利用全轉(zhuǎn)錄組測序發(fā)現(xiàn),捻轉(zhuǎn)血矛線蟲IVM耐藥株中有375個miRNA、205個lncRNA與IVM敏感株差異顯著,且lncRNA、microRNA表達的增加與捻轉(zhuǎn)血矛線蟲IVM耐藥性相關(guān)[16-18]。從ABZ耐藥株中篩選出246個lncRNA、294個miRNA與ABZ敏感株的表達差異顯著,且miRNA靶基因可能通過PTEN/PI3K/AKT信號通路調(diào)控捻轉(zhuǎn)血矛線蟲的耐藥性,lncRNA可能通過mTOR、ABC轉(zhuǎn)運蛋白信號通路參與調(diào)控捻轉(zhuǎn)血矛線蟲對ABZ的耐藥性[14,19]。然而,這些非編碼RNA之間的相互作用及其在調(diào)控耐藥分子信號通路中的作用尚未明確,未來應以此為切入點,并嘗試將非編碼RNA與相關(guān)耐藥機制相聯(lián)系,尋找重要的藥物靶點及新的耐藥性干預策略。
此外,越來越多的研究表明寄生蟲對IVM、ABZ的耐藥性可能與多基因的相互作用有關(guān)??蒲腥藛T對捻轉(zhuǎn)血矛線蟲耐藥株的轉(zhuǎn)錄組、代謝組、蛋白組測序分析發(fā)現(xiàn),IVM耐藥株中短鏈脫氫酶/還
原酶(SDR1、SDR12、SDR13、SDR16)、解毒代謝基因(UGT、GST、CYP)、促凋亡基因(ced-7c、MAP4K2)、轉(zhuǎn)錄激活因子(ABT-4)、P-pg、GluCIR、ABC轉(zhuǎn)運蛋白以及呼吸鏈復合物I(nuo-5)和ABZ耐藥株中ABC、GST和P450等相關(guān)基因具有高表達的特征[20-25],這些基因可能通過相互作用參與調(diào)控捻轉(zhuǎn)血矛線蟲的耐藥性。同時,秀麗隱桿線蟲(Caenorhabditis elegans)可作為捻轉(zhuǎn)血矛線蟲耐藥基因鑒定的共享線蟲物種[23],這給捻轉(zhuǎn)血矛線蟲耐藥基因的研究提供了便利。未來,挖掘和鑒定耐藥基因及其調(diào)控作用仍然是捻轉(zhuǎn)血矛線蟲耐藥機制研究的重要方向。
3 捻轉(zhuǎn)血矛線蟲耐藥性干預策略
全球耐藥性問題趨于嚴重,簡單的依賴開發(fā)新的驅(qū)蟲藥及藥物組合已不足以防治及逆轉(zhuǎn)當前的耐藥性問題,因此,有必要制定新的干預策略。已有干預策略包括抑制膜轉(zhuǎn)運蛋白、改變自噬水平、抑制RQ的合成、寄生蟲替換減少棲息地耐藥株的數(shù)量、天然產(chǎn)物與驅(qū)蟲藥聯(lián)合驅(qū)蟲以及抗性宿主培育等。
3.1 抑制膜轉(zhuǎn)運蛋白
外源性物質(zhì)(如藥物)的轉(zhuǎn)運取決于細胞膜的疏水性和膜泵的活性,這些膜泵與各種細胞解毒過程有關(guān)[26]。其中,ATP結(jié)合盒ABC轉(zhuǎn)運蛋白超家族被認為與大環(huán)內(nèi)酯類藥物的耐藥性密切相關(guān)。捻轉(zhuǎn)血矛線蟲的ABC轉(zhuǎn)運蛋白種類繁多,然而只有P-gp的研究較為清楚。研究表明,通過調(diào)節(jié)P-gp可增強藥物的驅(qū)蟲作用,從而逆轉(zhuǎn)線蟲的耐藥性[27]。目前,調(diào)節(jié)P-gp最常用的方法是開發(fā)有效的抑制劑或干擾劑。已報道的抑制劑有維拉帕米、二十二碳六烯酸衍生物DHA-E3、環(huán)孢菌素A衍生物(Valspodar)、第三代抑制劑(Tariquidar、Zosuquidar、Elacridar)、蛋白酶體抑制劑(MG132)以及凝集素等[28-33]。近年來,天然化合物作為捻轉(zhuǎn)血矛線蟲轉(zhuǎn)運蛋白抑制劑的研究也屢見報道,如黃酮類化合物槲皮素、萜類化合物檸檬烯等[34-35],這些天然產(chǎn)物均具有抑制捻轉(zhuǎn)血矛線蟲轉(zhuǎn)運蛋白的作用。此外,調(diào)節(jié)mRNA水平或靶向誘導ABC轉(zhuǎn)運蛋白表達的信號通路也可作為另一種調(diào)節(jié)P-gp的方法,通過RNA干擾技術(shù)沉默P-gp基因可提高捻轉(zhuǎn)血矛線蟲對IVM的敏感性[22]。然而P-gp介導耐藥性逆轉(zhuǎn)機制還未清楚,可能與藥物外排泵通道的阻斷與降解信號通路有關(guān),也可能與P-gp抑制劑誘導的自噬有關(guān)[32]。
3.2 改變自噬水平
自噬是真核細胞固有的保守降解代謝過程,老化受損的胞內(nèi)物質(zhì)或外源物質(zhì)被轉(zhuǎn)運至液泡或溶酶體進行分解代謝,適度的自噬能夠保護細胞抵御不良生存環(huán)境,自噬失衡則可能導致細胞自噬性的死亡。近年來,在腫瘤研究中相繼發(fā)現(xiàn)自噬與耐藥性相關(guān),通過誘導或抑制自噬水平可以逆轉(zhuǎn)耐藥性[36-37]。在白念珠菌中,抑制自噬能夠提高其對抗菌藥物的敏感性[38]。自噬在寄生蟲耐藥性中的功能也常有報道,如弓形蟲、瘧原蟲及柔嫩艾美耳球蟲等[39-41]。通過改變自噬水平能夠降低莫能霉素對弓形蟲與柔嫩艾美耳球蟲的藥效[40,42]。在捻轉(zhuǎn)血矛線蟲中,同樣也有自噬參與耐藥性的報道。Tuersong等[25]對捻轉(zhuǎn)血矛線蟲敏感株和耐藥株測序發(fā)現(xiàn),二者的差異表達基因顯著富集到自噬途徑,強調(diào)了自噬在IVM耐藥性中這一新的生物學功能。以上研究表明,通過調(diào)節(jié)自噬水平降低捻轉(zhuǎn)血矛線蟲的耐藥性具有一定可能性,也為耐藥性的研究提供了新的視角。
3.3 呼吸鏈途徑
自由生活階段的捻轉(zhuǎn)血矛線蟲線粒體在氧氣含量充足時使用一系列稱為電子傳遞鏈的分子復合物進行產(chǎn)能,即電子通過復合體I或幾個醌偶聯(lián)脫氫酶進入電子傳遞鏈被轉(zhuǎn)移到脂溶性電子載體泛醌(UQ)上,進而進入復合物III,然后進入復合物IV,最后轉(zhuǎn)移氧氣上,并與進入線粒體內(nèi)的質(zhì)子泵結(jié)合在一起建立質(zhì)子梯度,為ATP合成酶提供能量。Preston等[43]在體外利用一種魚藤類化合物deguelin調(diào)控捻轉(zhuǎn)血矛線蟲線粒體呼吸鏈發(fā)現(xiàn)其表現(xiàn)出強大的殺蟲活性。寄生階段的捻轉(zhuǎn)血矛線蟲在宿主腸道內(nèi)處于缺氧狀態(tài),當沒有氧氣時,幾乎所有動物都會停止使用電子傳遞鏈,顯然捻轉(zhuǎn)血矛線蟲在寄生階段的呼吸鏈與我們熟悉的呼吸鏈不同。研究表明,腸道寄生蟲在宿主腸道內(nèi)利用一種叫做RQ的分子重新代謝以產(chǎn)生能量[44]。RQ醌環(huán)上的單胺基團對這種厭氧代謝至關(guān)重要,其可能來源于犬尿氨酸途徑降解產(chǎn)生的3-羥基鄰氨基苯甲酸酯[45]。Del Borrello等[46]利用藥物阻斷了秀麗隱桿線蟲RQ合成,找到了針對RQ依賴性新陳代謝途徑中殺死線蟲的候選藥物,且該藥物沒有到達耐藥臨界點。到目前為止,只有蠕蟲、軟體動物、環(huán)節(jié)動物和扁形動物會產(chǎn)生RQ[47-50],而反芻動物并不能產(chǎn)生RQ,因此找到阻斷RQ合成的方法可能會成為對抗寄生線蟲耐藥性的一種新希望。
3.4 種群替換減少棲息地耐藥蟲株數(shù)量
棲息地寄生蟲數(shù)量對加速或延緩驅(qū)蟲藥耐藥性發(fā)展影響顯著。當棲息地敏感株的數(shù)量稀少或為零時,耐藥性會迅速增加,而當該種群數(shù)量較大時,耐藥性發(fā)生會延遲,因此利用敏感種群替換耐藥種群是極有潛力的逆轉(zhuǎn)耐藥性策略[51]。該策略總體思路是在耐藥種群數(shù)量處于最低限度的時間(可通過清潔牧場、牧場休息或使用一個干凈的牧場減少耐藥種群),通過將敏感株三期幼蟲人工或自然感染健康無寄生蟲宿主,并將其放養(yǎng)到牧場,從而在棲息地引入對藥物敏感的寄生蟲種群。這種策略能有效逆轉(zhuǎn)該牧場捻轉(zhuǎn)血矛線蟲耐藥性。Michuit等[52]建立了捻轉(zhuǎn)血矛線蟲替代模型,通過兩年多的時間,成功地用捻轉(zhuǎn)血矛線蟲敏感株替換了對ABZ具有高度耐藥性的捻轉(zhuǎn)血矛線蟲種群。George等[8]利用敏感蟲株替換耐藥蟲株后也實現(xiàn)了耐藥性逆轉(zhuǎn),且改變了群體的遺傳結(jié)構(gòu)。捻轉(zhuǎn)血矛線蟲對伊維菌素耐藥性產(chǎn)生機制復雜,目前仍然沒有確定的耐藥機制和耐藥基因[53],越來越多成功的案例表明利用替代寄生蟲種群的方法來恢復驅(qū)蟲藥的驅(qū)蟲作用是一個值得關(guān)注的發(fā)展方向[54-57],但受方案、方法及季節(jié)的影響,替代后的藥物藥效水平差異也很大 [58]。
3.5 天然產(chǎn)物與驅(qū)蟲藥聯(lián)合驅(qū)蟲
耐藥性的廣泛傳播和新藥物開發(fā)的高成本限制了驅(qū)蟲藥對胃腸道寄生蟲的控制效果,因此使用藥用植物代替驅(qū)蟲藥降低耐藥性的研究十分熱門[59]。從植物中提取的天然化合物可以防治捻轉(zhuǎn)血矛線蟲病,且對宿主產(chǎn)生的副作用?。?0]。目前,可有效防控捻轉(zhuǎn)血矛線蟲病的植物提取物多集中在豆科、菊科以及薔薇科等(表3),且多數(shù)效果優(yōu)于IVM、ABZ等化學驅(qū)蟲藥物。對這些植物進行化學分析發(fā)現(xiàn)主要含有單寧、生物堿以及單萜等化合物;從蛋白分析表明主要為植物防御蛋白,包括蛋白酶、蛋白酶抑制劑、幾丁質(zhì)酶等,這些成分可能驅(qū)動植物達到驅(qū)蟲效果。同時,這些天然產(chǎn)物可能會長期保護宿主減少對寄生蟲的感染[61-62],當與驅(qū)蟲藥聯(lián)合用藥時,能夠提高驅(qū)蟲藥的藥效,從而實現(xiàn)藥物的高效利用,如槲皮素和IVM聯(lián)合用藥能顯著降低IVM對捻轉(zhuǎn)血矛線蟲的EC50[34],檸檬烯與IVM聯(lián)合使用可恢復驅(qū)蟲藥對捻轉(zhuǎn)血矛線蟲多重耐藥株的驅(qū)蟲作用,且其效果優(yōu)于槲皮素和IVM組合[35]。
3.6 培育抗性宿主
培育更多的抗性宿主可能是一種可持續(xù)的耐藥性控制策略。不同品種的羊在對捻轉(zhuǎn)血矛線蟲的感染程度上表現(xiàn)不同。與多塞特羔羊相比,圣克羅伊羔羊表現(xiàn)出更好的抗感染能力,巴西圣伊內(nèi)斯綿羊?qū)δ磙D(zhuǎn)血矛線蟲的感染抵抗力高于薩??司d羊和法蘭西島綿羊,而加那利群島的CHB品種在抗捻轉(zhuǎn)血矛線蟲感染方面比CS品種表現(xiàn)更出色[84]。30多年來,Andronicos等[85]通過選擇性育種培育了兩個羊群(HSF和TSF),被證明是綿羊?qū)ξ改c道線蟲免疫抵抗和易感性分子機制研究的理想模型。Sallg等[86]也創(chuàng)建了兩種不同程度的抗捻轉(zhuǎn)血矛線蟲綿羊品系,并在表型和遺傳尺度上實現(xiàn)了顯著差異??剐杂N是可持續(xù)的策略,但在抗性育種時會受到環(huán)境的影響。環(huán)境的改變會使宿主、寄生蟲發(fā)生變異,破壞宿主與寄生蟲之間的關(guān)系,從而導致育種的失敗。
4 展望
捻轉(zhuǎn)血矛線蟲的耐藥性問題是防治捻轉(zhuǎn)血矛線蟲的主要障礙,干預耐藥性是克服此類難題的有效方法,因此尋找防治效果好、副作用小與成本低的干預策略是當前研究的熱點問題。
干預策略主要包括抑制膜轉(zhuǎn)運蛋白、改變自噬水平、抑制RQ的合成、種群替換、天然產(chǎn)物與驅(qū)蟲藥聯(lián)合使用及培育抗性宿主等。然而,目前幾種干預策略的機制尚不明確,且部分方法缺乏相關(guān)的數(shù)據(jù)支撐。因此,在后續(xù)的工作中,可通過分子生物學、遺傳學等技術(shù)研究這些干預策略的機制,深入探討捻轉(zhuǎn)血矛線蟲耐藥機制與干預機制之間的聯(lián)系以及環(huán)境在耐藥機制和干預機制中的作用,篩選干預捻轉(zhuǎn)血矛線蟲耐藥性的靶點并開發(fā)新的寄生蟲耐藥性逆轉(zhuǎn)劑。此外,天然產(chǎn)物在降低捻轉(zhuǎn)血矛線蟲耐藥性上具有很大的潛力,因此篩選高效、低殘留的天然產(chǎn)物也將是研究的重點。在未來,還需要挖掘新的干預策略,以期為控制捻轉(zhuǎn)血矛線蟲的耐藥性提供理論依據(jù)。
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(編輯 白永平)