[摘要] 目的
建立預測同期雙側全膝關節(jié)置換術(SBTKA)術后14 d輸血的列線圖模型,為其臨床早期防治和改善預后提供科學依據。
方法 收集2012年1月1日—2017年12月31日于我院行SBTKA的病人862例,其中非輸血組539例,輸血組323例。通過單變量分析和多因素logistic回歸分析確定SBTKA術后14 d輸血風險的獨立危險因素,構建SBTKA術后14 d是否輸血的列線圖預測模型。
結果 SBTKA術后14 d是否輸血的獨立危險因素為年齡、血紅蛋白(Hb)、體質量指數(BMI)和病程。以年齡、Hb、BMI和病程構建的預測模型的受試者工作特征曲線曲線下面積為0.652(95%CI=0.612~0.691)。校準曲線和臨床決策曲線分析結果顯示,模型具有較好的預測價值。
結論 基于年齡、術前Hb、BMI和病程構建的SBTKA術后14 d輸血列線圖模型對及時識別輸血高危人群有一定的指導意義。
[關鍵詞] 關節(jié)成形術,置換,膝;輸血;列線圖
[中圖分類號] R687.42;R457.1
[文獻標志碼] A
[文章編號] 2096-5532(2024)05-0693-04
doi:10.11712/jms.2096-5532.2024.60.148
[網絡出版] https://link.cnki.net/urlid/37.1517.R.20241105.1012.005;2024-11-05 13:48:51
Establishment of a predictive model for blood transfusion within 14 d after simultaneous bilateral total knee arthroplasty
LI Xiang, LU Xiao, SHI Lin, XU Kuishuai, YU Tengbo, ZHANG Yingze
(Department of Sports Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266000, China)
[Abstract]Objective To establish a nomogram model for predicting blood transfusion within 14 d after simultaneous bila-
teral total knee arthroplasty (SBTKA), and to provide a scientific basis for early clinical prevention and improvement of prognosis.
Methods A total of 862 patients who underwent SBTKA in our hospital from January 1, 2012 to December 31, 2017 were enrolled, among whom there were 539 patients in the non-transfusion group and 323 patients in the transfusion group. The univariate analysis and the multivariate logistic regression analysis were used to determine the independent risk factors for blood transfusion risk within 14 d after SBTKA, and these factors were used to establish a nomogram prediction model for blood transfusion within 14 d after SBTKA.
Results Age, hemoglobin (Hb), body mass index (BMI), andcourse of the disease were independent risk factors for blood transfusion within 14 d after SBTKA. The predictive model established based on age, Hb, BMI, and course of the disease had an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of 0.652 (95%CI=0.612-0.691). The calibration curve and the clinical decision curve showed that the model had a good predictive value.
Conclusion The nomogram predictive model for blood transfusion within 14 d after SBTKA is established based on age, preoperative Hb, BMI, and course of the disease and has a certain guiding significance for timely identification of the population at a high risk of blood transfusion.
[Key words] arthroplasty, replacement, knee; blood transfusion; nomograms
膝骨關節(jié)炎是滑膜關節(jié)最常見的退行性病變,約1/3的病人出現雙側膝關節(jié)的癥狀,全膝關節(jié)置換術(TKA)是治療終末期膝骨關節(jié)炎的有效手段,其中約有1/5的病人需要進行雙側全膝關節(jié)置換術(SBTKA)[1]。由于同期SBTKA術中滑膜切除較多、截骨量較大等原因導致術中出血多、術后輸血率高,病人輸血率較單側TKA明顯增加[2-3]。雖然輸血可以提高血紅蛋白(Hb)水平并促進術后恢復,但也可以引起許多并發(fā)癥,如深靜脈血栓形成[4]、手術部位感染[5]和假體周圍關節(jié)感染等[6]。有學者使用列線圖模型預測初次TKA后輸血發(fā)生概率[7]。由于SBTKA術后14 d輸血率明顯增加,
有必要建立預測SBTKA術后14 d輸血風險模型,及早識別高危病人以降低術后并發(fā)癥風險。本研究旨在建立該模型,現將結果報告如下。
1 資料與方法
1.1 研究對象及其分組
選擇2012年1月1日—2017年12月31日于我院行SBTKA病人862例,其中男性150例,女性712例。病人的年齡為(64.18±6.45)歲(33~81歲),體質量指數(BMI)為(27.67±4.25)kg/m2(17.68~55.32 kg/m2)。未輸血組病人539例,輸血組病人323例(在SBTKA后14 d內接受同種異體輸血)。納入標準:①于我院行SBTKA;②無膝關節(jié)感染史;③TKA前1個月內無輸血史;④病例資料完整。排除標準:①行SBTKA的同時行其他手術;②合并惡性腫瘤、創(chuàng)傷性關節(jié)炎、類風濕關節(jié)炎;③合并免疫系統疾?。虎苣δ墚惓?;⑤資料不完整或病人失訪。本研究經我院倫理委員會審查批準,所有病人術前均知情同意并簽署手術知情同意書。
1.2 資料收集
所有資料從本院電子病案系統收集,設計統一規(guī)范的調查表格,包括病人一般資料、生活習慣、體格檢查、既往病史、手術記錄、入院時生理生化檢查結果等內容。本院的輸血適應證為Hblt;70 g/L或Hblt;80 g/L但有貧血癥狀。
1.3 手術操作
本研究中513例病人植入了內側樞軸假體,349例病人植入了后穩(wěn)定膝關節(jié)假體,所有病人常規(guī)使用止血帶,常規(guī)髕骨修整不置換,單側手術完成后,泵入對側止血帶,繼續(xù)對側手術。術后所有病人雙側膝關節(jié)均放置負壓引流管,并于24 h內拔除,術前0.5 h靜脈注射相同劑量的氨甲環(huán)酸預防出血。所有病人術后均使用抗血栓彈性襪聯合相同劑量低分子肝素預防深靜脈血栓,術后48 h內靜脈使用抗生素預防感染,并在專業(yè)治療師的幫助下接受日常康復訓練。
1.4 統計學分析
統計學分析使用SPSS 25.0軟件和R 4.0.4軟件完成。計量資料以±s表示,使用兩獨立樣本t檢驗分析進行組間比較;計數資料以例數表示,使用卡方檢驗進行組間比較。以SBTKA術后14 d是否輸血(是=1,否=0)為因變量,單因素分析中差異有統計學意義的指標為自變量進行多因素logistic回歸分析,篩選出具有統計學意義的指標作為預測因子,繪制SBTKA術后14 d是否輸血列線圖預測模型。應用Bootstrap法對列線圖預測模型重復抽樣1 000次進行內部驗證。通過受試者工作特征(ROC)曲線曲線下面積(AUC)評價模型的區(qū)分能力,校準曲線評估模型的預測概率與實際結果之間的差異,臨床決策曲線(DCA)評價模型的臨床適用度。P<0.05為差異有統計學意義。
2 結 "果
2.1 兩組病人臨床資料的比較
本研究共納入研究對象862例,其中未輸血組539例,輸血組323例,輸血率37.47%。兩組病人的年齡、Hb、病程和體質量指數(BMI)差異有統計學意義(t=2.718~5.829,Plt;0.05)。見表1~3。
2.2 SBTKA術后14 d輸血風險的多因素logistic回歸分析
以是否輸血為因變量,將單因素分析中有統計學意義的指標納入多因素logistic回歸模型中,分析結果顯示,高齡、術前低Hb、低BMI和更長的病程是預測SBTKA術后14 d輸血的獨立危險因素。見表4。
2.3 SBTKA術后14 d輸血風險列線圖預測模型的建立
根據多因素logistic回歸分析結果,采用Bootstrap法重復抽樣1 000次內部驗證構建列線圖模型。見圖1。
2.4 列線圖模型的評價
ROC曲線分析結果顯示,列線圖預測模型的AUC為0.652(95%CI=0.612~0.691),特異度為85.34%,靈敏度為52.01%,準確度為72.85%,陽性預測值為68.02%,具有一定的區(qū)分能力(圖2a)。DCA曲線顯示模型具有較好的臨床有效性(圖2b),提示列線圖模型預測輸血風險時具有較大的應用潛力。校準曲線顯示列線圖預測術后14 d輸血概率與實際概率有良好的一致性(圖2c)。
3 討 "論
SBTKA是終末期雙側膝關節(jié)退行性關節(jié)炎的有效治療手段,但術后14 d大量失血是阻礙病人康復的一大問題。本研究基于術前和術中變量構建術后14 d輸血風險列線圖預測模型,該模型整合了多個預測指標,將帶有刻度的線段繪制在同一平面上并轉化為可視化圖形[8],有利于進行科學方便的預測[9]。本研究SBTKA術后14 d輸血率為37.47%,高于單側TKA的7.24%[7]和4.3%[10]。高齡病人多合并內科疾病,代償能力低下,其失血耐受性較年輕人差,輸血率高[11]。ERBEN等[10]的研究顯示,影響SBTKA術后失血的重要因素是年齡,隨年齡增加,TKA后并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率增高[12-14]。對高齡病人,術前應詳細評估病人基本情況,完善術前檢查檢驗,做好圍手術期血液管理尤為重要。本研究結果顯示,更長的病程是SBTKA病人術后14 d輸血的危險因素之一,可能的解釋是病程越長的病人膝關節(jié)炎程度可能越重,手術時間相對延長,手術創(chuàng)傷增大,出血量增多,增加了術后14 d輸血的概率。本研究還發(fā)現,術前低Hb是SBTKA術后14 d輸血的獨立危險因素,與有關文獻結論相一致[10,15-17]。BMI顯示出影響輸血風險的潛力[10]。BMI較高的病人血容量較高,這些病人術后14 d失血的百分比相對較低[7],這與本研究結論一致。CAO等[17]研究發(fā)現,體質量正常組病人的輸血率高于超重組和肥胖組。然而,OWENS等[11]研究發(fā)現,BMI越高,合并癥發(fā)生率和輸血率越高。
綜上所述,高齡、術前低Hb、低BMI和更長的病程是SBTKA術后14 d輸血風險的獨立危險因素,基于上述4項危險因素構建的列線圖預測模型對及時識別輸血高危人群有一定的指導意義。
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(本文編輯 周曉彬)
[收稿日期]2023-08-18; [修訂日期]2023-12-07
[基金項目]山東省重點研發(fā)計劃(重大科技創(chuàng)新計劃)(2021SFGC0502)
[第一作者]李祥(1995-),男,碩士研究生。
[通信作者]張英澤(1953-),男,中國工程院院士,一級教授,主任醫(yī)師,博士生導師。E-mail:acadyzzhang@126.com。