Dowries,illegalsince1961,stillcause20deathsadayinIndia.ButBabawayilhashadnodivorcesorviolenceagainstwomensinceitbannedthem.雖然1961年以來(lái)嫁妝在印度就不合法,但每天仍有20人因此喪命。然而自巴巴韋伊爾禁止嫁妝以來(lái),當(dāng)?shù)卦傥窗l(fā)生過(guò)離婚或針對(duì)女性的暴力事件。
Babawayil,inthefoothillsoftheZabarwanmountainsbytheSindRiver,isatypicalvillageinIndian-administeredKashmir.Groupsofmenandwomensitontheirlawns1breakingopengreenhusksofwalnuts,freshlygatheredfromthegianttreesshadingthesleepyhamlet2.Othervillagersarebusyinthepaddyfieldsbringingintheharvest.Harud3,theharvestseason,isusuallybusy.
巴巴韋伊爾位于查巴拉萬(wàn)山麓,靠近信德河,是一個(gè)典型的印控克什米爾村莊。一群群男女坐在自家的草坪上,剝開新摘核桃的綠色外皮,巨大的核桃樹掩映著這個(gè)恬靜的村莊。另一些村民則在稻田里忙著收割水稻。哈魯?shù)?,意思是“豐收的季節(jié)”,人們通常很忙碌。
Mostofthe150householdsmaketheirlivingfromfarmingandweavingpashminashawls.Thevillage,however,isoneoftherareplacesinsouthAsiathathasbanneddowriesandabandonedthecustomofthrowinglavishweddings.
該村150戶人家中,大部分以務(wù)農(nóng)和編織羊絨披肩為生。然而,這個(gè)村莊是南亞為數(shù)不多的禁止嫁妝、摒棄奢華婚禮習(xí)俗的地方之一。
Weddingsinthispartoftheworldareusuallyexpensiveandcancostafamily’slifesavings.Moneyisspentonelaboratemealsservedtohundredsofguests—relatives,friendsandneighbours.
在世界上的這一地區(qū),婚禮通常很昂貴,可能會(huì)耗盡一個(gè)家庭所有的積蓄。錢花在為數(shù)百名賓客——親戚、朋友和鄰居——提供豐盛的餐食上。
Aspartofthedowry,thebride’sfamilygivesgifts—householdappliances,jewellery,cashandsometimesevenacarforthegroom.Often,theweddinghappensonlyafterthedowryisfixed.
作為嫁妝的一部分,新娘的家人會(huì)贈(zèng)送禮物——家用電器、珠寶、現(xiàn)金,有時(shí)甚至?xí)樾吕膳湟惠v汽車。通常,婚禮要等到嫁妝定下之后才會(huì)舉行。
DowrieshavebeenillegalinIndiaforthepastsixdecades,butthecustomisdeeplyentrenched.Anestimated20womenadayaremurderedorkillthemselvesinthecountrybecauseofdowrydemands.Everyyeartherearemorethan8,000“dowrydeaths”.
印度在過(guò)去的60年間一直禁止嫁妝,但這一習(xí)俗根深蒂固。據(jù)估計(jì),該國(guó)每天有20名女性因嫁妝要求而遭謀殺或自殺。每年都有超過(guò)8000起“嫁妝致死”事件。
“Thestoriesreachinghereaboutdowryandexpensiveweddingsweredisturbing,”saidBashirAhmad,imamofthevillagemosque4.“Iwouldalwayswonderhowwewouldbeabletomarryourchildrenwiththesetraditions.”
“流傳到這里的關(guān)于嫁妝和昂貴婚禮的故事令人不安?!痹摯迩逭嫠碌囊连斈堪拖枴ぐ~德說(shuō),“我總是在想,我們?cè)趺茨茏尯⒆觽冏裱@樣的傳統(tǒng)結(jié)婚?!?/p>
Ahmadwasamong20villageelderswhometinthewinterof2004todiscusshowthese“evilcustoms”couldbestopped.Afterdaysofdeliberation,theelderspresentedtheirideastovillagers.
2004年冬季,20位村中長(zhǎng)者聚在一起,討論如何停止這些“陋俗”,艾哈邁德是其中之一。經(jīng)過(guò)數(shù)日商議,這些長(zhǎng)者向村民們提出了他們的想法。
Theyproposedthatthebride’sfamilywouldnotpayanythingtowardsthewedding.Thegroom’sfamilywouldpay900Indianrupees(£9)asmehr—anIslamicobligationthatthegroomhastopaytothebrideintheformofmoneyorpossessionswhentheymarry—and15,000rupees(£150)tothebride’sfamily.Thegroomwouldarrangefor50kgofmeatand40kgofricefortheweddingfeast,andonly40peoplefromthegroom’ssidewereallowedtoattend.
他們提議新娘家庭不為婚禮支付任何費(fèi)用。新郎的家庭則須支付900印度盧比(約9英鎊)作為“梅赫”(一種伊斯蘭教規(guī)定的義務(wù),新郎在結(jié)婚時(shí)要以金錢或財(cái)產(chǎn)的形式支付給新娘),以及向新娘家庭支付1.5萬(wàn)盧比(約150英鎊)。新郎須準(zhǔn)備好50公斤肉和40公斤大米用于婚宴,且僅允許新郎一方40人參加婚宴。
Previously,hundredsofguestscouldsitdowntothewazwan,amulticoursefeastofKashmiricuisine5servedatweddings,anddowriescouldreachhundredsofthousandofrupees.
以前,數(shù)百名賓客可以坐在一起享用“瓦茲萬(wàn)”,這是一種婚禮上由多道菜肴組成的克什米爾美食盛宴,而嫁妝的金額可高達(dá)數(shù)十萬(wàn)盧比。
Villagerswerequicktoacceptthenewrules.Sincethen,therehavebeennoexpensiveweddingsheldinBabawayilandnodowrieshavebeengiven.
村民們迅速接受了這些新規(guī)定。從那時(shí)起,巴巴韋伊爾再?zèng)]有舉行過(guò)昂貴的婚禮,也再?zèng)]有人出嫁妝了。
Lastyear,villagersupdatedtheregulations:thegroom’sfamilynowhastopay50,000rupees(£500)tothebride’sfamily,whichincludes20,000ofmehr,toaccountforinflation.Thereisnoweddingfeast—onlydatesandteacanbeserved—andjustthreepeopleareallowedtoaccompanythegroom.
去年,村民們更新了規(guī)定:考慮到通貨膨脹,新郎家庭現(xiàn)須向新娘家庭支付5萬(wàn)盧比(500英鎊),其中包括2萬(wàn)盧比的“梅赫”。婚禮不設(shè)婚宴,只提供椰棗和茶水,而且只允許三人陪同新郎。
“Iamproudthateveryoneinthevillageisfollowingtheselaws,”saidAhmad,whosetwosonsandtwodaughtershavemarriedinthelastfewyears.
“我很自豪,因?yàn)榇謇锩總€(gè)人都在遵守這些法律?!卑~德說(shuō)。他的兩個(gè)兒子和兩個(gè)女兒也在過(guò)去幾年里成婚。
Thevillagerssaytherehasnotbeenasinglereportedcaseofviolenceorabuseagainstawomansincetheruleswereintroduced,andtherehavebeennodivorces.
村民們表示,自從這些規(guī)定實(shí)施以來(lái),未曾發(fā)生過(guò)一起針對(duì)女性的暴力或虐待事件,也沒(méi)有出現(xiàn)離婚的情況。
Thereisalsopeerpressuretofollowtherules.Ahmadsaysanyonewhodoesnotabidebythemisostracisedinthecommunity.
此外,來(lái)自同齡人的壓力也迫使他們遵守規(guī)則。艾哈邁德表示,任何不遵守規(guī)則的人都會(huì)遭到社區(qū)的排斥。
“Ourinspirationcomesfromourreligion,”saysIqraAltaf,25,apostgraduatestudentwhorecentlygotmarried.
“我們的靈感來(lái)源于我們的宗教?!弊罱鼊偨Y(jié)婚的25歲研究生伊克拉·阿爾塔夫如是說(shuō)道。
“Customslikedowryandlavishweddingsareonlymakingthelifeofwomendifficult,”shesaid.“Itisleadingtocrimesanddiscriminationagainstwomen,evenpeopledonotwanttohaveagirlchildbecauseoftheseissues.Wehavetoendthismenace.”
“像嫁妝和奢華婚禮這樣的習(xí)俗只會(huì)讓女性的生活變得困難?!彼f(shuō),“這導(dǎo)致了針對(duì)女性的犯罪和歧視,人們甚至因?yàn)檫@些問(wèn)題而不想要女兒。我們必須終結(jié)這種陋俗?!?/p>
Altafsayssheaskedherhusbandtospendevenlessontheirweddingthantherulesallowed,tosetanexampletoothers.
阿爾塔夫表示,她要求丈夫在婚禮上的花費(fèi)比規(guī)定的金額更少,以此為他人樹立榜樣。
Villagerssaytheyarehappytoseehowthecommunityhaschangedforthebetter.“Wearecontentthatourdaughterswouldnotfaceanyharassment.Andpeoplewhowouldotherwisespendhugesumsofmoneyonmarriagesareactuallyspendingtheirsavingsonfruitfulthingslikebettereducationfortheirchildren,”saidGhulamNabiShah,65,aretiredgovernmentofficialfromthevillage.
村民們表示,他們很高興看到社區(qū)發(fā)生了積極的變化?!拔覀兒苄牢?,我們的女兒不會(huì)再遭受任何騷擾。那些本來(lái)會(huì)在婚禮上花費(fèi)巨額資金的人,現(xiàn)在實(shí)際上把積蓄花在了更有意義的事情上,比如為孩子提供更好的教育。”65歲的村民吳拉姆·納比·沙阿說(shuō)道,他是一名退休的政府官員。
“Iamtryingtoconvincemyrelativesinothervillagestokeepweddingssimple…IwanttoseeKashmirchangingbeforeIleavethisworld.”
“我正在試圖說(shuō)服其他村莊的親戚把婚禮辦得簡(jiǎn)單……我希望在我離開這個(gè)世界之前,能看到克什米爾有所改變?!?/p>
(譯者單位:浙江大學(xué)外國(guó)語(yǔ)學(xué)院)
1lawn草坪。
2hamlet村莊。"3克什米爾人對(duì)一年中的第三個(gè)季節(jié)(即秋季)的稱呼。
4mosque清真寺。"5cuisine菜肴,美食。