摘要 隨著微創(chuàng)手術(shù)的不斷發(fā)展和普及,手術(shù)機(jī)器人憑借其精密的機(jī)械控制系統(tǒng)、高清的成像以及靈活的機(jī)械臂在外科領(lǐng)域廣泛應(yīng)用。機(jī)器人輔助手術(shù)在淋巴結(jié)清掃、圍手術(shù)期指標(biāo)和術(shù)后并發(fā)癥等方面較胸腔鏡手術(shù)更具優(yōu)勢(shì),但其手術(shù)成本較高。然而對(duì)于復(fù)雜的肺部相關(guān)手術(shù),機(jī)器人輔助手術(shù)可通過(guò)縮短住院時(shí)間,降低術(shù)后并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率,減少術(shù)后住院費(fèi)用等方式,滿(mǎn)足患者需求的同時(shí)獲得更高的成本效益。本文闡述了機(jī)器人輔助胸腔鏡手術(shù)在非小細(xì)胞肺癌患者中的應(yīng)用現(xiàn)狀,探討其成本效益,并對(duì)達(dá)芬奇機(jī)器人手術(shù)系統(tǒng)在非小細(xì)胞肺癌領(lǐng)域的發(fā)展前景進(jìn)行展望。
關(guān)鍵詞 非小細(xì)胞肺癌;機(jī)器人輔助胸腔鏡手術(shù);電視胸腔鏡手術(shù);成本效益
中圖分類(lèi)號(hào) R608 R734.2 文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼 A 文章編號(hào) 2096-7721(2025)01-0149-06
Cost-effectiveness analysis of Da Vinci robot-assisted surgery for non-small cell lung cancer
WANG Shumin1, LI Fei2, CHU Heng2, ZHANG Zhe2
(1.School of Clinical Medicine, Shandong Second Medical University, Weifang 261053, China; 2.Department of Thoracic Surgery, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao 266071, China)
Abstract With the continuous development and popularization of minimally invasive surgery, surgical robots are widely used in the surgical field, relying on their sophisticated mechanical control systems, high-definition imaging, and flexible robotic arms. Robot-assisted surgery is superior to thoracoscopic surgery in terms of lymph node dissection, improvement of perioperative indices, and reduction of postoperative complications, but it is more costly. However, for complex pulmonary surgeries, robot-assisted surgery can meet the needs of patients and achieve higher cost-effectiveness by shortening the length of hospital stay, reducing the incidence of postoperative complications, and decreasing postoperative hospitalization costs. This paper describes the current application status of robot-assisted thoracoscopic surgery in patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), discusses its cost-effectiveness, and foresees the development of the Da Vinci robotic surgical system in the field of NSCLC.
Key words Non-small Cell Lung Cancer; Robot-assisted Thoracoscopic Surgery; Video-assisted Thoracic Surgery;
Cost-effectiveness
20世紀(jì)80年代隨著腔鏡技術(shù)的進(jìn)步,外科手術(shù)逐步進(jìn)入了微創(chuàng)手術(shù)(Minimally Invasive Surgery,MIS)時(shí)代。然而,由于腔鏡及其手術(shù)器械的限制,臨床開(kāi)展復(fù)雜外科手術(shù)時(shí)困難重重。為了克服腔鏡技術(shù)的不足,Intuitive Surgical公司于1997年成功研制了達(dá)芬奇機(jī)器人手術(shù)系統(tǒng),該手術(shù)機(jī)器人于2000年7月獲得FDA批準(zhǔn),并開(kāi)始應(yīng)用于臨床實(shí)踐。此后,達(dá)芬奇機(jī)器人手術(shù)系統(tǒng)在世界范圍內(nèi)的臨床實(shí)踐中得到了廣泛的應(yīng)用。2002 年,Melfi F M等人[1]首先報(bào)道了在肺葉手術(shù)中使用達(dá)芬奇手術(shù)機(jī)器人,而我國(guó)第一例達(dá)芬奇機(jī)器人輔助胸腔鏡手術(shù)(Robot-assisted Thoracic Surgery,RATS)于 2009 年在上海市胸科醫(yī)院順利完成[2]。雖然已有一些研究表明RATS與電視胸腔鏡外科手術(shù)(Video-assisted Thoracic Surgery,VATS)相比,其在淋巴結(jié)清掃效果、術(shù)中出血量、術(shù)后并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率以及住院時(shí)間等方面都有一定的優(yōu)勢(shì)[3-7],但對(duì)RATS成本效益的研究相對(duì)較少。本文通過(guò)介紹達(dá)芬奇手術(shù)機(jī)器人,分析了其手術(shù)系統(tǒng)在治療非小細(xì)胞肺癌(Non-small Cell Lung Cancer,NSCLC)的應(yīng)用現(xiàn)狀及發(fā)展前景。
1 達(dá)芬奇機(jī)器人手術(shù)系統(tǒng)的技術(shù)基礎(chǔ)
目前國(guó)內(nèi)最先進(jìn)的機(jī)器人手術(shù)系統(tǒng)是第四代達(dá)芬奇機(jī)器人手術(shù)系統(tǒng),其主要技術(shù)優(yōu)勢(shì)在于:①三維高清立體成像技術(shù)使得醫(yī)生可以通過(guò)視頻獲得與人眼一致的立體空間感,縮短了手術(shù)時(shí)間,降低了手術(shù)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)[8-9]。新的三維成像技術(shù)已成為規(guī)劃和進(jìn)行機(jī)器人輔助肺段切除術(shù)的重要組成部分,尤其適用于不斷發(fā)展的機(jī)器人輔助平臺(tái)[10]。②EndoWrist技術(shù)和按比例縮小外科醫(yī)生動(dòng)作減量系統(tǒng),使得醫(yī)生的術(shù)中操作像開(kāi)放手術(shù)一樣靈活自如。機(jī)器人的濾震除顫功能更是提高了手術(shù)的靈活性、穩(wěn)定性和精確性,使醫(yī)生在有限的操作空間內(nèi)完成各種難度較大的手術(shù)[11]。③主刀醫(yī)生可以坐在機(jī)器人手術(shù)操作臺(tái)前,獨(dú)立完成一個(gè)外科團(tuán)隊(duì)的手術(shù)操作,特別是在長(zhǎng)時(shí)間的復(fù)雜手術(shù)中可以減輕術(shù)者疲勞。
然而,達(dá)芬奇手術(shù)機(jī)器人的成本較高,術(shù)中缺乏觸覺(jué)反饋,且外科醫(yī)生學(xué)習(xí)曲線(xiàn)較長(zhǎng)[12]。手術(shù)過(guò)程中缺失觸覺(jué)反饋會(huì)影響手術(shù)的安全及準(zhǔn)確性,醫(yī)生的專(zhuān)業(yè)知識(shí)和經(jīng)驗(yàn)可能會(huì)克服部分缺乏觸覺(jué)反饋帶來(lái)的影響,但仍然不能完全避免誤傷器官、撕裂組織等風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。為解決這一問(wèn)題,Abiri A等人[13]專(zhuān)門(mén)設(shè)計(jì)了一個(gè)緊密模仿自然觸覺(jué)的多模態(tài)氣動(dòng)反饋系統(tǒng),幫助術(shù)者實(shí)現(xiàn)更接近人手的平均握力。
2 達(dá)芬奇機(jī)器人手術(shù)系統(tǒng)在NSCLC手術(shù)中的應(yīng)用
2.1手術(shù)適應(yīng)證 RATS的肺癌手術(shù)適應(yīng)證與VATS類(lèi)似,肺癌的分期決定了手術(shù)方式、切除范圍和淋巴結(jié)清掃等,除心、肝、肺、腎等重要臟器不能耐受手術(shù)、胸膜廣泛轉(zhuǎn)移以及臟器遠(yuǎn)處轉(zhuǎn)移者外,RATS可做到與VATS一樣的切除效果[14]。目前,國(guó)內(nèi)外開(kāi)展的RAST治療肺癌的主要術(shù)式有機(jī)器人輔助肺葉切除術(shù)、機(jī)器人輔助肺段切除術(shù)、機(jī)器人輔助肺楔形切除術(shù)及機(jī)器人輔助肺袖式切除術(shù)等[14-16]。在成本方面RATS高于VATS,不建議將RATS用于非解剖性肺切除手術(shù),如肺楔形切除手術(shù)[17],但其在復(fù)雜肺部手術(shù),如肺段切除術(shù)和肺袖式切除術(shù)中具有更佳的臨床療效[5,18-19]。還有一些研究發(fā)現(xiàn),RATS對(duì)結(jié)核病、肺曲霉菌球、炎癥性腫瘤和感染后支氣管擴(kuò)張癥等良性疾病進(jìn)行復(fù)雜切除的安全性較VATS更高[7]。
2024年的一項(xiàng)Meta分析共納入18篇文獻(xiàn),總計(jì)21 802例行RATS / VATS肺葉切除或肺段切除術(shù)的患者[20],結(jié)果表明RATS在治療早期NSCLC的優(yōu)勢(shì)明顯。此外,還有一些研究表明了RATS在治療局部晚期NSCLC中的安全性[21-22],
特別對(duì)于局部晚期行袖狀切除術(shù)的肺癌患者來(lái)說(shuō),在遵循手術(shù)安全性和實(shí)現(xiàn)腫瘤R0切除的原則下可優(yōu)先選擇RATS[5]。
2.2治療效果 手術(shù)機(jī)器人在胸外科臨床應(yīng)用中的安全性及可行性已得到廣泛證實(shí),但其與胸腔鏡的相對(duì)優(yōu)勢(shì)有待進(jìn)一步探討。2022年ZHOU J C
等人[3]研究對(duì)比了RATS與VATS的術(shù)后療效,結(jié)果表明與VATS相比,RATS的手術(shù)時(shí)間更短
[(125.61±35.79) min Vs (139.44±33.28) min,
Plt;0.05],術(shù)中失血量更少[(88.65±35.17) mL Vs(103.45±28.94) mL,Plt;0.05],淋巴結(jié)清掃個(gè)數(shù)更多[(8.95±1.77)個(gè)Vs(7.23±1.23)個(gè),
Plt;0.05],同時(shí)RATS組的中轉(zhuǎn)開(kāi)胸手術(shù)(Open
Thoracotomy,OT)率(2.32% Vs 6.89%,Plt;0.05)、
術(shù)后引流量[(1.17±1.05) mL Vs (1.89±1.84) mL,
Plt;0.05]、術(shù)后引流時(shí)間[(4.01±1.02) d Vs (4.97±
1.56)d,Plt;0.05]、住院時(shí)間[(6.15±1.21) d Vs(7.25±
2.36)d,Plt;0.05]、術(shù)后并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率(1.16% Vs 4.59%,Plt;0.05)更低。一項(xiàng)回顧性研究證實(shí)[23],RATS術(shù)后嚴(yán)重并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率(3.40% Vs 8.10%,P=0.001)、肺部感染率(5.60% Vs 9.40%,P=0.021)、持續(xù)性肺漏氣率(8.50% Vs 12.50%,P=0.033)要顯著優(yōu)于VATS,提高了患者對(duì)手術(shù)效果的滿(mǎn)意度。Kent M S等人[24]收集了2013—2019年21家醫(yī)院接受RATS的臨床ⅠA~ⅢA期肺癌患者的回顧性數(shù)據(jù),該數(shù)據(jù)排除了新輔助治療的病例,結(jié)果表明RATS與VATS的術(shù)后并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率和院內(nèi)死亡率無(wú)明顯差異,但RATS的中轉(zhuǎn)OT率較低,住院時(shí)間更短,術(shù)后輸血率較低。
近期一項(xiàng)Meta分析共納入50項(xiàng)研究,總計(jì)4 047 135例患者,研究發(fā)現(xiàn)[25]RATS組的無(wú)進(jìn)展生存期(Progression-free Survival,PFS)比VATS組長(zhǎng)[HR=0.76,95% CI(0.59~0.97),P=
0.03]。另一項(xiàng)研究顯示[26],對(duì)于35歲或以下的NSCLC患者,RATS組取得了與VATS組相當(dāng)?shù)腜FS和總體生存率。Shahin G M M 等人[27]回顧性分析2015年1月—2020年1月接受RATS的ⅡB~I(xiàn)VA期NSCLC患者的臨床資料,在排除不可預(yù)見(jiàn)的N2組淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移患者后,結(jié)果表明RATS治療晚期NSCLC的安全性良好,為侵襲性更強(qiáng)、體積更大的腫瘤患者提供了新的
手術(shù)方案。
2.3成本分析 多項(xiàng)研究報(bào)告顯示,RATS比VATS的手術(shù)成本更高[12,28-30],主要原因是RATS
的設(shè)備采購(gòu)及臨床使用費(fèi)用較高,并且需定期維護(hù)和保養(yǎng)。2019年Feldstein J等人[6]基于美國(guó)14家醫(yī)院的數(shù)據(jù)和約6000例達(dá)芬奇機(jī)器人輔助手術(shù)病例進(jìn)行分析,發(fā)現(xiàn)達(dá)芬奇手術(shù)機(jī)器人的固定成本包括采購(gòu)成本、運(yùn)營(yíng)成本及可變成本(包括手術(shù)機(jī)器人用品、非機(jī)器人輔助手術(shù)用品、手術(shù)時(shí)間和人工等),其中手術(shù)機(jī)器人的固定成本是根據(jù)當(dāng)前使用達(dá)芬奇機(jī)器人手術(shù)系統(tǒng)的標(biāo)價(jià)確定的,平均銷(xiāo)售價(jià)格為147萬(wàn)
美元,年平均服務(wù)合同成本為15.40萬(wàn)美元。
關(guān)于RATS的住院費(fèi)用,SUN T Y 等人[31]對(duì)比RATS與VATS肺葉切除術(shù),正如預(yù)測(cè)的那樣,RATS組的住院總費(fèi)用較高(16 728.35美元Vs
10 713.47美元,Plt;0.001)。Wei B等人[28]的研究顯示每例RATS患者的總住院費(fèi)用比VATS患者多3000~5000美元。此外,Swanson S J等人[29]也指出,RATS的費(fèi)用大約比VATS高了15%。Paul S
等人[30]比較了2008—2011年2478例RATS和
37 595例VATS的手術(shù)成本,分析發(fā)現(xiàn)RATS產(chǎn)生的額外成本主要來(lái)自于其專(zhuān)用器械的使用。此外,Kenawy D M等人[32]通過(guò)對(duì)手術(shù)室工作人員的術(shù)后調(diào)查,記錄了71次手術(shù)時(shí)間延誤,平均增加直接成本(225.52±350.18)美元,占總住院費(fèi)用的1.60%(0 .00%~10.60%)。
Le Gac C等人[33]對(duì)一位外科醫(yī)生在5年內(nèi)進(jìn)行的RATS術(shù)進(jìn)行了回顧性研究,結(jié)果顯示缺乏RATS經(jīng)驗(yàn)的外科醫(yī)生可能會(huì)產(chǎn)生更高的手術(shù)費(fèi)用,這主要與消耗的醫(yī)療物品和手術(shù)時(shí)間有關(guān)。本團(tuán)隊(duì)認(rèn)為學(xué)習(xí)胸外科機(jī)器人輔助手術(shù)的醫(yī)師應(yīng)具備熟練的胸腔鏡手術(shù)技巧,但Gómez-Hernández M T等人[34]對(duì)同一位主刀醫(yī)生的手術(shù)記錄進(jìn)行了回顧性研究,結(jié)果顯示以往的胸腔鏡手術(shù)經(jīng)驗(yàn)在達(dá)芬奇機(jī)器人手術(shù)學(xué)習(xí)中并無(wú)明顯幫助。因此,學(xué)習(xí)曲線(xiàn)是影響手術(shù)成本的一個(gè)重要因素。
2.4成本效益分析 眾所周知,醫(yī)療費(fèi)用會(huì)因國(guó)家、地域和醫(yī)保政策的不同而有所區(qū)別,RATS的成本效益也有所差異。
Novellis P等人[35]回顧性評(píng)估了103例連續(xù)接受肺葉切除術(shù)或節(jié)段切除術(shù)的臨床I期或Ⅱ期NSCLC患者,其中RATS、VATS和OT術(shù)式的成本分別占衛(wèi)生服務(wù)報(bào)銷(xiāo)的82%、68%和69%。Kajiwara N等人[36]討論了在日本國(guó)民健康保險(xiǎn)制度下建立RATS的醫(yī)療費(fèi)用制度的成本效益,目前機(jī)器人輔助腹腔鏡前列腺切除術(shù)和機(jī)器人輔助腎部分切除術(shù)可根據(jù)內(nèi)鏡手術(shù)使用的設(shè)備類(lèi)別獲得的保險(xiǎn)報(bào)銷(xiāo)金額分別為5420美元和3485美元,如果對(duì)RATS 應(yīng)用相同的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)衡量,某些醫(yī)院每年需至少完成 150~300例RATS術(shù)才能防止虧損。
Heiden B T等人[37]從醫(yī)療保健和社會(huì)角度兩方面比較了1年內(nèi)RATS和VATS的成本效益。從醫(yī)療保健的角度來(lái)看,RATS的支付意愿
(Willingness to Pay,WTP)閾值為180 000.00美元/
質(zhì)量調(diào)整生命年(Quality Adjusted Life Year,QALY),每例RATS比VATS貴了約394.97美元,增量成本效益比為180 755.10美元,RATS的成本效益不高。但從社會(huì)角度來(lái)看,RATS在15萬(wàn)美元的WTP閾值下具有成本效益。該研究表明,在手術(shù)機(jī)器人成本、住院時(shí)間、并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率、死亡率、中轉(zhuǎn)開(kāi)胸率和生活質(zhì)量結(jié)局有所改善的情況下,即使WTP閾值較低,RATS仍具有成本效益。
在英國(guó),Lim E等人[38]對(duì)在9家醫(yī)院接受RATS和OT的患者進(jìn)行了為期1年的術(shù)后隨訪(fǎng),發(fā)現(xiàn)RATS組的術(shù)后1年生活質(zhì)量?jī)?yōu)于OT組,在2萬(wàn)英鎊 / QALY的WTP閾值下,RATS具有成本效益的概率為100%。此外,Patel Y S
等人[39]也證實(shí)了RATS 在早期隨訪(fǎng)內(nèi)具有成本效益。CHEN D等人[23]從中國(guó)醫(yī)療支付的角度評(píng)估RATS相對(duì)于OT和VATS在可手術(shù)的NSCLC患者中的成本效益,該研究結(jié)果顯示,與OT、VATS相比,RATS在每QALY 30 000美元的預(yù)設(shè)WTP閾值下,RATS的成本效益概率分別為64%和21%。從中國(guó)醫(yī)療支付方的角度來(lái)看,與OT相比,RATS對(duì)于可手術(shù)的NSCLC患者具有成本效益,但是RATS的成本效益低于VATS。
3 討論
提高RATS成本效益的關(guān)鍵在于降低RATS的手術(shù)成本。有學(xué)者提出了降低機(jī)器人輔助手術(shù)成本的建議,他們認(rèn)為供應(yīng)鏈的管理優(yōu)化可以提高工作效率,降低器械的故障率,從而降低機(jī)器人輔助手術(shù)的成本[36]。Sanchez A等人[40]通過(guò)優(yōu)化機(jī)器人手術(shù)室流程,特別是優(yōu)化手術(shù)器械,使胸腔鏡器械數(shù)量的使用減少87%,每年將節(jié)省約六位數(shù)的費(fèi)用。此外,E H等人[41]的研究證明了在RATS中用VATS吻合器代替機(jī)器人吻合器的安全性及可行性,特別是對(duì)于早期NSCLC患者,這種手術(shù)方式大大降低了手術(shù)成本。此外,其他手術(shù)機(jī)器人也逐步進(jìn)入了市場(chǎng)[42],將來(lái)可能會(huì)成為達(dá)芬奇手術(shù)機(jī)器人的補(bǔ)充甚至替代,達(dá)芬奇手術(shù)機(jī)器人的成本有望下降。
LI J T等人[43]回顧性分析了2013年5月—2016年4月由同一手術(shù)團(tuán)隊(duì)完成的1075例(RATS組237例,VATS組838例)I期NSCLC患者的臨床資料,排除前20例早期RATS,分析發(fā)現(xiàn),與VATS相比,RATS手術(shù)時(shí)間較短,引流量和失血量更少,淋巴結(jié)的清掃數(shù)和站數(shù)更多,引流管留置時(shí)間和術(shù)后住院時(shí)間更短。雖然RATS的學(xué)習(xí)曲線(xiàn)較長(zhǎng),但術(shù)者熟練掌握RATS技巧后,可縮短患者的手術(shù)時(shí)間和住院時(shí)間,減少住院費(fèi)用,并實(shí)現(xiàn)了成本效益的增加。
還有學(xué)者指出[44-47],雖然RATS的住院費(fèi)用較高,但某些患者約一半的住院費(fèi)用是在術(shù)后產(chǎn)生的,特別是術(shù)后并發(fā)癥的發(fā)生降低了RATS的成本效益。韓志偉等人[48]探討了加速康復(fù)外科理念(Enhanced Recovery after Surgery,ERAS)
在達(dá)芬奇機(jī)器人輔助食管癌手術(shù)中的應(yīng)用。研究結(jié)果顯示,ERAS組術(shù)后肺部感染發(fā)生率、手術(shù)時(shí)間、住院時(shí)間以及住院費(fèi)用均低于或短于常規(guī)組,ERAS降低了術(shù)后相關(guān)并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率,有效縮短住院時(shí)間,節(jié)省住院費(fèi)用,減輕患者與社會(huì)的經(jīng)濟(jì)負(fù)擔(dān)。如果外科醫(yī)生能夠結(jié)合RATS的技術(shù)優(yōu)勢(shì)及ERAS的理念,熟練操作RATS,縮短手術(shù)時(shí)間,降低手術(shù)成本,減少常見(jiàn)但治療費(fèi)用較高的并發(fā)癥的發(fā)生率,那么RATS將會(huì)有顯著的成本效益。
4 小結(jié)與展望
RATS應(yīng)選擇合適的適應(yīng)證,制定最佳手術(shù)方案以及優(yōu)化術(shù)后管理,盡可能發(fā)揮RATS治療NSCLC 的優(yōu)勢(shì),從而實(shí)現(xiàn)成本效益的進(jìn)一步
提升[23,34-35,49]。
達(dá)芬奇機(jī)器人手術(shù)系統(tǒng)是集醫(yī)學(xué)、材料學(xué)、數(shù)字圖像處理學(xué)、生物力學(xué)等多學(xué)科為一體的新型醫(yī)療器械,其新技術(shù)代表了目前MIS的最新發(fā)展趨勢(shì)。此外,新的科學(xué)技術(shù)推動(dòng)了機(jī)器人手術(shù)的發(fā)展,如我國(guó)5G技術(shù)與國(guó)產(chǎn)手術(shù)機(jī)器人進(jìn)行動(dòng)物手術(shù)的成功案例[50]證明了遠(yuǎn)程醫(yī)療手術(shù)的安全性,其能夠彌補(bǔ)偏遠(yuǎn)地區(qū)醫(yī)療水平的不足,對(duì)于對(duì)醫(yī)療資源分配、市場(chǎng)開(kāi)拓均有顯著意義。
雖然我國(guó)手術(shù)機(jī)器人起步較晚,許多產(chǎn)品仍處于研發(fā)、臨床試驗(yàn)階段,但是我國(guó)政府及多家企業(yè)近年來(lái)對(duì)醫(yī)療健康行業(yè)給予了高度重視,正逐步加大對(duì)國(guó)產(chǎn)醫(yī)用手術(shù)機(jī)器人研發(fā)項(xiàng)目的投入[51]。在人才、技術(shù)和資金等通力協(xié)作下,未來(lái)國(guó)產(chǎn)機(jī)器人手術(shù)系統(tǒng)一定會(huì)不斷更新和完善[52],其在胸外科領(lǐng)域也會(huì)得到更廣泛的應(yīng)用和發(fā)展,以真正實(shí)現(xiàn)疾病根治及成本效益的提高。
利益沖突聲明:本文不存在任何利益沖突。
作者貢獻(xiàn)聲明:王樹(shù)民負(fù)責(zé)設(shè)計(jì)論文框架,起草論文;李飛、褚恒負(fù)責(zé)論文修改;張哲負(fù)責(zé)擬定寫(xiě)作思路,指導(dǎo)撰寫(xiě)文章并最后定稿。
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收稿日期:2023-10-07
編輯:魏小艷
基金項(xiàng)目:國(guó)家自然科學(xué)基金(22204152)
Foundation Item: National Natural Science Foundation of China(22204152)
通訊作者:張哲,Email:zhang-elu@163.com
Corresponding Author: ZHANG Zhe, Email: zhang-elu@163.com
引用格式:王樹(shù)民,李飛,褚恒,等.達(dá)芬奇機(jī)器人手術(shù)系統(tǒng)在非小細(xì)胞肺癌手術(shù)中的成本效益分析[J]. 機(jī)器人外科學(xué)雜志(中英文),2025,6(1):149-154.
Citation: WANG S M, LI F, CHU H, et al. Cost-effectiveness analysis of Da Vinci robot-assisted surgery for non-small cell lung cancer [J]. Chinese Journal of Robotic Surgery, 2025, 6(1): 149-154.