摘要目的:現(xiàn)今伴有睡眠障礙的老年糖尿病腎臟病終末期患者緊急起始腎臟替代治療仍以血液透析優(yōu)先,本研究的目的為探討腹膜透析作為替代選擇的可行性。方法:選取2021年8月至2023年8月間,廈門醫(yī)學院附屬第二醫(yī)院腎內(nèi)科緊急起始透析的老年糖尿病腎臟病終末期患者86例作為研究對象,按照隨機數(shù)字表法隨機分為腹膜透析組和血液透析組,每組43例。對2組間的透析充分性、匹茲堡睡眠質(zhì)量評分、國際不寧腿評定量表及相關(guān)指標進行2個月隨訪比較。結(jié)果:對2組患者進行2個月隨訪,2組匹茲堡睡眠質(zhì)量評分、國際不寧腿評定量表及相關(guān)實驗室指標均較前改善,差異均無統(tǒng)計學意義(均Pgt;005)。結(jié)論:緊急起始腹膜透析療效與血液透析相當,可作為伴有睡眠障礙的老年糖尿病腎臟病終末期患者替代選擇。
關(guān)鍵詞睡眠障礙;糖尿病腎臟病;終末期腎臟病;腹膜透析;血液透析;匹茲堡睡眠質(zhì)量評分;柏林量表;國際不寧腿評定量表
Emergency Initiation of Peritoneal Dialysis in Elderly Diabetic Nephropathy Endstage Patients with Sleep DisordersWANG Jia,YE Jing
(Department of Nephrology,The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen Medical College,Xiamen 361021,China)
AbstractObjective:To investigate the feasibility of peritoneal dialysis(PD) as an alternative to hemodialysis(HD) for urgentstart renal replacement therapy in elderly endstage diabetic kidney disease patients with sleep disorders,where HD is traditionally prioritizedMethods:A total of 86 elderly endstage diabetic kidney disease patients requiring urgentstart dialysis,admitted to the Department of Nephrology,Second Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen Medical College,from August 2021 to August 2023,were enrolledThe patients were randomly assigned to the PD group and the HD group,with 43 cases in each groupThe adequacy of dialysis,Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index(PSQI),International Restless Legs Scale(IRLS),and other related indicators were compared between the two groups over a twomonth followup periodResults:After two months of followup,both groups showed improvements in PSQI,IRLS scores,and related laboratory indicatorsThere were no statistically significant differences between the two groups(Pgt;005)Conclusion:Urgentstart peritoneal dialysis offers comparable efficacy to hemodialysis and can be considered a viable alternative for elderly endstage diabetic kidney disease patients with sleep disorders.
KeywordsSleep disorders; Diabetic nephropathy; Endstage renal disease; Peritoneal dialysis; Hemodialysis; Pittsburgh sleep quality index; Berlin questionnaire; International restless legs scales
中圖分類號:R5871;R33863文獻標識碼:Adoi:10.3969/j.issn.2095-7130.2024.12.024
終末期腎臟?。‥ndstage Renal Disease,ESRD)患者中約300%~684%在首次腎臟替代治療為緊急起始透析[12],其定義為首次透析時不具備自體/移植物動靜脈內(nèi)瘺或腹膜透析(Peritoneal Dialysis,PD)導管。此群體中睡眠障礙發(fā)生率可達540%~778%,不寧腿綜合征、呼吸睡眠暫停綜合征均是重要影響因素[34],且常有更低的血清白蛋白及腎小球濾過率,臨床預后差于計劃透析者[56]。目前,較多老年糖尿病腎臟病終末期患者緊急起始腎臟替代治療仍以血液透析(Hemodialysis,HD)優(yōu)先,本研究的目的為探討PD作為替代選擇的可行性?,F(xiàn)報道如下。
1資料與方法
11一般資料
選取2021年8月至2023年8月間廈門醫(yī)學院附屬第二醫(yī)院腎內(nèi)科緊急起始透析的老年糖尿病腎臟病終末期患者86例作為研究對象,按照隨機數(shù)字表法隨機分為腹膜透析組和血液透析組,每組43例。HD組中男22例,女21例,平均年齡(6679±489)歲,合并高血壓40例;PD組中男26例,女17例,平均年齡(6541±420)歲,合并高血壓38例。一般資料經(jīng)統(tǒng)計學分析,差異無統(tǒng)計學意義(Pgt;005),具有可比性。本研究患者及家屬知情同意,且通過了醫(yī)院倫理審批。
12診斷標準ESRD參考國際腎臟病組織發(fā)布的
《改善全球腎臟病預后》[7]。糖尿病腎臟病診斷標準參考《糖尿病腎臟病診治專家共識》[8]。
13納入標準1)診斷ESRD,就診時有急診透析指征;2)確診糖尿病腎臟病,年齡≥60歲;3)匹茲堡睡眠指數(shù)量表(Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index,PSQI)gt;10分且無法依賴藥物及對癥支持治療能完全緩解癥狀。
14排除標準1)因各原因不具備維持性HD或PD條件者;2)病情危重,需行床旁連續(xù)性腎臟替代治療或不能穩(wěn)定完成緊急透析的患者。
15脫落與剔除標準患者出現(xiàn)死亡、急性心腦血管性疾病、轉(zhuǎn)院等情況。
16透析方法
PD組患者置管后即開始腹膜透析,2周內(nèi)由小劑量間歇性腹膜透析(Intermittent Peritoneal Dialysis,IPD)過度至持續(xù)不臥床腹膜透析(Chronic Ambulatory Peritoneal Dialysis,CAPD),2 000 mL/次,4次/d。HD組患者置管后即開始,2周內(nèi)由誘導透析過度至HD,4 h/d,3次/周。
17觀察指標
共隨訪2個月。隨訪期間收集2組的尿素清除指數(shù)(Kt/V)達標率(PD組以周Kt/V≥17、HD組以Kt/V≥12為達標)、PSQI、國際不寧腿評定量表(International Restless Legs Scales,IRLS)、血鉀、血磷、血鈣及血白蛋白等指標。
18統(tǒng)計學方法
采用SPSS 220統(tǒng)計軟件進行數(shù)據(jù)分析,計量數(shù)據(jù)用均數(shù)±標準差(±s)表示,采用t檢驗;計數(shù)資料用百分率(%)表示,采用χ2檢驗,以Plt;005為差異有統(tǒng)計學意義。
2結(jié)果
2組患者治療前后各指標比較。2組患者治療2個月Kt/V均100%達標,對PSQI、IRSL、血磷、血鈣及血白蛋白進行2個月隨訪比較,2組不同時間點差異均無統(tǒng)計學意義(均Pgt;005),組內(nèi)較入組時均改善,其間無患者退出或死亡。見表1。
3討論
ESRD患者睡眠障礙發(fā)病率與年齡正相關(guān),且糖尿病、高血壓等疾病亦可致發(fā)病率增加[910]。不寧腿綜合征夜間常有肢體不自主活動,ESRD群體中患病率約8%~52%[11],睡眠呼吸暫停則直接導致睡眠中斷,患病率可能超過50%[12],可見此群體中有眾多影響睡眠障礙的負面因素,且進入透析前難以改善。研究顯示,美國約882%的緊急起始透析患者選擇HD方案,通路多為中心靜脈導管(Central Venous Catheter,CVC)。美國、加拿大等國CVC使用率均超80%[1314]。亦有研究指出,緊急起始HD感染發(fā)生率高于PD[1516]。
緊急起始PD定義為新近確診ESRD且14 d內(nèi)需行PD治療[1718]。PD技術(shù)開始應用的年份并不晚于HD[19],PD有技術(shù)簡單、患者自主性更高、改善社會生命質(zhì)量等優(yōu)點,但至今都未作為腎臟替代治療主流方案[2021]。相關(guān)研究發(fā)現(xiàn),緊急起始HD與PD在透析相關(guān)并發(fā)癥、生存率等方面并無差異[22],本研究隨訪期間2組均無因嚴重并發(fā)癥退出或死亡,無短期生存率影響。
ESRD患者透析充分性不足、礦物質(zhì)和骨代謝紊亂、低蛋白血癥等并發(fā)癥均可加重不寧腿綜合征或睡眠呼吸暫停,進而加重睡眠障礙[910],本研究中2組患者隨訪期較入組時PSQI、IRSL均改善,其原因得益于充分透析、鈣磷代謝及白蛋白等指標改善,組間比較差異無統(tǒng)計學意義,證實療效相當。
綜上所述,對伴有睡眠障礙的老年糖尿病腎臟病終末期患者,可考慮選擇PD作為緊急起始腎臟替代治療方案。
利益沖突聲明:無。
參考文獻
[1]BUCK J,BAKER R,CANNABY AM,et al.Why doents known to renal services still undergo urgent dialysis initiation?A crosssectional survey[J].Nephrol Dial Tramplant,2007,22(11):32403245.
[2]LOK C E.Urgent peritoneal dialysis or hemodialysis catheter dialysis[J].Journal of Vascular Access,2016,17(1):5659.
[3]ZHANG J,CHENG W,GONG W,et al.Association between sleep quality and cardiovascular damage in predialysis patients with chronic kidney disease[J].BMC Nephrology,2014,15(1):19.
[4]EZZAT H,MOHAB A.Prevalence of sleep disorders among ESRD patients[J].Renal Failure,2015,37(6):10131019.
[5]MACHOWSKA A,ALSCHER M D,VANGA S R,et al.Dialysis access,infections,and hospitalizations in unplanned dialysis start patients:results from the OPTiONS study[J].International Journal of Artificial Organs,2017,40(2):4859.
[6]MACHOWSKA A,ALSCHER M D,VANGA S R,et al.Offering patients therapy options in unplanned start(OPUONS):implementation of an educational pogrom is feasible and effective[J].BMC Nephrol,2017,18(1):18.
[7]KDIGO CKD Work Group.KDIGO 2012 Clinical Practice Guideline for the Evaluation and Management of Chronic Kidney Disease[J].Kidney Int Suppl,2013,3(1):1150.
[8]北京大學醫(yī)學系糖尿病腎臟病專家共識協(xié)作組.糖尿病腎臟病診治專家共識[J].中華醫(yī)學雜志,2020,100(4):247260.
[9]NEVES P D,GRACIOLLI F G,OLIVEIRA I B,et al.Effect of Mineral and Bone Metabolism on Restless Legs Syndrome in Hemodialysis Patients[J].J Clin Sleep Med,2017,13(1):8994.
[10]ZUBAIR U B,BUTT B.Assessment of Quality of Sleep and its Relationship with Psychiatric Morbidity and SocioDemographic Factors in the Patients of Chronic Renal Disease Undergoing Hemodialysis[J].J Coll Physicians Surg Pak,2017,27(7):427431.
[11]MURTAGH F E,ADDINGTONHALL J,HIGGINSON1 I J,et al.The prevalence of symptoms in endstage renal disease:A systematic review[J].Adv Chronic Kidney Dis,2007,14(1):8299.
[12]PERL J,UNRUH M L,CHAN C T.Sleep disorders in endstage renal disease:Markers of inadequate dialysis?[J].Kidney Int,2006,70(10):16871693.
[13]MOIST L M,LOK C E.Incident Dialysis Access in Patients With EndStage Kidney Disease:What Needs to Be Improved[J].Semin Nephrol,2017,37(2):151158.
[14]GUEST S,GROENHOFF C,PAGANROSARIO Y,et al.Urgent start peritoneal dialysis:report from a U.S.private nephrology practice[J].Adv Peritoneal Dial,2012,28:102105.
[15]JIN H,WEI F,ZHU M,et al.Urgentstart peritonitis dialysis and hemodialysis in ESRD patients:complications and outcomes[J].PLoS ONE,2016,11(11):112.
[16]KOCH M,KOHNLE M,TRAPP R,et al.Comparable outcome of acute unplanned peritoneal dialysis and hemodialysis[J].Nephrol Dial Transplant,2012,27(1):375380.
[17]POVLSEN J V,SCRENSEN A B,IVARSEN P.Unplanned start on peritoneal dialysis right after PD catheter implantation for older people with endstage renal disease[J].Petit Dial Int,2015,35(6):622624.
[18]CRABTREE J H,SHRESTHA B M,CHOW K M,et al.Creating and Maintaining Optimal Peritoneal Dialysis Access in the Adult Patient:2019 Update[J].Perit Dial Int,2019,39(5):414436.
[19]MAHNEMMITH R L,REX L.Urgentstart peritoneal dialysis:what are the problems and their solution[J].Sem Dial,2014,27(3):291294.
[20]DIAS D B,BANIN V,MENDES M L,et al.Peritoneal dialysis can be all option for unplanned chronic dialysis:initial results from a developing country[J].Int UmL Nephrol,2016,48(6):901906.
[21]MADDUX,F(xiàn)RANK,PULLIAM,et al.Urgent Peritoneal Dialysis Starts for ESRD:Initial Multicenter Experiences in the United States[J].Am J Kidney Dial,2016,68(3):499502.
[22]GHOFRANI A,HOSSEIN N,GHAFFARI H,et al.Urgentstart peritoneal dialysis versus other modalities of dialysis:Longterm outcomes[J].Am J Kidney Dis,2015,65(4):A37.