Conservation Photography生態(tài)攝影

Photography has the power to move people in ways few other mediums can. Photographs can make strong statements about our world and our lives. As a form of advocacy， conservation photography is a great way to use your photography skills to create a story and make a statement about a critical topic of interest in today’s society： the impact of humanity on our environment.

攝影能以大多數(shù)媒介無(wú)法比擬的方式觸動(dòng)人心。通過(guò)照片，我們可以有力地表達(dá)對(duì)世界和生活的見(jiàn)解。生態(tài)攝影是一種倡導(dǎo)方式，借助攝影技能講述故事，表達(dá)關(guān)于人類對(duì)環(huán)境影響這一當(dāng)今社會(huì)重要話題的看法。

What is conservation photography？

什么是生態(tài)攝影？

Conservation photography is nature photography1 to advocate for wildlife and our planet’s natural ecosystem. It can be a powerful tool to showcase the beauty of， and in some cases threats to， our environment. Environmental conservation organizations， photojournalists， those involved in environmental policy， and even private citizens are all able to affect change through conservation photography.

生態(tài)攝影是一種利用自然攝影來(lái)宣傳保護(hù)野生動(dòng)植物和地球生態(tài)系統(tǒng)的方式。它是一種有效手段，不僅能展現(xiàn)自然環(huán)境之美，在一些情況下，還能揭示環(huán)境所面臨的威脅。環(huán)保組織、新聞攝影師、環(huán)境政策工作者，甚至普通公民，都可以通過(guò)生態(tài)攝影推動(dòng)變革。

The intersection of conservation， photojournalism2， and wildlife photography

環(huán)保、新聞攝影與野生動(dòng)物攝影的交集

As a conservationist photographer， you’ll wear many hats. You will not only think like a conservationist， but as a photographer， a storyteller， a researcher， an organizer， and a journalist.

身為一名環(huán)保主義攝影師，你將承擔(dān)多重角色。思考問(wèn)題時(shí)，不僅要像個(gè)環(huán)保主義者，還要從攝影師、講述者、研究者、組織者和記者多個(gè)角度出發(fā)。

Conservationist photography is often used to communicate specific messages or emotions. When capturing your images， think about the story you’re telling， as well as the purpose you want your image to serve or elevate. You’ll want to organize with other conservationists， advocates， and environmentalists. Creating these bonds can help you amass important resources and funds， as well as create effective advocacy campaigns. Conservation photographers may also team up with environmental scientists， as these photos can aid in further research efforts.

生態(tài)攝影通常用來(lái)傳達(dá)特定的訊息或情感。在捕捉畫(huà)面時(shí)，要想著你所要講述的故事，以及你希望所拍攝影像傳遞或升華的目標(biāo)理念。同時(shí)，你還要與其他環(huán)保主義者、環(huán)保倡導(dǎo)者和環(huán)保人士合作，協(xié)同推動(dòng)保護(hù)行動(dòng)。通過(guò)這些合作，你可以積聚寶貴的資源和資金，開(kāi)展有效的環(huán)保倡導(dǎo)活動(dòng)。生態(tài)攝影師還可以與環(huán)境科學(xué)家合作，因?yàn)檫@些照片有助于進(jìn)一步推進(jìn)科研工作。

How photography can influence conservation efforts

攝影如何影響環(huán)保行動(dòng)

Research has shown that people are more likely to remember pictures in more detail than they are words. This makes advocacy photography3 an incredibly powerful tool for raising awareness and inspiring an emotional response among your audience.

研究表明，相比文字，人們對(duì)圖片的記憶更為清晰。因此，倡導(dǎo)攝影成為提高受眾環(huán)保意識(shí)、激發(fā)情感反應(yīng)的強(qiáng)大工具。

Photographs are also more shareable. Research from HubSpot4 on the Facebook algorithm has shown that photo posts receive 53 percent more engagement than text posts. And of course， there are photo-centric5 platforms， like Instagram and Pinterest， that require an accompanying image to make a post. With these social platforms， conservationists can easily and quickly share their messages to a wide audience. This helps awareness campaigns generate traction and bring little-known issues to the forefront.

此外，照片更容易傳播。HubSpot關(guān)于臉書(shū)算法的研究顯示，帶有照片的帖子比純文字帖子獲得的互動(dòng)多出53%。當(dāng)然，像照片墻和Pinterest這樣以圖片為主的社交平臺(tái)，要求每條帖子都配有圖片。在這些平臺(tái)上，環(huán)保主義者可以便捷地將信息傳遞給廣大受眾。這樣有助于環(huán)保宣傳活動(dòng)獲得更多支持，讓原本鮮為人知的問(wèn)題成為公眾關(guān)注的焦點(diǎn)。

The ethics of photographing wildlife

拍攝野生動(dòng)物的倫理

Many photography organizations have a code of ethics that shapes the way they interact with vulnerable populations. They need these codes to protect the rights and dignity of their subjects.

許多攝影組織制定了倫理守則，規(guī)范與易危種群的互動(dòng)方式，以此確保拍攝對(duì)象的權(quán)利和尊嚴(yán)。

This topic is highly debated in the case of wildlife photographers. Some might argue that animals don’t need to be treated with the same dignity as humans， and therefore animals can be baited or disturbed for a shot. As demonstrated by Outside6 magazine， others strongly disagree with these types of practices.

在野生動(dòng)物攝影領(lǐng)域，倫理問(wèn)題頗有爭(zhēng)議。有些人可能認(rèn)為，對(duì)待動(dòng)物不需要像對(duì)待人那樣給予一定尊嚴(yán)，因此可以通過(guò)引誘或使用干擾手段來(lái)進(jìn)行拍攝。然而，正如《戶外》雜志所指出的，也有人強(qiáng)烈反對(duì)這些做法。

The argument typically comes down to whether or not your shot， or how you set up or capture a photo， involves endangering or harming the animal or its habitat. This is an especially important question for conservation photographers， as the destruction of the environment is the exact opposite of what conservation means.

爭(zhēng)議的核心通常可歸結(jié)為，拍攝的照片或拍攝方式是否會(huì)危及或傷害動(dòng)物及其棲息地。對(duì)于生態(tài)攝影師而言，這個(gè)問(wèn)題尤為關(guān)鍵，因?yàn)槠茐沫h(huán)境的行為與影像環(huán)保的初衷背道而馳。

To be a conservation photographer， you have to practice elements of ethical wildlife photography to preserve the way of life of your subjects.

生態(tài)攝影師必須踐行野生動(dòng)物攝影的準(zhǔn)則，保護(hù)拍攝對(duì)象的自然生活方式。

General best practices for photographing wildlife

拍攝野生動(dòng)物的最佳做法

Photographing wildlife can be a delicate but rewarding experience. Even if you’re not a conservation photographer， you’ll want to keep environmental considerations top of mind when going out into the wild. This is important for the safety of the wildlife， and yourself.

拍攝野生動(dòng)物既是一項(xiàng)細(xì)致的工作，也是一種富有回報(bào)的體驗(yàn)。即便你不是專職的生態(tài)攝影師，在野外時(shí)也要時(shí)刻關(guān)注環(huán)境因素，這對(duì)野生動(dòng)物和你自身的安全都很重要。

· Be patient： Patience is the name of the game7 when shooting wildlife， particularly wild animals. To capture an image that is both true to your subject， as well as minimally invasive， you’ll want to follow the animal’s natural routine. You can research when certain animals are likely to be most active， and plan your shoot times， gear， and schedule accordingly.

· 耐心：拍攝野生生物，尤其是野生動(dòng)物，耐心是關(guān)鍵。為了捕捉到真實(shí)的畫(huà)面且盡量不造成侵?jǐn)_，你需要遵循動(dòng)物的自然活動(dòng)規(guī)律?？梢允孪攘私鈩?dòng)物活躍的時(shí)段，并據(jù)此安排拍攝時(shí)間、裝備和拍攝計(jì)劃。

· Have respect： It’s important to treat all wildlife with respect when on a shoot， not just your primary subject. Disturbing a wild animal， or disrupting a habitat unknowingly can have devastating consequences to your local ecosystem. It can even pose a threat to your personal safety， as some animals attack when they feel they’re in danger. Even small， more-familiar animals such as birds or squirrels deserve your respect while on a shoot.

· 尊重：拍攝時(shí)，要尊重所有野生動(dòng)物，而不僅僅是你的主要拍攝對(duì)象。即使無(wú)意中打擾到野生動(dòng)物或破壞了它們的棲息地也可能會(huì)對(duì)當(dāng)?shù)厣鷳B(tài)造成災(zāi)難性后果，甚至可能威脅到你自身的安全，因?yàn)橐恍﹦?dòng)物在感知到危險(xiǎn)時(shí)可能會(huì)作出攻擊反應(yīng)。即便是像鳥(niǎo)類或松鼠這樣的小型常見(jiàn)動(dòng)物，在拍攝過(guò)程中也應(yīng)受到尊重。

· Don’t interfere： You should never physically interact with a wild animal that hasn’t approached you. However， interference can be many different things that aren’t just physical. For example， trying to get an animal to come closer with food， disturbing nests or watering holes， or shining lights during rest times are all things you should avoid. Activities like these can put your safety in danger， as well as harm your chances of getting the shot you want.

· 避免干擾：切勿與未主動(dòng)接近你的野生動(dòng)物進(jìn)行身體接觸。干擾有多種不同形式，不僅指身體接觸。例如，用食物誘使動(dòng)物靠近、打擾其巢穴或水源、在動(dòng)物休息時(shí)使用強(qiáng)光等行為，這些都應(yīng)該避免。這樣的行為不僅可能危及你自身的安全，還可能讓你錯(cuò)失拍攝良機(jī)。

· Do your research： Before you head out to your shoot， do your research on the subject， as well as the environment you’re shooting in. Some extreme environments pose temperature threats to both you and your equipment. Be prepared with the right equipment. Researching your subject is also crucial to having a successful wildlife shoot—knowing their active times， general routines， and preferred geographical areas will help.

· 做足功課：在去往拍攝地之前，深入了解拍攝對(duì)象以及拍攝環(huán)境。有些極端環(huán)境可能在氣溫上對(duì)你和攝影設(shè)備構(gòu)成威脅，因此要準(zhǔn)備合適的設(shè)備。了解拍攝對(duì)象的活躍時(shí)間、日常活動(dòng)和偏愛(ài)的活動(dòng)區(qū)域，做好這些功課對(duì)拍攝成功至關(guān)重要。

· Know the local laws and permissions： Finally， make sure you’re shooting in accordance with any local or federal laws. Some wildlife reservations have specific protections. This may also apply to protected or endangered species. Certain equipment may also be banned in some parks. For example， drone photography isn’t allowed in any U.S. national park or wilderness area. Reach out to the park service to get permission to shoot， or clear8 certain equipment.

· 了解當(dāng)?shù)胤珊驮S可：最后，確保拍攝活動(dòng)符合地方或聯(lián)邦的法律要求。一些自然保護(hù)區(qū)有特定的保護(hù)規(guī)定。拍攝受保護(hù)或?yàn)l危物種也應(yīng)如此。某些公園可能禁止某些設(shè)備的使用，例如在美國(guó)任何國(guó)家公園或荒野地區(qū)都不允許無(wú)人機(jī)攝影。在拍攝前，務(wù)必向公園管理方申請(qǐng)拍攝許可，或確認(rèn)設(shè)備使用的相關(guān)規(guī)定。

Crafting a visual narrative

打造視覺(jué)敘事

You can emphasize the visual narrative of your images using different photography techniques. Framing， lighting， and composition techniques can all change the tone of your image. Other wildlife-specific photography tools， like photo blinds9 and camera traps10， are especially helpful for long shoots. They may also help you capture unique images from different perspectives.

你可以通過(guò)不同的攝影技巧來(lái)強(qiáng)化照片的視覺(jué)敘事感。取景、用光和構(gòu)圖技術(shù)的運(yùn)用都能改變畫(huà)面的氛圍。其他與野生動(dòng)物攝影相關(guān)的工具，如攝影偽裝棚和相機(jī)陷阱，在長(zhǎng)時(shí)間拍攝時(shí)尤其有用，它們還能夠幫助你從不同的角度捕捉到獨(dú)特的影像。

When it comes to capturing your image， patience will be your best tool. Unlike posed photography， nature and wildlife move at a pace entirely their own. Being flexible with your goals and open to the world around you will help you capture and create truthful and impactful images.

拍攝時(shí)，耐心是不二法寶。與擺拍不同，自然界和野生動(dòng)物的節(jié)奏完全由它們自己掌控。伺機(jī)而動(dòng)，調(diào)整目標(biāo)，隨時(shí)準(zhǔn)備應(yīng)對(duì)周圍的變化，你就能捕捉到既真實(shí)又富有沖擊力的影像。

（譯者為“《英語(yǔ)世界》杯”翻譯大賽獲獎(jiǎng)?wù)撸?/p>

1 nature photography自然攝影，指專注于拍攝自然景觀、野生動(dòng)植物以及自然環(huán)境的攝影形式，通常旨在展現(xiàn)大自然的美麗和生態(tài)多樣性。

2 photojournalism攝影新聞報(bào)道，圖片新聞報(bào)道。" 3 advocacy photography倡導(dǎo)攝影，指通過(guò)攝影作品傳遞特定社會(huì)、政治或環(huán)境議題的信息，激發(fā)觀眾的情感共鳴，從而促使他們采取行動(dòng)。

4一家提供營(yíng)銷、銷售和服務(wù)軟件的美國(guó)公司。" 5 -centric是一個(gè)后綴，用來(lái)描述以某一元素或特征為主要關(guān)注點(diǎn)的事物。本文中的photo-centric platforms意指以分享照片為主的社交平臺(tái)。" 6創(chuàng)刊于1978年，是美國(guó)發(fā)行量最大、最具影響力的戶外雜志之一，專注于戶外運(yùn)動(dòng)、冒險(xiǎn)旅行及自然保護(hù)等主題。

7 name of the game某事物的關(guān)鍵或最重要的部分。

8 clear在此處表示“獲得批準(zhǔn)”或“確認(rèn)某項(xiàng)設(shè)備或行動(dòng)是允許的”。例如，攝影師需要向公園管理部門確認(rèn)是否可以使用某些設(shè)備（如無(wú)人機(jī)）進(jìn)行拍攝。" 9 photo blind攝影偽裝棚，是一種攝影設(shè)備，通常是由偽裝材料制成的遮蔽物，用于隱藏?cái)z影師，使其不被野生動(dòng)物察覺(jué)，從而能夠拍攝到更自然的動(dòng)物行為。" 10 camera trap一種自動(dòng)觸發(fā)的攝影設(shè)備，通常被安裝在野外，能夠在動(dòng)物經(jīng)過(guò)時(shí)自動(dòng)拍攝照片或視頻。

Best Nature Photography Quotes

Nature always wears the colors of the spirit.

—Ralph Waldo Emerson

When words become unclear， I shall focus with photographs. When images become inadequate， I shall be content with silence.

—Ansel Adams

In photography there is a reality so subtle that it becomes more real than reality.

—Alfred Stieglitz

In wilderness， I sense the miracle of life， and behind it our scientific accomplishments fade to trivia.

—Charles Lindbergh

We do not see nature with our eyes， but with our understandings and our hearts.

—William Hazlitt

Nature gives to every time and season some beauties of its own.

—Charles Dickens

The earth is art， the photographer is only a witness.

—Yann Arthus-Bertrand