智慧農(nóng)業(yè) Smart Farming

毛鑫鑫 Mao Xinxin

在很多人的認知中，農(nóng)民種田是“面朝黃土背朝天”，但如今，山東省壽光市菜農(nóng)崔江元的種植方式卻令人驚嘆。

For many， farming is viewed as a life of “hardlabor against the backdrop of the yellow earth and therelentless sun.” Yet， in modern times， the image of toilhas transformed dramatically， especially for vegetablefarmers like Cui Jiangyuan from Shouguang City，Shandong Province.

他打開手機軟件，就能看到大棚內(nèi)蔬菜的生長情況；點點手機還能根據(jù)作物特性和季節(jié)變化設(shè)置相應(yīng)參數(shù)，調(diào)節(jié)溫度、澆水施肥、卷簾放風(fēng)等。他感慨：“有了手機這個‘新農(nóng)具’，再也不用跟以前一樣整天‘泡’在大棚里了，在家里喝著茶也可以種菜?，F(xiàn)在，有了‘線上澆水’‘一鍵除蟲’等功能，只聞機器響，不見人奔忙。”有了物聯(lián)網(wǎng)技術(shù)、智能化裝備的助力，眾多像崔江元一樣的菜農(nóng)實現(xiàn)了“云端”種菜、精準(zhǔn)種菜。精細化管理不僅讓蔬菜產(chǎn)量有了大幅提升，品質(zhì)也有了保障，菜農(nóng)們的收益也有所提高。

With just a mobile app， Cui can monitor hisvegetables’ growth in greenhouses from anywhere. Afew taps allow him to adjust environment parameterslike temperature， irrigation， fertilizer application， andventilation， to the needs of his crops and seasonaldemands. He is astonished by the efficiency， musing，“Now， with my smartphone， a potent agriculturaltool， I am no longer ‘confined’ to the fields. I canoversee the vegetables growing while enjoyingtea at home. Functions like ‘remote watering’ and‘a(chǎn)utomated pest control’ have replaced the hard laborwith the hum of machinery.” This leap into “cloudfarming，” powered by the Internet of Things andcutting-edge devices， has led to precise and efficientagriculture for many. It has increased yields， ensuredquality， and boosted farmers’ earnings.

壽光市被譽為“ 中國蔬菜之鄉(xiāng)”， 蔬菜的智能化種植在這里已經(jīng)成為常態(tài)。僅這樣一座城市就建有17.3萬個蔬菜大棚， 年種植蔬菜面積60萬畝， 年產(chǎn)量450萬噸， 產(chǎn)品不僅供給中國市場， 還遠銷海外。

Shouguang， dubbed the “Vegetable Capital ofChina，” has wholeheartedly adopted this intelligentapproach. The city now operates 173，000 vegetablegreenhouses covering 99，000 acres， producing anastounding 4.5 million tons of vegetables annually.These aren’t just feeding China but also gracingdining tables worldwide.

“煙臺蘋果、萊陽梨，濰縣出了蘿卜皮；濟南的地瓜甜如蜜；章丘大蔥、明水米，樂（lào）陵小棗脆又甜，肥城大桃甜得你，甜得你小嘴咂咂的……”這一段順口溜，道出了山東各市農(nóng)產(chǎn)品在中國“各領(lǐng)風(fēng)騷”。山東地處北溫帶季風(fēng)氣候區(qū)，是中國唯一既沿海又沿黃河的省份。這里四季分明，山地、丘陵、平原、洼地、湖泊、海洋地貌兼有，集聚了中國南方、北方、沿海、內(nèi)陸的各種優(yōu)勢，為生產(chǎn)優(yōu)質(zhì)農(nóng)產(chǎn)品提供了有利條件?，F(xiàn)代科技手段又給農(nóng)業(yè)插上了科技的“翅膀”，諸多高科技讓種田變得越來越智慧，使得山東的糧棉油、果菜茶、肉蛋奶、水產(chǎn)品產(chǎn)量均居中國前列。

Shandong is renowned for its agriculturalexcellence， as captured in a local saying that extols theunique flavors of its regional produce： from Yantai’sapples and Laiyang’s pears to Weixian’s radishes， Jinan’ssweet potatoes， Zhangqiu’s scallions， Mingshui’s rice，Laoling’s jujubes， and Feicheng’s peaches. Situated ina temperate monsoon climate zone with both coastalareas and access to the Yellow River， Shandong enjoysdistinct four seasons， varied terrains， and a blend ofclimatic benefits from the north， south， coast， andinland. This geographical advantage， coupled with thefusion of technology， has made farming increasinglysmart and positioned Shandong at the forefront ofChina’s production of grains， cotton， oilseeds， fruits，vegetables， tea， meat， eggs， dairy， and seafood.

這是2022 年的一組數(shù)據(jù)，充分顯示出山東農(nóng)業(yè)的實力：

These 2022 figures vividly demonstrate the strength of Shandong’s agricultural sector：

1/12

全省糧食總產(chǎn)1 108 億斤，占中國糧食產(chǎn)量總值的1/12 ；

The province’s grain production soared to 110.8 billion catties， accounting for one-twelfth ofChina’s total grain output.

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蔬菜總產(chǎn)9 045 萬噸，占中國蔬菜產(chǎn)量總值的1/9 ；

Vegetable production totaled 90.45 million tons， contributing one-ninth to China’s totalvegetable production.

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肉蛋奶總產(chǎn)1 580 萬噸，占中國肉蛋奶產(chǎn)量總值的1/10，穩(wěn)居首位；

Leading the country， its meat， egg， and dairy sectors produced 15.8 million tons， taking up onetenthof China’s production in these categories.

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水果總產(chǎn)3 095 萬噸，占中國水果產(chǎn)量總值的1/10 ；

Fruit yields reached 30.95 million tons， comprising one-tenth of the national fruit output.

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水產(chǎn)品總產(chǎn)882 萬噸，占中國水產(chǎn)品產(chǎn)量總值的1/8 左右；

The aquatic sector produced 8.82 million tons of seafood， around one-eighth of China’s total.

213％農(nóng)產(chǎn)品出口總額達到1 394 億元，占中國農(nóng)產(chǎn)品出口總值的21.3%，連續(xù)24年穩(wěn)居第一。

Agricultural exports were valued at 139.4 billion RMB， representing 21.3% of China’s total andsecuring the top spot for the 24th year in a row.

高品質(zhì)，離不開好品種Quality agriculture thriveson exceptional crop varieties

山東在培育優(yōu)良品種方面投入了巨大的人力、物力和財力，近年研發(fā)了濟麥系列、山農(nóng)系列、煙農(nóng)系列、登海系列等一大批高產(chǎn)穩(wěn)產(chǎn)品種。其中，“濟麥22”連續(xù)九年種植面積中國最大，累計推廣面積三億多畝；“登海玉米”曾連續(xù)七次創(chuàng)中國夏玉米高產(chǎn)紀(jì)錄，兩次創(chuàng)世界夏玉米高產(chǎn)紀(jì)錄；“齊黃34”（大豆品種）畝產(chǎn)353.45 公斤，創(chuàng)中國夏大豆高產(chǎn)紀(jì)錄……

Shandong has invested substantial human resources，materials， and financial resources in developing excellentcrop varieties. In recent years， a range of high-yieldingwheat varieties， including the Jimai series， Shannongseries， Yannong series， and Denghai series， have beensuccessfully developed. Notably， “Jimai 22” has dominatedChina’s wheat cultivation for nine years across more than49.4 million acres. “Denghai maize” has shattered yieldrecords for summer maize in China seven times andtwice internationally. “Qihuang 34，” a soybean breed， hasachieved an unprecedented yield of 2，146 kilograms peracre， a national record for summer soybean production.

高產(chǎn)量，離不開好方法High output relies on effective methods

深耕深松、配方施肥、減壟增地、小麥寬幅精播和“一噴三防”、玉米“一防雙減”等綠色高質(zhì)高效技術(shù)已經(jīng)在山東廣泛使用。同時，全面推行農(nóng)業(yè)機械化，以往農(nóng)民“面朝黃土背朝天”的農(nóng)耕方式被機器取代，小麥、玉米耕種收綜合機械化率分別達99%、96% ；而物聯(lián)網(wǎng)、云計算、衛(wèi)星遙感監(jiān)測、智能環(huán)境控制等技術(shù)手段也已經(jīng)廣泛運用到農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)的各個環(huán)節(jié)。

Shandong has adopted a wide array of eco-friendly， high-yielding， and efficient agricultural practices，including deep plowing， precision fertilization， reduced tillage with larger planting areas， wide-row precisionplanting and other innovative planting and protection strategies for wheat and corn. Meanwhile， the traditionalmanual farming methods have been replaced by complete agricultural mechanization， boasting mechanizationrates of 99% for wheat and 96% for corn. Furthermore， advanced technologies such as the Internet of Things，cloud computing， satellite remote sensing monitoring， and intelligent environmental control have beenintegrated into various aspects of agricultural production.

量大，更要質(zhì)優(yōu)Not just quantity， but moreimportantly， quality

為了讓各種蔬菜瓜果的生產(chǎn)實現(xiàn)“有標(biāo)可依”，山東建設(shè)了1 300 余家省級農(nóng)業(yè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化生產(chǎn)基地。此外，山東還建立了農(nóng)產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量安全追溯平臺，充分實現(xiàn)產(chǎn)品“來源可溯，去向可查，責(zé)任可追”：只要掃描農(nóng)產(chǎn)品的二維碼，就可以找到其生產(chǎn)者、生產(chǎn)地、采摘時間等信息；而28萬個生產(chǎn)經(jīng)營主體的信息在平臺上也都可以輕松找到，守信人會得到獎勵，失信人則會受到懲戒，通過這種方式營造出誠實守信的良好商業(yè)氛圍。

To ensure that the production of vegetables andfruits meets high standards， Shandong has establishedover 1，300 provincial-level standardized agriculturalproduction bases. Moreover， a platform to ensurethe traceability of agricultural products has beenput in place， fully embracing the concept of “safeorigin， real-time tracking， and clear accountability.”Consumers can easily access information aboutproducers， production locations， and harvest timesby scanning the QR codes on agricultural products.Furthermore， the platform lists information of280，000 production and business entities. Thosewho uphold trustworthiness are rewarded， whilethose who violate it face consequences. Through thisinitiative， a culture of honesty and integrity has takenroot in the marketplace.

好品山東，端上餐桌Shandong’s culinary delights：from farm to table

目前，山東已經(jīng)擁有煙臺蘋果、金鄉(xiāng)大蒜等81個知名區(qū)域產(chǎn)品，“龍大”牌低溫肉制品、“魯花”牌花生油等700個知名企業(yè)品牌?！昂闷飞綎|”品牌農(nóng)產(chǎn)品已經(jīng)碩果累累，涵蓋了糧食、蔬菜、果品、畜禽等諸多品類。用魯花花生油炒膠東大白菜，配上德州扒雞，來一碗明水大米飯，飯后泡一壺平陰玫瑰花茶，再來個濰坊水果蘿卜……發(fā)達的互聯(lián)網(wǎng)和便捷的物流，讓山東特色農(nóng)產(chǎn)品走向了全中國人的餐桌。

Shandong now boasts 81 renowned regionalproducts like Yantai apples and Jinxiang garlic，along with 700 food brands， such as “Longda” lowtemperaturemeat products and “Luhua” premiumpeanut oil. The “Remarkable Shandong” label is appliedto grains， vegetables， fruits， and livestock. Just imaginethe sizzle of Jiaodong cabbage stir-fried in Luhua peanutoil. Pair it with Dezhou roasted chicken and a bowl ofMingshui rice， complemented by a pot of Pingyin rosetea. And don’t forget to enjoy Weifang watermelonradishes for dessert. Thanks to a robust online presenceand efficient logistics， Shandong’s agricultural treasuresare now found on dinner tables across China.

供圖/ 張學(xué)成 山東畫報圖片庫