摘" " 要:青茵橄欖是從甜種橄欖實(shí)生群體中,通過(guò)單株選育而成的優(yōu)質(zhì)鮮食新品種。果實(shí)橢圓形,平均單果質(zhì)量8.32 g。成熟時(shí)果皮黃綠色,果肉黃白色,口感爽脆、較化渣、澀味輕、回甘,香氣濃??扇苄怨绦挝锖浚╳,后同)為14.4%,粗纖維含量為3.7%,總糖含量為5.3 g·100 g-1,可滴定酸含量為10.56 g·kg-1,維生素C含量為 20.96 mg·100 g-1,單寧含量為1.21×104 mg·kg-1,鈣含量為1.56×103 mg·kg-1,可食率為82.3%。該品種樹勢(shì)強(qiáng)健,樹姿開張,分枝能力較強(qiáng),嫁接苗種植3 a(年)后開始結(jié)果。結(jié)果樹初花期為4月中旬,果實(shí)生育期210~225 d,在粵東地區(qū)成熟期為11月下旬,屬中晚熟品種。耐旱不耐寒,抗病性中等。適合在廣東省青欖產(chǎn)區(qū)種植,10 a結(jié)果樹平均每666.7 m2產(chǎn)量達(dá)1 002.5 kg,豐產(chǎn)性好。
關(guān)鍵詞:橄欖;新品種;青茵橄欖
中圖分類號(hào):S667.5 文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)志碼:A 文章編號(hào):1009-9980(2025)02-0444-05
Breeding report of a new Canarium album cultivar Qingyin Ganlan
XIAO Weiqiang1, LI Zhucheng2, CHEN Gaixun3, NI Xiaorong2, LAI Duo1, ZHUANG Qingli1, SHAO Xuehua1, QIN Jian1, ZHANG LI3, LIN Jieyao3, LIU Chuanbin3*
(1Institute of Fruit Tree Research, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of South Subtropical Fruit Biologyand Genetic Resource Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Science and Technology Research on Fruit Tree, Guangzhou 510640, Guangdong, China; 2Chaozhou City Jiancheng Agricultural Comprehensive Development Co., LTD, Chaoan 515726, Guangdong, China; 3Chaozhou Fruit Research Institute, Raoping 515700, Guangdong, China)
Abstract: Qingyin is an middle-late-season and table Chinese olive selected from a seeding of Tianzhong olive. It was initially selected in 2012 for its good taste with light astringency and full aroma. Through propagation by grafting, the fruit of grafted progeny was crisp and refreshing, and had certain aftertaste, with a litte fiber and light astringency. However, the fine characteristic of Qingyin Ganlan remained basically. After regional adaptability testing at three sites (including Chaozhou, Jieyang, and Shantou cities) over two years from 2021 to 2023, it was finally selected in 2023. This cultivar is tall, attaining a height of 10-20 m, and the tree is vigorous with semicircular crown and upright tree gesture. Young branches are rough, and dull grey-brown in color. Leaf is imparipinnate and 19.7-41.5 cm long, and leaflets are elliptic, acuminate, leathery, 3.7-16.7 cm long, 2.1-6.3 cm wide, and smoothness. Inflorescences are racemose and panicle, and the flower is yellowish-white, 0.3-0.5 cm in diameter, and pedicel without villous. Its fruit is oval and the average fruit weight is 8.32 g. When the fruit is ripe, the skin is yellowish green and the flesh is yellowish white. And it tastes crisp and refreshing with some aftertaste, a litte fiber and light astringency. The fruit edible rate is 82.3%, with the soluble solids content 14.4%, crude fiber 3.7%, the total sugar content 5.3 g·100 g-1, the titratable acidity content 10.56 g kg-1, the vitamin C content 20.96 mg·100 g-1, the tannin content 1.21×104 mg kg-1, and the calcium content 1.56×103 mg kg-1. The edible rate is 82.3%. The flowering period is from late April to early June. The fruit development period is 210-225 days, and it matures at the end of November in the east area of Guangdong province. The fruit branches are the spring shoots, with about 75% growing from the previous autumn shoots. The inflorescences are extracted from the axils of fruit branches, mostly on the top of the final and subfinal branches. Fruit setting rate is 18.5%-22.3%. It is resistant to drought, but frigolabile, and the disease resistance is moderate. Suitable cultivation area is in Guangdong province, and this variety can bear fruits next year after grafted, and has a high yield potential. The average yield of ten-year-old trees in Guangdong province is 1 002.5 kg·666.7 m-2. Orchards should be chosen on lateritic soil which is flat and has ability of moisture and fertilizer retention; spacing in the row and spacing between rows are (4-5) m×6 m; pruning includes pinching, bending and cutting-back, aiming at controlling tree height and maintaining tree vigor.
Key words: Canarium album; New cultivar; Qingyin Ganlan
橄欖[Canarium album (Lour.) Raeusch.]屬于橄欖科(Burseraceae)橄欖屬(Canarium L.)常綠喬木,為亞熱帶果樹[1]。橄欖亦稱青欖、白欖、青果、黃欖等,原產(chǎn)于中國(guó),以廣東省和福建省栽培最多[2]。近年來(lái),隨著鮮食橄欖的興起,要求適時(shí)推出鮮食橄欖新品種的呼聲日益高漲,但鮮食的橄欖品種選育進(jìn)展緩慢[3]。近幾年,福建省鮮食橄欖產(chǎn)業(yè)快速發(fā)展,尤其選育的靈峰和閩清2號(hào)等鮮食新品系被大規(guī)模推廣應(yīng)用,可見(jiàn)優(yōu)新鮮食品種的選育是保證橄欖鮮食產(chǎn)業(yè)持續(xù)健康發(fā)展的關(guān)鍵[4],其中靈峰橄欖的果實(shí)香氣品質(zhì)是吸引消費(fèi)者和增強(qiáng)市場(chǎng)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力的重要因素[5],根據(jù)市場(chǎng)銷售情況調(diào)查,鮮食橄欖靈峰和閩清2號(hào)主要銷往廣東潮汕地區(qū),在當(dāng)?shù)厮追Q甜種橄欖,幾乎搶占了鮮食橄欖消費(fèi)市場(chǎng)。筆者通過(guò)分析研究,發(fā)現(xiàn)以上這兩個(gè)品種與潮州的甜種橄欖相似。因此,在潮州當(dāng)?shù)剡x育鮮食品質(zhì)優(yōu)異且綜合性狀良好的甜種橄欖,對(duì)優(yōu)化廣東橄欖產(chǎn)業(yè)的品種結(jié)構(gòu)和提升產(chǎn)業(yè)效益具有重要作用。廣東省農(nóng)業(yè)科學(xué)院果樹研究所和潮州市建成農(nóng)業(yè)綜合開發(fā)有限公司等共同選育的青茵橄欖,具有鮮食口感酥脆、較化渣、澀味輕、微甜、香氣濃郁、回甘等特點(diǎn),是一個(gè)優(yōu)質(zhì)鮮食橄欖新品種。2023年11月經(jīng)廣東農(nóng)作物品種審定委員會(huì)評(píng)定并命名為青茵橄欖(圖1)(評(píng)定編號(hào):粵評(píng)果20230010)。
1 選育經(jīng)過(guò)
2012年,項(xiàng)目組在對(duì)潮州市的“歸湖甜欖”的群體進(jìn)行預(yù)選時(shí),發(fā)現(xiàn)在潮州市潮安區(qū)歸湖鎮(zhèn)仙洋村的甜種橄欖群體中有1株實(shí)生優(yōu)良單株。該甜種橄欖已生長(zhǎng)約20 a,表現(xiàn)出豐產(chǎn)穩(wěn)產(chǎn)的特點(diǎn)。其果實(shí)鮮食口感優(yōu)異,與其他的甜種橄欖群體有明顯差別,具有口感酥脆、較化渣、澀味輕、微甜、香氣濃郁、回甘等特點(diǎn),符合制定的選育目標(biāo)。經(jīng)多年觀察鑒定,其嫁接后代均能保持母樹優(yōu)良性狀,遺傳性穩(wěn)定,鮮食口感優(yōu)異,各項(xiàng)綜合性狀優(yōu)良。
2 品種特性
2.1 植物學(xué)特征
青茵橄欖樹冠半圓頭形,樹姿開張,枝條稍硬,分枝能力較強(qiáng)。奇數(shù)羽狀復(fù)葉,小葉長(zhǎng)3.7~16.7 cm,寬2.1~6.3 cm,葉柄長(zhǎng)0.3~2.1 cm,對(duì)生11~17枚葉片,革質(zhì),橢圓形,葉尖形狀急尖,葉緣平滑,葉基形狀楔形,嫩葉青綠色,成熟后葉面深綠色、平展、無(wú)光澤,葉背綠色;復(fù)葉著生斜向上,長(zhǎng)度19.7~41.5 cm,葉柄長(zhǎng)5.7~12.1 cm??偁顖A錐花序,有3~5級(jí)花穗分枝,花單生或3~6并生;雌花較多,花蕾較圓長(zhǎng),黃白色,直徑0.3~0.5 cm。
2.2 物候期
幼年樹年抽3~4次梢,結(jié)果樹抽2~3次梢,即春梢、夏梢和秋梢。在廣東省潮州市的春梢期3月中下旬至4月下旬,夏梢期6月上旬至7月下旬,秋梢期8月中旬至10月中旬。4月下旬初花,5月中旬為盛花期。6月上旬為終花期,進(jìn)入幼果期,6月下旬落果期,6月至8月上旬果實(shí)膨大期,9月下旬硬核期,10月下旬開始果核著色期(果核由白色轉(zhuǎn)淺黃色),11下旬果實(shí)完全成熟期(果核由淺黃色轉(zhuǎn)黑褐色),屬中晚熟品種。
2.3 開花結(jié)果習(xí)性
花芽隨春梢的抽發(fā)而陸續(xù)發(fā)育成花蕾,以枝梢頂芽抽生花序?yàn)橹?,次為?cè)芽,4月中旬開始現(xiàn)花蕾,4月下旬至6月上旬為花期,總狀圓錐花序,有3~5級(jí)花穗分枝,花單生或3~6并生;雌花較多,花蕾較圓長(zhǎng),花序軸長(zhǎng)12~16 cm,屬中長(zhǎng)花序類型,結(jié)果枝為當(dāng)年抽生的春梢,從上一年秋梢頂芽抽生的約占75%;花序從結(jié)果枝葉腋抽出,大部分著生于樹冠的末級(jí)和次末級(jí)枝梢上,具有外部結(jié)果的習(xí)性。坐果率18.5%~22.3%。在揭陽(yáng)、汕頭等地進(jìn)行的區(qū)試比較試驗(yàn)中,相同條件下的青茵橄欖和潮州市當(dāng)?shù)刂髟云贩N香種橄欖的產(chǎn)量成年結(jié)果樹平均每666.7 m2產(chǎn)量分別達(dá)607.5 kg和555.0 kg,表現(xiàn)出豐產(chǎn)、穩(wěn)產(chǎn)特性。
2.4 果實(shí)性狀
青茵橄欖果實(shí)橢圓形,成熟果實(shí)黃綠色,果頂鈍尖凹陷,果實(shí)表面、果基、果頂無(wú)放射紋,果中等偏小,平均單果質(zhì)量8.32 g,果實(shí)縱徑3.21 cm,橫徑2.08 cm,果形指數(shù)1.54,果核縱橫徑3.11 cm×1.22 cm;果肉黃白色,果肉厚度0.59 cm,香氣較濃,口感較化渣、澀輕、微甜、回甘好。青茵橄欖與潮州市當(dāng)?shù)刂髟云贩N香種橄欖果實(shí)性狀比較見(jiàn)表1。
2.5 抗逆性與主要病蟲害
青茵橄欖的抗病性、抗蟲性、抗寒性等與香種橄欖沒(méi)有明顯差別,病害包括梢枯病、葉枯病、葉斑病、煤煙病、黑星病和炭疽病等,蟲害有橄欖星室木虱、蛀果野螟、枯葉蛾、橄欖皮細(xì)蛾、小直緣跳甲、黃小卷葉蛾和橄欖鋤須叢螟等。近年來(lái),梢枯病、果實(shí)黑星病、橄欖星室木虱較嚴(yán)重,應(yīng)注意果園實(shí)時(shí)監(jiān)測(cè),及時(shí)科學(xué)防控。
3 遺傳鑒定
ISSR-PCR擴(kuò)增結(jié)果見(jiàn)圖2,相似性聚類分析結(jié)果見(jiàn)圖3,青茵橄欖與其母樹位于同一類群,但與甜種橄欖以及其他橄欖品種均不在同一類群上,由此判定青茵橄欖是一個(gè)新的橄欖種質(zhì)資源。
4 栽培技術(shù)要點(diǎn)
4.1 定植
按株行距為4 m×6 m或5 m×6 m,挖大穴,重埋基肥,寬、長(zhǎng)各1 m,深為0.8 m。用實(shí)生苗先定植,時(shí)間以2月底至3月初為宜,定植2~3 a后,主干離地面50 cm處莖粗達(dá)5 cm,高0.5~0.8 m進(jìn)行低位高接。
4.2 土肥水管理
4.2.1 土壤管理 果園采用生草或覆蓋防草膜(布)的免耕栽培方式。生草栽培方式是在樹盤外間作花生等豆科作物或綠肥,也可選擇優(yōu)良草種人工種植或保留良性雜草。種植后第二年起在原種植穴四周深翻向外擴(kuò)穴,在秋梢老熟后或采果后均可進(jìn)行。每次在原定植穴兩邊擴(kuò)穴,挖寬0.3 m、深0.4 m、長(zhǎng)0.5~1.0 m的條狀溝,每株埋施綠肥10~20 kg、腐熟有機(jī)肥10~15 kg、石灰0.5 kg、過(guò)磷酸鈣0.5 kg,回填時(shí)分層壓實(shí),表土和粗肥放在底層,心土混合精肥回填在表層。
4.2.2 水分管理 幼齡果園每次梢生長(zhǎng)期保持土壤濕潤(rùn),合理灌水或淋水。成年果園春梢生長(zhǎng)期、秋梢生長(zhǎng)期及果實(shí)膨大期合理灌水或淋水。疏通防洪溝、排水溝、畦溝、圍園溝等,雨季及時(shí)排除果園積水。
4.2.3 肥料管理 幼齡樹施肥。幼齡樹以培養(yǎng)樹冠為目的,年發(fā)梢3~4次,在距樹干40~60 cm處或樹冠滴水線處放射狀溝施入,蓋土。每次抽梢前后各施1次,以速效肥為主,每株年施尿素0.2~0.6 kg,復(fù)合肥0.5~1.0 kg,花生麩0.5~1.0 kg,以后逐年按冠幅增大適量增加施肥量,施肥應(yīng)勤施薄施。
結(jié)果樹施肥。全年施肥3次,根據(jù)樹冠大小、樹勢(shì)強(qiáng)弱和結(jié)果情況適當(dāng)增減,以每株樹按能掛果50 kg計(jì)算,第1次于2月上旬(或“雨水”季節(jié)),土施復(fù)合肥2 kg,有機(jī)肥50 kg,結(jié)合萌芽前清園噴施葉面肥促花。第2次在全面謝花后5月下旬至6月上旬,施用復(fù)合肥0.5~1.0 kg,結(jié)合病蟲害防治,噴施保果壯果葉面肥。第3次在立秋前,促秋梢如期抽生,保證果實(shí)成熟后期營(yíng)養(yǎng)供應(yīng),延長(zhǎng)掛果期,采后土施花生麩2.5 kg(或者其他有機(jī)肥料),加施復(fù)合肥2.5 kg。如果樹體營(yíng)養(yǎng)生長(zhǎng)比較弱或當(dāng)年高產(chǎn)量,12月至翌年1月可增施冬肥,施土雜肥25~30 kg。
4.3 整形修剪
幼齡樹整形。定植成活后,在高接口上25~30 cm處短截,促其不同方向分枝。及時(shí)摘心或短截,促枝梢成熟以后每次新梢留2~3個(gè)芽,對(duì)超過(guò)20 cm左右短截,經(jīng)過(guò)3 a形成“主干、一級(jí)主枝、二級(jí)主枝、側(cè)枝”的自然圓頭形樹形結(jié)構(gòu),培養(yǎng)早結(jié)豐產(chǎn)樹冠。
結(jié)果樹修剪??刂茦涓吆痛龠M(jìn)矮化,以疏為主,剪除枯枝、直立性生長(zhǎng)枝和病、蟲枝條,對(duì)連續(xù)生長(zhǎng)并多年結(jié)果的側(cè)枝,及時(shí)在適宜位置短截回縮以控制樹高和樹冠;對(duì)初產(chǎn)樹8月初將樹冠頂部的夏梢回縮至春梢,促發(fā)2~3條健壯的秋梢,培育結(jié)果母枝,翌年將這些結(jié)果母枝開花結(jié)果采收后再回縮至基部;樹幅橫向生長(zhǎng)至兩樹枝相碰時(shí)也采用樹冠頂部相同修剪方式,控制兩樹相交。
4.4 花果管理
4.4.1 促花 對(duì)于生長(zhǎng)過(guò)旺、開花結(jié)果少的樹,可選用環(huán)扎、斷根、化學(xué)藥劑調(diào)控等措施促花。環(huán)扎在11月中旬至12月上旬進(jìn)行,用14號(hào)鐵線扎緊主干或主枝,15~20 d,葉色開始退綠解除鐵線。斷根在11—12月進(jìn)行,結(jié)合施冬肥,在開深溝時(shí)斷去部分側(cè)根?;瘜W(xué)藥劑調(diào)控在11—12月進(jìn)行,用15%多效唑300倍液葉面噴施3~4次,或挖溝15~20 cm,土施15%多效唑3.3 g·m-2樹冠投影面積,并澆水。
4.4.2 保花保果 在花期噴施2~3次促花保果葉面肥,可用0.2%磷酸二氫鉀、0.1%硼砂、0.2%尿素混合噴施。幼果期噴施2~3次符合國(guó)家規(guī)定的保果葉面肥,間隔期10~14 d。
4.5 病蟲害防治
青茵橄欖的主要病蟲有星室木虱、蛀果野螟、鋤須叢螟、炭疽病等,遵循“預(yù)防為主,綜合防治”原則,主要防治措施:(1)農(nóng)業(yè)防治。增強(qiáng)樹勢(shì),提高樹體抗病力;適時(shí)放梢,促春梢在“春分”萌動(dòng);促梢老熟,轉(zhuǎn)綠前噴施葉面肥如施0.1%磷酸二氫鉀、0.1%硫酸亞鐵和氨基酸肥,促進(jìn)新梢老熟,避免木虱危害;冬季清園,減少病蟲源。(2)生物防治。果園生草栽培,營(yíng)造有利于敵棲息取食的環(huán)境。(3)物理防治。采用黑光燈、頻振式殺蟲燈、色光板等物理裝置誘殺害蟲。黑光燈、頻振式殺蟲燈每hm2安裝2~3盞,色光板每666.7 m2掛40~50張。(4)藥劑防治。星室木虱使用22.4%螺蟲乙酯3000倍液加10%烯啶蟲胺·22%呋蟲胺1000~1500倍液噴霧;橄欖蛀果野螟,用甲維鹽·蟲螨晴1000~1500倍液,或20%氯蟲苯甲酰胺3000~4000倍液噴霧;炭疽病,用45%咪鮮胺1000倍液,或在新梢、幼果期用25%苯醚甲環(huán)唑水分散粒劑2500~3000倍液噴霧。
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收稿日期:2024-09-02 接受日期:2024-11-06
基金項(xiàng)目:廣東省潮州市科技計(jì)劃項(xiàng)目(202101ZD06);廣東省科技廳駐鎮(zhèn)幫鎮(zhèn)扶村農(nóng)村科技特派員項(xiàng)目(KTP20210112)
作者簡(jiǎn)介:肖維強(qiáng),男,研究員,從事果樹育種與栽培研究。E-mail:xwq6817@126.com
*通信作者 Author for correspondence. E-mail:996075892@qq.com