[摘要]目的探討腹腔鏡胃腸道腫瘤根治術(shù)中行區(qū)域腦氧飽和度(rSO2)監(jiān)測(cè)對(duì)合并高血壓伴衰弱的老年患者術(shù)后早期認(rèn)知功能、炎癥因子和氧化應(yīng)激的影響。方法選取2022年7月—2023年6月新疆維吾爾自治區(qū)人民醫(yī)院收治的80例擇期全麻下行腹腔鏡胃腸道腫瘤根治術(shù)的合并高血壓伴衰弱的老年患者作為研究對(duì)象,采用隨機(jī)數(shù)字表法分為對(duì)照組和研究組,各40例。對(duì)照組未使用rSO2監(jiān)測(cè),研究組接受rSO2監(jiān)測(cè)。記錄手術(shù)前后簡(jiǎn)易智力狀態(tài)檢查量表(MMSE)和蒙特利爾認(rèn)知評(píng)估量表(MoCA)評(píng)分,評(píng)估術(shù)后認(rèn)知功能障礙(POCD)發(fā)生率。檢測(cè)手術(shù)前后血清中樞神經(jīng)特異蛋白(S100β)、神經(jīng)元特異性烯醇化酶(NSE)、白細(xì)胞介素-6(IL-6)、腫瘤壞死因子-α(TNF-α)、C-反應(yīng)蛋白(CRP)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、丙二醛(MDA)水平。記錄術(shù)中丙泊酚、瑞芬太尼、舒芬太尼的用量及血管活性藥物使用情況。采用數(shù)字模擬評(píng)分法(NRS)對(duì)術(shù)后2 h、4 h、8 h、12 h的疼痛程度進(jìn)行評(píng)估。結(jié)果術(shù)后1天,研究組MMSE與MoCA評(píng)分低于術(shù)前,且低于同期的對(duì)照組,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。研究組術(shù)后1天POCD發(fā)生率低于對(duì)照組(P<0.05)。術(shù)后1天,兩組血清S100β、NSE、IL-6、TNF-α、CRP、MDA水平均高于術(shù)前(P<0.05),且研究組各指標(biāo)均低于對(duì)照組(P<0.05)。術(shù)后1天,兩組SOD水平均低于術(shù)前(P<0.05),且研究組SOD水平高于對(duì)照組(P<0.05)。研究組術(shù)中丙泊酚和瑞芬太尼用量少于對(duì)照組(P<0.05);兩組舒芬太尼用量比較,差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05);研究組血管活性藥物使用率低于對(duì)照組(P<0.05)。兩組術(shù)后各時(shí)間點(diǎn)的NRS評(píng)分比較,差異均無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。結(jié)論腹腔鏡胃腸道腫瘤根治術(shù)監(jiān)測(cè)rSO2變化,實(shí)施目標(biāo)導(dǎo)向管理,對(duì)高血壓伴衰弱的老年患者術(shù)后早期認(rèn)知功能具有保護(hù)作用,可有效減少炎癥因子分泌,降低氧化應(yīng)激反應(yīng),降低POCD發(fā)生風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。
[關(guān)鍵詞]區(qū)域腦氧飽和度監(jiān)測(cè);衰弱;高血壓;胃腸道;腫瘤;認(rèn)知
doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-7593.2024.03.015
The Impact of Regional Cerebral Oxygen Saturation Monitoring on Elderly Patientswith Hypertension and Debilitation Undergoing LaparoscopicRadical Resection of Gastrointestinal Tumors
Wang Yang,Xu Guiping**,Qu Li,Chen Zhe
Department of anesthesiology,People′s Hospital of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region,Xinjiang Clinical Research Center for AnesthesiaManagement,Urumqi830000
**Corresponding author:Xu Guiping,email:xgpsyl@126.com
[Abstract]ObjectiveTo investigate the effects of regional cerebral oxygen saturation(rSO2) monitoring and target-oriented management on early cognitive function,inflammatory factors and oxidative stress in elderly patients with hypertension and asthenia after laparoscopic radical resection of gastrointestinal tumors.MethodsA total of 80 elderly patients with hypertension and asthenia who planned to undergo laparoscopic radical resection of gastrointestinal tumors under elective general anesthesia and were treated in the People′s Hospital of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region from July 2022 to June 2023 were selected as the study objects,they were divided into 2 groups by random number table method,each group had 40 cases.The control group did not use rSO2 monitoring,while the study group received rSO2 monitoring.Before and after surgery,the scores of the mini-mental state examination(MMSE) and the montreal cognitive assessment(MoCA) were recorded to evaluate the incidence of postoperative cognitive dysfunction(POCD).Serum levels of S100β,neuron specific enolase(NSE),interleukin-6(IL-6),tumor necrosis factor-α(TNF-α),C-reactive protein(CRP),superoxide dismutase(SOD) and malondialdehyde(MDA) were measured before and after surgery.The dosage of propofol,remifentanil,sufentanil and vasoactive drugs were recorded during the operation.Numerical rating scale(NRS) was used to evaluate the pain degree of the patients at 2 h,4 h,8 h and 12 h after surgery.ResultsAfter one day of surgery,the study group exhibited significantly lower MMSE and MoCA scores compared to their preoperative scores,as well as lower scores than the control group during the same period(Plt;0.05).Additionally,the incidence of POCD in the study group was significantly lower than that in the control group after one day of surgery(Plt;0.05).Furthermore,postoperative serum levels of S100β,NSE,IL-6,TNF-α,CRP and MDA were higher in both groups compared to preoperative levels(Plt;0.05),but these levels were significantly lower in the study group compared to the control group(Plt;0.05).The SOD levels decreased after one day of surgery in both groups(Plt;0.05),but remained higher in the study group compared to the control group(Plt;0.05).Moreover,intraoperatively,propofol and remifentanil consumption was significantly lower in the study group compared to the control group(Plt;0.05),while there was no significant difference in sufentanil dosage between both groups(Pgt;0.05).The utilization rate of vasoactive drugs was also significantly lower in the study group compared to controls(Plt;0.05).However,there were no significant differences observed between both groups regarding NRS score at each time point after surgery(Pgt;0.05).ConclusionMonitoring changes in rSO2 and implementing goal-directed management during laparoscopic radical resection of gastrointestinal tumors has a protective effect on early postoperative cognitive function in elderly patients with hypertension and frailty,effectively reducing the secretion of inflammatory factors,oxidative stress response,and risk of POCD.
[Key words]Regional cerebral oxygen saturation monitoring;Frailty;Hypertension;Gastrointestinal tract;Tumor;Cognitive
術(shù)后認(rèn)知功能障礙(Postoperative cognitive dysfunction,POCD)是癌癥患者中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)的一個(gè)常見(jiàn)并發(fā)癥,主要表現(xiàn)為思維障礙、注意力不集中、記憶功能減退、人格改變以及邏輯混亂等癥狀,影響患者術(shù)后恢復(fù),延長(zhǎng)住院時(shí)間,增加醫(yī)療費(fèi)用,甚至影響預(yù)后,增加死亡率[1-2]。如今,老年人口增加引起了社會(huì)的廣泛關(guān)注,接受手術(shù)麻醉的老年患者數(shù)量也在逐年增加,由于合并高血壓伴衰弱的老年患者體能下降、機(jī)體多系統(tǒng)累積缺陷導(dǎo)致生理儲(chǔ)備功能減退,手術(shù)和麻醉耐受性低,更易發(fā)生POCD[3-6]。為進(jìn)一步在圍術(shù)期實(shí)施精細(xì)化診療方案和加速患者術(shù)后康復(fù),預(yù)防合并高血壓伴衰弱的老年患者術(shù)后POCD的發(fā)生是目前臨床廣泛關(guān)注和亟待解決的問(wèn)題。通過(guò)術(shù)中區(qū)域腦氧飽和度(Regional cerebral oxygen saturation,rSO2)監(jiān)測(cè)可以降低POCD的發(fā)生率,在改善POCD方面具有一定的臨床研究?jī)r(jià)值[7]。本研究旨在評(píng)價(jià)區(qū)域rSO2目標(biāo)導(dǎo)向管理對(duì)合并高血壓伴衰弱的老年患者行腹腔鏡胃腸道腫瘤根治術(shù)中的應(yīng)用效果,以及對(duì)術(shù)后早期認(rèn)知功能、炎癥因子和氧化應(yīng)激的影響。
1對(duì)象與方法
1.1研究對(duì)象
選取2022年7月—2023年6月新疆維吾爾自治區(qū)人民醫(yī)院收治的80例行腹腔鏡胃腸道腫瘤根治術(shù)的合并高血壓伴衰弱的老年患者作為研究對(duì)象。納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn):(1)年齡≥65歲。(2)體質(zhì)量指數(shù)(Body mass index,BMI)為18.5~30.0 kg/m2。(3)美國(guó)麻醉醫(yī)師協(xié)會(huì)(American Society of Anesthesiologists,ASA)分級(jí)Ⅱ~Ⅲ級(jí)[8]。(4)符合以下診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)之一即判定為高血壓,①在未使用降壓藥物的情況下,非同日3次測(cè)量血壓,收縮壓≥140 mmHg(1 mmHg=0.133 kPa)和(或)舒張壓≥90 mmHg診斷為高血壓;②收縮壓≥140 mmHg且舒張壓<90 mmHg為單純收縮期高血壓;③有明確高血壓病史,目前正在使用降壓藥物,雖然血壓低于140/90 mmHg,也診斷為高血壓。(5)符合衰弱診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn),采用國(guó)際上應(yīng)用最廣泛的Fried衰弱量表,從“體質(zhì)量減輕、疲乏感、握力下降、走路速度減慢和身體活動(dòng)量下降”這5項(xiàng)進(jìn)行評(píng)價(jià),每個(gè)條目評(píng)分0分或1分,總評(píng)分≥3分為衰弱[9]。排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn):(1)精神疾病,神經(jīng)退行性疾病,腦外傷及酗酒史;(2)近期服用精神藥物;(3)嚴(yán)重視聽(tīng)障礙、文盲等。本研究經(jīng)醫(yī)院倫理委員會(huì)批準(zhǔn)(KY2021031901),患者自愿簽署知情同意書(shū)。采用隨機(jī)數(shù)字表法分為對(duì)照組和研究組,各40例,兩組一般情況及術(shù)中情況比較,差異均無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05),見(jiàn)表1。
1.2方法
麻醉前準(zhǔn)備:對(duì)照組接受局部麻醉下橈動(dòng)脈穿刺置管,進(jìn)行平均動(dòng)脈壓、心電圖、體溫、經(jīng)皮血氧飽和度以及腦電雙頻指數(shù)等監(jiān)測(cè)管理;研究組在對(duì)照組監(jiān)測(cè)的基礎(chǔ)上還監(jiān)測(cè)rSO2,患者安靜10 min后,記錄其平均動(dòng)脈壓和rSO2值作為基線(xiàn)參照。
麻醉誘導(dǎo):兩組均使用全靜脈途徑進(jìn)行麻醉誘導(dǎo),咪達(dá)唑侖的使用劑量為0.02 mg/kg,丙泊酚的使用劑量為1.0 mg/kg,舒芬太尼的使用劑量為0.3 μg/kg。在患者意識(shí)完全喪失且睫毛反射消失后,以0.08 mg/kg的劑量注入維庫(kù)溴銨。將氣管導(dǎo)管插入氣管內(nèi),機(jī)械通氣,設(shè)定吸入氧濃度百分比為0.50,潮氣量為6~8 mL/kg,呼吸頻率為12 次/min。隨著情況的變化,動(dòng)態(tài)調(diào)整呼吸參數(shù),以維持呼氣末二氧化碳分壓在35~45 mmHg。同時(shí),氣管插管后在超聲引導(dǎo)下行右側(cè)頸內(nèi)靜脈穿刺置管術(shù)。
麻醉維持:術(shù)中靜脈泵注丙泊酚2~6 mg/(kg·h)、瑞芬太尼0.2 μg/(kg·min),間歇推注1/3誘導(dǎo)劑量維庫(kù)溴銨維持肌松,術(shù)中腦電雙頻指數(shù)維持在40~60,心率維持在50~100次/min,平均動(dòng)脈壓波動(dòng)幅度不超過(guò)基礎(chǔ)值的20%。研究組術(shù)中rSO2<80%基線(xiàn)值時(shí),根據(jù)患者情況適當(dāng)調(diào)整麻醉深度、使用血管活性藥物、調(diào)整呼吸機(jī)參數(shù)、輸血輸液等予以糾正[10]。所有患者在手術(shù)后接受持續(xù)48 h的靜脈自控鎮(zhèn)痛治療,舒芬太尼100 μg+氟比洛芬酯200 mg+0.9% 生理鹽水配成100 mL溶液,背景劑量2 mL/h,每次按壓2 mL,鎖定時(shí)間15 min。
1.3觀(guān)察指標(biāo)
術(shù)前和術(shù)后1天,采用了簡(jiǎn)易智力狀態(tài)檢查量表(Mini-mental state examination,MMSE)和蒙特利爾認(rèn)知評(píng)估量表(Montreal cognitive assessment,MoCA)對(duì)患者的認(rèn)知功能進(jìn)行評(píng)估,兩個(gè)量表總分各為30分,分?jǐn)?shù)越高代表認(rèn)知功能越好。POCD的診斷參考國(guó)際POCD研究小組推薦的,如果復(fù)合z點(diǎn)超過(guò)1.96,則可以認(rèn)為該患者出現(xiàn)了
POCD[11]。在麻醉誘導(dǎo)并進(jìn)行切皮前的操作時(shí)、術(shù)后1天分別留取3 mL內(nèi)頸靜脈血樣,放入抗凝管,放置于常溫下,以3 500 r/min離心10 min,留取上清液于-75 ℃下保存?zhèn)錂z。采用酶聯(lián)免疫吸附法測(cè)定血清中樞神經(jīng)特異蛋白(S100β)、神經(jīng)元特異性烯醇化酶(Neuron specific enolase,NSE)、白細(xì)胞介素-6(Interleukin-6,IL-6)、腫瘤壞死因子-α(Tumor necrosis factor-α,TNF-α)、C-反應(yīng)蛋白(C-reactive protein,CRP)、超氧化物歧化酶(Superoxide dismutase,SOD)、丙二醛(Malondialdehyde,MDA)水平。記錄術(shù)中丙泊酚、瑞芬太尼以及任何血管活性藥物的使用情況。采用數(shù)字模擬評(píng)分法(Numerical rating scale,NRS)對(duì)患者術(shù)后2 h、4 h、8 h、12 h的疼痛程度進(jìn)行評(píng)估,總分0~10分,得分越高提示疼痛程度越高。
1.4統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)方法
采用SPSS25.0統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)軟件進(jìn)行數(shù)據(jù)分析。正態(tài)分布計(jì)量資料用±s表示,兩組間比較采用獨(dú)立樣本t檢驗(yàn),組內(nèi)比較采用配對(duì)t檢驗(yàn)。計(jì)數(shù)資料組間比較采用χ2檢驗(yàn),等級(jí)計(jì)數(shù)資料采用秩和檢驗(yàn)。以P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
2結(jié)果
2.1兩組認(rèn)知功能和POCD發(fā)生率比較
術(shù)前兩組的MMSE與MoCA評(píng)分比較,差異均無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。術(shù)后1天,研究組MMSE與MoCA評(píng)分低于術(shù)前,且低于同期的對(duì)照組,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。研究組術(shù)后1天時(shí)POCD發(fā)生率低于對(duì)照組(P<0.05),見(jiàn)表2。
2.2兩組手術(shù)前后S100β、NSE、炎癥因子及氧化應(yīng)激指標(biāo)比較
術(shù)后1天,兩組血清S100β、NSE、IL-6、TNF-α、CRP、MDA水平均高于術(shù)前,且研究組均低于對(duì)照組,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。術(shù)后1天,兩組SOD水平均低于術(shù)前,且研究組SOD水平高于對(duì)照組,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05),見(jiàn)表3。
2.3兩組術(shù)中麻醉藥和血管活性藥使用情況比較
研究組術(shù)中丙泊酚和瑞芬太尼用量少于對(duì)照組(P<0.05);兩組舒芬太尼用量比較,差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05);研究組血管活性藥物使用率低于對(duì)照組(P<0.05),見(jiàn)表4。
2.4兩組術(shù)后疼痛程度比較
兩組術(shù)后各時(shí)間點(diǎn)的NRS評(píng)分比較,差異均無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05),見(jiàn)表5。
3討論
rSO2作為臨床中實(shí)時(shí)監(jiān)測(cè)腦氧供需平衡的無(wú)創(chuàng)技術(shù),具有連續(xù)、簡(jiǎn)便、靈敏的優(yōu)點(diǎn),可以實(shí)時(shí)采集數(shù)據(jù),及時(shí)發(fā)現(xiàn)大腦氧供需失衡[12]。高血壓病史是POCD的主要危險(xiǎn)因素,衰弱是一種與年齡相關(guān)的機(jī)體多系統(tǒng)累積缺陷導(dǎo)致生理儲(chǔ)備功能減退的狀態(tài),因而高血壓伴衰弱老年患者更容易出現(xiàn)術(shù)后認(rèn)知功能下降。為加速高血壓伴衰弱老年患者術(shù)后康復(fù),臨床上有必要采取有效的應(yīng)對(duì)措施來(lái)防止POCD的發(fā)生。有研究表明POCD的發(fā)病與術(shù)中腦氧代謝異常密切相關(guān),老年外科手術(shù)中已經(jīng)廣泛使用rSO2這項(xiàng)有效手段,可有效降低POCD的發(fā)生率[13-14]。
本研究顯示,對(duì)于合并高血壓伴衰弱的老年患者,腹腔鏡胃腸道腫瘤根治術(shù)中應(yīng)用rSO2監(jiān)測(cè),有利于降低POCD的風(fēng)險(xiǎn),可能與術(shù)中rSO2<80%基線(xiàn)值時(shí)盡早采取的針對(duì)性處理有關(guān),也可能與術(shù)中阿片類(lèi)藥物用量減少有關(guān)[15]。
在各種中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)缺血和缺氧的情況下,S100β和NSE在神經(jīng)元細(xì)胞和神經(jīng)膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞中都具有較高的表達(dá)量。這兩種指標(biāo)能夠準(zhǔn)確衡量神經(jīng)細(xì)胞的損傷程度,并被普遍認(rèn)為是檢測(cè)腦組織損傷的最敏感指標(biāo)。此外,血清中S100β和NSE水平與認(rèn)知能力密切相關(guān),這意味其表達(dá)水平越高,認(rèn)知功能越差,其中S100β是一種參與POCD的生物標(biāo)志物[16-17]。本研究結(jié)果顯示,與術(shù)前比較,兩組術(shù)后1天時(shí)血清S100β和NSE水平升高,且研究組術(shù)后1天的血清S100β和NSE水平低于對(duì)照組,提示通過(guò)持續(xù)監(jiān)測(cè)rSO2可以減輕合并高血壓伴衰弱的老年患者術(shù)后腦組織損傷,發(fā)揮神經(jīng)保護(hù)作用,改善早期術(shù)后認(rèn)知功能。
手術(shù)創(chuàng)傷可對(duì)機(jī)體造成創(chuàng)傷性刺激,誘導(dǎo)大量CRP、IL-6和TNF-α釋放到血液中,進(jìn)而作用于機(jī)體重要器官,易導(dǎo)致全身炎癥反應(yīng)綜合征的發(fā)生,也可進(jìn)一步誘發(fā)或加重POCD的發(fā)生[18]。此外,SOD和MDA水平失衡會(huì)導(dǎo)致氧化應(yīng)激的發(fā)生,大腦中的氧化應(yīng)激會(huì)導(dǎo)致神經(jīng)炎癥的發(fā)生,從而加重腦組織損傷[19]。本研究結(jié)果提示通過(guò)持續(xù)監(jiān)測(cè)rSO2可以減輕合并高血壓伴衰弱的老年患者術(shù)后炎癥因子分泌,降低氧化應(yīng)激反應(yīng)。術(shù)中通過(guò)對(duì)rSO2持續(xù)監(jiān)測(cè)有利于麻醉醫(yī)生及時(shí)有效的對(duì)術(shù)中麻醉管理做出調(diào)整,采取積極的措施進(jìn)行腦保護(hù),減輕腦損傷,有助于改善早期術(shù)后認(rèn)知功能和加速術(shù)后康復(fù),降低POCD發(fā)生率。
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(2023-10-31收稿)