摘" " 要:嵩源一號是青州蜜桃自然實生品種。果實卵圓形,果頂微凸,平均單果質量138 g,最大單果質量264 g;果皮底色淡綠色,80%以上著深紅色,茸毛密度中等;果肉淡綠色,近核處花青苷含量較高,硬溶質,風味脆甜,可溶性固形物含量(w)14.1%,果實去皮硬度8.5 kg·cm-2,離核,耐貯運,室溫放置10 d、冷藏放置1個月風味基本不變?;ㄋN薇型,有花粉,自花結實率高,早期豐產性好。果實發(fā)育期130 d,在濰坊8月中下旬果實成熟,比青州蜜桃早1個月左右??购?、抗旱性強,適宜在山東、河北等北方桃產區(qū)推廣栽植。
關鍵詞:桃;新品種;嵩源一號;晚熟
中圖分類號:S662.1 文獻標志碼:A 文章編號:1009-9980(2024)09-1907-04
Breading of a new late-ripening peach cultivar Songyuan No. 1
GAO Jing1, HAN Xia1, LIU Ying1, LI Tian1, NIE Xiaoshi2, XIAO Long1
(1Weifang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Weifang 261071, Shandong, China; 2Linqu Shengshi Fruit and Vegetable Professinal Cooperative, Linqu 262604, Shandong, China)
Abstract: Songyuan No. 1 was a late-ripening peach cultivar from the natural seedling of Qingzhoumitao, which is a well-known native cultivar in Weifang, as well as one of the six famous peach varieties in China. In 2011, during the investigation of Qingzhoumitao germplasm resources, an early maturing individual tree was discovered by the research group in the Qingzhoumitao base of Shengshi Fruit and Vegetable Professional Cooperative. The single mutant plant produced comparatively big and nearly all red fruits that ripened in mid-to-late August, approximately a month before Qingzhoumitao. Through high-grafting, variety comparison and regional cultivation experiments, the mutation plant showed good fruit quality and stable genetic traits. It was authorized by the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs as a new plant variety in September 2023, and was named Songyuan No. 1, with variety rights code of CNA20201005934. The fruit shape of Songyuan No. 1 is ovate, with a slightly convex fruit top. The suture line of the fruit is medium, and the two halves are relatively symmetrical. The average fruit weight is 138 g, and maximum fruit weight is 264 g. The fruits are difficult to peel off, and the density of hairs is medium. The backgroud color of fruit is light green, and more than 80% is covered by the deep red colour. The flesh is light green with intermediate red pigment, and hard-melting. The fruit firmness is 8.5 kg·cm-2. The soluble solids content is 14.1%, the soluble sugar content is 10.04%, and the titratable acid content is 0.23%. The flesh is crispy and sweet. The core is freestone. The cultivar offers exceptional fruit quality and great storage characteristics, and the flavor remains unchanged for 10 days at room temperature or a month in cold storage. In Weifang, Shandong province, the flowering period of Songyuan No. 1 is in early April and lasts for about one week. The fruit ripening date begins in mid-to-late August, and the fruit development period is about 130 d. The budbreak period of trees is in mid-March, the defoliation period is in late November, and the whole growth period is 260 days approximately. Compared with Qingzhoumitao, its fruit mature period is about a month earlier and the fruit size is larger. The tree vigor is srong with more branches. The leaves are medium in size, lanceolate, and deep green color, with two to four kidney-shaped nectar glands, and the petioles are middle length and thick. The flowers are rose-shape with pollen, and pale pink color, and stamens are higher than pistils. The variety has high self-fruitful ability, excellent early fertility and good flower-forming capacity. The trees begin to bear fruits in the 2nd year after planting, and in the 4th year they come into a higher production. In mountain areas, it is recommended to train the open system with three scaffold limbs, and planting spacing should be 3 m × 4 m. In plain areas, it is suitable for applying Y-shape pruning with the spacing of 2 m × 5 m. After many years of cultivation and observation, the cultivar have shown excellent cold and drought resistance, and has no special diseases and insects or pests. It is suitable for popularization and planting in northern peach-producing areas like Shandong and Hebei.
Key words: Peach; New cultivar; Songyuan No. 1; Late-ripening
青州蜜桃在中國栽培歷史悠久,不僅是國家地理標志產品,還是山東水果“歷史八大名產”、“中國六大傳統(tǒng)名桃”之一。青州蜜桃一直是濰坊地區(qū)的主栽品種,果實色澤濃艷、肉質細膩、清香甘甜、極耐貯運,且成熟期多為9月中旬至11月上旬,正處于桃果淡季,深受消費者喜愛[1],目前僅在青州市青州蜜桃栽培面積已達0.657萬hm2。在2022年中國農產品區(qū)域公用品牌價值評估中,青州蜜桃區(qū)域品牌價值已達20.59億元[2]。
雖然青州蜜桃作為地方名優(yōu)特色水果發(fā)展前景較好,但近年青州蜜桃產業(yè)卻出現(xiàn)了果實品質退化、優(yōu)良品種匱乏、成熟期集中、樹體老化弱化、種植效益低等諸多問題,制約了青州蜜桃產業(yè)的發(fā)展[3-5]。為此,筆者課題組以熟期配套、優(yōu)質耐貯為育種目標,開展了青州蜜桃新品種選育研究,歷時十余年選育出了晚熟桃新品種嵩源一號,該品種果個較大,著色良好,耐貯運,果實成熟期比青州蜜桃早1個月左右,在濰坊地區(qū)8月中下旬成熟,延長了青州蜜桃市場供應期,是優(yōu)質的青州蜜桃更新?lián)Q代品種。
1 選育經過
課題組于2011年在臨朐縣盛世果蔬專業(yè)合作社基地進行青州蜜桃種質資源調查時,發(fā)現(xiàn)一株果實成熟期早的青州蜜桃自然實生單株,隨即進行掛牌標記,加強田間管理,經課題組連續(xù)3 a(年)觀察,發(fā)現(xiàn)其果個較大,外觀漂亮,在濰坊地區(qū)成熟期為8月中下旬,比青州蜜桃早1個月左右。課題組于2014—2018年在臨朐縣盛世果蔬專業(yè)合作社基地進行高接鑒定試驗和品種比較試驗。2016—2021年在臨朐、青州、沂源等地進行多點區(qū)試和早期豐產試驗。試驗結果表明,該優(yōu)系綜合表現(xiàn)優(yōu)良,果實成熟期比青州蜜桃早1個月左右,果個較大,著色良好,耐貯運,早期豐產性好,抗旱性、抗寒性強,且遺傳性狀穩(wěn)定。該品種于2023年9月5日獲得農業(yè)農村部植物新品種權授權,定名為嵩源一號(圖1),品種權號:CNA20201005934。
2 主要性狀
2.1 植物學特征
嵩源一號樹勢健壯,樹姿半開張,萌芽率和成枝力中等。1年生枝陽面紅褐色,背面為綠色,有光澤,平均節(jié)間長度1.4 cm。葉片披針形,葉色深綠色,葉片平均長度13.9 cm,寬度3.1 cm;葉柄長度1.0 cm,蜜腺腎形,2~4枚;葉基近直角,葉尖角度小,葉緣淺鋸齒狀。花薔薇型,單瓣,花瓣5玫,花淺粉色,花藥橘紅色,花粉量多,雄蕊高于雌蕊。
2.2 果實主要經濟性狀
果實卵圓形(表1),果頂微凸,縫合線明顯程度中,成熟度一致,平均單果質量138 g,大果264 g。果皮底色淡綠色,果面著深紅色,果面紅色覆蓋度80%以上,茸毛較短,中等密度。果肉淡綠色,近核處花青苷含量高,汁液多,硬溶質,風味脆甜,可溶性固形物含量(w)14.1%。離核,基本不裂果。果實去皮硬度8.5 kg·cm-2,耐貯運,室溫放置10 d、冷藏放置1個月風味基本不變。
2.3 生長結果習性
嵩源一號易成花,復花芽為主,花芽起始節(jié)位為2~4節(jié),花粉量大,自花結實率高,進入盛果期后各類果枝均能結果。該品種在各區(qū)試點栽培早期豐產性好,2016年春定植,株行距3 m×4 m,三主枝開心樹形,在臨朐嵩山定植第2年(2017年)見果,果實卵圓形,單果質量138 g;第3年(2018年)平均株產33.7 kg,折合每666.7 m2產量1 853.5 kg;第4年(2019年)進入盛果期,平均株產45.8 kg,每666.7 m2產量2 519.0 kg。在青州楊家窩,定植第2年見果,果實卵圓形,單果質量134 g ,第3年平均株產31.8 kg,每666.7 m2產量1 749.0 kg;第4年進入盛果期,平均株產41.9 kg,每666.7 m2產量2 304.5 kg。
2.4 物候期
在山東濰坊地區(qū),嵩源一號正常年份3月中旬葉芽膨大,4月上旬開花,花期持續(xù)1周左右。果實8月中下旬成熟,果實發(fā)育期130 d左右。11月下旬樹體開始大量落葉,全年生育期260 d左右。
2.5 抗逆性及栽培適應性
經多年多點栽培觀察,嵩源一號具有較強的栽培適應性,在濰坊青州、臨朐等山區(qū)栽培表現(xiàn)出良好的抗旱、抗寒能力,在2021年1月濰坊出現(xiàn)強烈降溫和大風天氣,臨朐嵩山約70%青州蜜桃出現(xiàn)一級凍害(少量僵芽,少數(shù)枝條干枯,樹干根莖處出現(xiàn)淺褐色),而嵩源一號根莖處、花芽、枝條等未發(fā)現(xiàn)凍害現(xiàn)象。
3 栽培技術要點
3.1 栽植密度
嵩源一號在平原、丘陵、山區(qū)均可栽植。在山區(qū)丘陵栽培建議株行距3 m×4 m,可采用三主枝開心形樹形;在平原地區(qū)栽培,宜起壟栽培,株行距2 m×5 m,建議采用“Y”字形樹形。
3.2 整形修剪
樹形可選擇“Y”字形、雙栽雙臂、三主枝開心形等通風透光條件較好樹形,修剪以長枝修剪為主。“Y”字形,東西方向留兩大主枝,夾角60°~70°;雙栽雙臂每樹穴東西方向并排斜栽兩株,兩株間夾角60°~70°;三主枝開心形留3大主枝,兩主枝間夾角120°[6]。幼樹修剪以養(yǎng)樹壯根、整形為主,選好主枝,疏除背上直立旺枝、背下枝。盛果期冬季按不同樹形要求修剪,以長枝修剪為主,多留一些中長結果枝;注重夏季修剪,及時疏除背上直立旺長枝、過密新梢等,改善通風透光條件。
3.3 肥水管理
秋施基肥宜早,以施腐熟有機肥為主,每666.7 m2施用量為4~6 t,并配合施入一定量的復合肥或緩釋肥。萌芽期、果實膨大期注意水分供應,封凍前澆透一遍底水,采收前約15 d停止灌水。推薦桃園樹盤覆蓋、行間生草,可采用自然生草或人工種草,人工種草草種可選擇長絨毛野豌豆、二月蘭、紫花苜蓿等[7]。
3.4 病蟲害防治
嵩源一號抗病性較強,多年多點栽培未發(fā)現(xiàn)特殊病蟲害。在山東栽培主要病害有褐腐病、穿孔病、瘡痂病等,主要蟲害有梨小食心蟲、橘小實蠅、蚜蟲、潛葉蛾、綠盲蝽等。值得注意的是,嵩源一號屬于晚熟品種,近年來橘小實蠅危害呈上升趨勢,在栽培時要及時懸掛粘蟲板、性誘劑等進行防控。每666.7 m2可以懸掛3~4個性誘瓶,選擇枝葉茂密或者比較高大樹下距地面約1.5 m處懸掛,每隔3周左右補充1次性誘劑。
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基金項目:濰坊市科學技術發(fā)展計劃項目(2022ZJ1088);濰坊市現(xiàn)代種業(yè)創(chuàng)新團隊項目;山東省果品產業(yè)技術體系(SDAIT-06-18)
作者簡介:高靜,女,副研究員,碩士,主要從事果樹育種和栽培技術研究。Tel:0536-2118594,E-mail:jmgaojing@163.com