[摘要] 目的
探討反復(fù)禁錮應(yīng)激對(duì)野生型C57BL6/J小鼠內(nèi)側(cè)前額葉皮質(zhì)(mPFC)錐體神經(jīng)元突觸活動(dòng)的影響。
方法 將12~20周齡雄性小鼠隨機(jī)分為對(duì)照組和禁錮組。禁錮組給予反復(fù)禁錮應(yīng)激刺激,每天1 h,連續(xù)4 d。采用高架十字迷宮實(shí)驗(yàn)評(píng)估小鼠的焦慮樣行為,采用全細(xì)胞膜片鉗技術(shù)記錄小鼠mPFC腦區(qū)錐體神經(jīng)元的興奮性和抑制性突觸后電流。
結(jié)果 禁錮組的小鼠焦慮樣行為明顯增加(t=3.069,Plt;0.01);mPFC腦區(qū)錐體神經(jīng)元微小興奮性突觸后電流的頻率增加(t=4.009,Plt;0.01),微小抑制性突觸后電流的幅度增加(t=2.172,Plt;0.05)。
結(jié)論 反復(fù)禁錮應(yīng)激能夠增強(qiáng)小鼠mPFC腦區(qū)錐體神經(jīng)元的興奮性和抑制性突觸傳遞。這些mPFC腦區(qū)錐體神經(jīng)元突觸傳遞的可塑性改變可能與反復(fù)禁錮應(yīng)激導(dǎo)致的焦慮相關(guān)行為改變密切相關(guān)。
[關(guān)鍵詞] 應(yīng)激,生理學(xué);額葉前皮質(zhì);神經(jīng)元;突觸傳遞;小鼠
[中圖分類號(hào)] R338.2
[文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)志碼] A
[文章編號(hào)] 2096-5532(2024)05-0680-04
doi:10.11712/jms.2096-5532.2024.60.175
[網(wǎng)絡(luò)出版] https://link.cnki.net/urlid/37.1517.R.20241127.0855.004;2024-11-27 15:05:14
Effect of repeated restraint stress on synaptic activity of pyramidal neurons in the medial prefrontal cortex of mice
DU Anqi, LI Nan, WANG Sihan, YAN Zhen, SHEN Ruowu, ZHOU Yu
(Department of Special Medicine, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China)
[Abstract]Objective To investigate the effect of repeated restraint stress on synaptic activity of pyramidal neurons in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) of wild-type C57BL6/J mice.
Methods Male C57BL6/J mice, aged 12-20 weeks, were randomly divided into control group and restraint group, and the mice in the restraint group were given repeated restraint stress, 1 hour per day for 4 consecutive days. The elevated plus maze test was used to evaluate the anxiety-like behaviors of mice, and whole-cell patch clamp technique was used to record the excitatory and inhibitory postsynaptic currents of pyramidal neurons in the mPFC.
Results The mice in the restraint group had a significant increase in anxiety-like behaviors (t=3.069,Plt;0.01), as well as significant increases in the frequency of miniature excitatory postsynaptic currents (t=4.009,Plt;0.01) and the amplitude of miniature inhibitory postsynaptic currentsin pyramidal neurons of the mPFC (t=2.172,Plt;0.05).
Conclusion Repeated restraint stress can enhance the excitatory and inhibitory synaptic transmission in pyramidal neurons of the mPFC, and such plasticity changes in synaptic transmission of pyramidal neurons in the mPFC may be closely associated with the changes in anxiety-related behaviors caused by repeated restraint stress.
[Key words] stress, physiological; prefrontal cortex; neurons; synaptic transmission;mice
焦慮是機(jī)體對(duì)外源性和內(nèi)源性刺激的適應(yīng)性反應(yīng),但長(zhǎng)期或反復(fù)的應(yīng)激刺激可誘發(fā)一系列情感障礙性精神疾病,包括焦慮癥、抑郁癥及創(chuàng)傷后應(yīng)激障礙綜合征等[1-3]。內(nèi)側(cè)前額葉皮質(zhì)(mPFC)是大腦中重要的情感調(diào)控腦區(qū)之一[4-5]。大量研究表明,mPFC與基底外側(cè)杏仁核和腹側(cè)海馬區(qū)之間存在著千絲萬(wàn)縷的投射關(guān)系,這些相互聯(lián)系在調(diào)控動(dòng)物的焦慮行為方面發(fā)揮重要作用[6-8]。目前,焦慮和應(yīng)激誘發(fā)焦慮障礙的具體機(jī)制仍然不清楚[9-11]。有研究發(fā)現(xiàn),興奮性/抑制性神經(jīng)遞質(zhì)系統(tǒng)失衡可能引發(fā)各腦區(qū)之間功能連接異常以及突觸水平的改變,而這些改變?cè)诮箲]障礙的發(fā)生和發(fā)展中起著關(guān)鍵作用[12-14]。本研究通過(guò)反復(fù)禁錮應(yīng)激建立小鼠焦慮模型,并從離體小鼠腦片上記錄mPFC腦區(qū)錐體神經(jīng)元的興奮性和抑制性突觸后電流的變化,以探討焦慮的可能突觸機(jī)制。
1 材料與方法
1.1 實(shí)驗(yàn)動(dòng)物
12~20周齡、體質(zhì)量24~32 g的C57BL6/J雄性小鼠,購(gòu)自北京維通利華實(shí)驗(yàn)動(dòng)物技術(shù)有限公司。小鼠每籠4只飼養(yǎng),可自由飲水和攝食。鼠籠置于濕度為40%~60%、溫度為(21±2) ℃、12 h晝夜循環(huán)光照的動(dòng)物中心。實(shí)驗(yàn)開(kāi)始前,小鼠需要適應(yīng)實(shí)驗(yàn)環(huán)境至少1周。
1.2 試劑及儀器
人工腦脊液(ACSF)、電極內(nèi)液、腦片切片液、腦片恢復(fù)液、犬尿喹啉酸、AP-5、河鲀毒素(TTX)及印防己毒素(Picrotoxin)(Tocris和Sigma公司),體積分?jǐn)?shù)0.95 O2及體積分?jǐn)?shù)0.05 CO2混合氣體(青島德海偉業(yè)科技有限公司),異氟烷(北京科月華誠(chéng)科技有限公司)。玻璃微電極和震動(dòng)切片機(jī)(美國(guó)WPI),禁錮器(河南智科弘潤(rùn)環(huán)??萍加邢薰荆?,膜片鉗放大器(美國(guó)Axon700B),數(shù)模轉(zhuǎn)換器(Molecular Devices,USA),膜片鉗電動(dòng)微操縱儀(美國(guó)Sutter),正置熒光顯微鏡及其成像系統(tǒng)(Olymplus),精密蠕動(dòng)泵(蘇州阿爾法生物實(shí)驗(yàn)器材有限公司)。
1.3 實(shí)驗(yàn)方法
1.3.1 反復(fù)禁錮應(yīng)激模型構(gòu)建 每天禁錮小鼠1 h,
連續(xù)4 d。在禁錮前,先用異氟烷將小鼠輕微麻醉,然后將其放入禁錮器中,以確保其四肢和軀干不能自由活動(dòng)。在放置過(guò)程中,將小鼠保持頭下尾上的姿勢(shì)。隨后,將禁錮器置于與地面成 45° 角的支架上。在禁錮期間,觀察小鼠的生命體征并維持其平穩(wěn)狀態(tài)。行為測(cè)試和電生理記錄在禁錮后7~12 d進(jìn)行。
1.3.2 高架十字迷宮(EPM)實(shí)驗(yàn) EPM是整體距地高度40 cm的四臂呈“十”字相交的迷宮,包含2個(gè)平坦且四周無(wú)遮擋的開(kāi)放臂、2個(gè)有三面包圍的閉合臂和1個(gè)四臂相交的中心區(qū)[15]。在測(cè)試過(guò)程中,先將實(shí)驗(yàn)鼠置于弱光且安靜的環(huán)境中,并從中心區(qū)將其釋放進(jìn)入EPM,隨后的10 min讓小鼠在迷宮中自由探索。同時(shí),利用Noduls EthoVision XT 8.5自動(dòng)分析系統(tǒng)精準(zhǔn)采集實(shí)驗(yàn)鼠在各區(qū)域內(nèi)的停留時(shí)間。
1.3.3 小鼠離體腦片的制備 實(shí)驗(yàn)鼠麻醉后迅速用切片液經(jīng)心臟灌注,快速取腦后置入體積分?jǐn)?shù)0.95 O2及體積分?jǐn)?shù)0.05 CO2飽和的冰冷切片液中。用震動(dòng)切片機(jī)制備厚度為300 μm含有mPFC的冠狀腦切片。將腦片轉(zhuǎn)入盛有恢復(fù)液的孵育缸中,在33 ℃恒溫孵育30 min,然后室溫孵育至少1 h。
1.3.4 mPFC腦片全細(xì)胞膜片鉗記錄 將孵育好的腦片轉(zhuǎn)入膜片鉗記錄槽中,利用蠕動(dòng)泵以2 mL/min的流量灌流氧飽和的ACSF溶液。通過(guò)光鏡定位mPFC腦區(qū),并根據(jù)放電活動(dòng)和細(xì)胞形態(tài)挑選活性較好的錐體神經(jīng)元進(jìn)行記錄。為了分離興奮性和抑制性突觸后電流,將不同類型的阻斷劑加入到ACSF中。在ACSF中添加3 mmol/L Kynurenic acid以記錄抑制性突觸后電流(sIPSCs),隨后,再追加1.0 μmol/L TTX來(lái)記錄微小抑制性突觸后電流(mIPSCs)。而在記錄興奮性突觸后電流(sEPSCs)時(shí)則加入50 μmol/L Picrotoxin和50.0 μmol/L AP-5,在此基礎(chǔ)上再追加1.0 μmol/L TTX記錄微小興奮性突觸后電流(mEPSCs)。記錄電極電阻為 4~6 MΩ,接入電阻為10~30 MΩ。記錄時(shí),如果串聯(lián)電阻或電池電容偏離初始值>20%,則立即停止記錄。數(shù)據(jù)收集使用pClamp10.2軟件,待電流狀態(tài)穩(wěn)定以后開(kāi)始記錄,加藥采樣3~5 min,使用pClampfit10.2(Molecular Devices)取后半段60 s平穩(wěn)階段的數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行分析。
1.4 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)分析
使用IBM SPSS Statistics軟件進(jìn)行數(shù)據(jù)的統(tǒng)計(jì)分析,應(yīng)用Mini Analysis軟件對(duì)突觸電流的幅度及頻率進(jìn)行詳細(xì)分析。計(jì)量數(shù)據(jù)以±s表示,兩組間比較采用成組t檢驗(yàn)。Plt;0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
2 結(jié) "果
2.1 反復(fù)禁錮對(duì)小鼠焦慮樣行為的影響
評(píng)價(jià)實(shí)驗(yàn)鼠焦慮程度的EPM測(cè)試結(jié)果顯示,對(duì)照組和禁錮組小鼠在開(kāi)放臂的活動(dòng)時(shí)間分別為(38.93±20.81)、(13.77±13.10)s(n=6),與對(duì)照組相比較,禁錮組小鼠在EPM開(kāi)放臂的活動(dòng)時(shí)間明顯縮短,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(t=3.069,Plt;0.01)。
2.2 反復(fù)禁錮應(yīng)激對(duì)小鼠mPFC腦區(qū)錐體神經(jīng)元sEPSCs的影響
膜片鉗結(jié)果表示,與對(duì)照組相比較,禁錮組小鼠mPFC腦區(qū)錐體神經(jīng)元mEPSCs頻率增加,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(t=4.009,Plt;0.01),但幅度保持不變(P>0.05);而禁錮組小鼠mPFC腦區(qū)錐體神經(jīng)元sEPSCs的幅度、頻率均無(wú)變化(P>0.05)。見(jiàn)表1。
2.3 反復(fù)禁錮應(yīng)激對(duì)小鼠mPFC腦區(qū)錐體神經(jīng)元sIPSCs的影響
與對(duì)照組相比較,禁錮組小鼠mPFC腦區(qū)錐體神經(jīng)元mIPSCs幅度增加,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(t=2.172,Plt;0.05),但頻率保持不變(P>0.05);而禁錮組小鼠mPFC腦區(qū)錐體神經(jīng)元sIPSCs頻率和幅度均不變(P>0.05)。見(jiàn)表2。
3 討 "論
焦慮障礙在我國(guó)的發(fā)病率極高[16-18],是一種常見(jiàn)的以過(guò)度擔(dān)憂和不安為特征的精神疾患。焦慮障礙的病因尚不完全清楚[19-20]。一般認(rèn)為,焦慮障礙是由生物遺傳、心理和社會(huì)環(huán)境等多方面因素共同作用所致。有研究表明,應(yīng)激性刺激可誘發(fā)焦慮障礙、抑郁癥、精神分裂癥等多種情感障礙性精神疾?。?1-22]。反復(fù)禁錮作為一種經(jīng)典的單一性應(yīng)激源,可以顯著誘發(fā)小鼠的焦慮表型[23-25]。本研究通過(guò)連續(xù)4 d反復(fù)禁錮應(yīng)激刺激構(gòu)建的焦慮小鼠模型已在實(shí)驗(yàn)室被反復(fù)驗(yàn)證,并獲得成功[26]。關(guān)于EPM行為學(xué)數(shù)據(jù)分析,目前大多數(shù)實(shí)驗(yàn)分析軟件以小鼠四只爪全都進(jìn)入某個(gè)臂作為完全進(jìn)臂標(biāo)準(zhǔn),也有以動(dòng)物軀干中心或前爪入臂為進(jìn)臂標(biāo)準(zhǔn)[27-28],這些差異與分析軟件的計(jì)算方式有關(guān)。本研究采用的軟件是以整只小鼠進(jìn)入EPM的某個(gè)臂為標(biāo)準(zhǔn),這比其他分析標(biāo)準(zhǔn)更嚴(yán)格。通過(guò)EPM行為學(xué)實(shí)驗(yàn)檢測(cè)小鼠在反復(fù)禁錮4 d后的焦慮水平,結(jié)果顯示,小鼠在反復(fù)禁錮后焦慮樣行為明顯增加。
以往的研究表明,大腦內(nèi)谷氨酸受體介導(dǎo)的興奮性突觸傳遞和γ-氨基丁酸受體介導(dǎo)的抑制性突觸傳遞共同調(diào)節(jié)焦慮相關(guān)行為[29-30]。研究表明,慢性應(yīng)激通過(guò)調(diào)節(jié)谷氨酸的釋放和重?cái)z取、降低突觸α-氨基-3-羧基-5-甲基異惡唑-4-丙酸受體的可利用性、降低突觸的密度和直徑等來(lái)影響大腦皮質(zhì)的功能[31],從而導(dǎo)致mPFC和海馬突觸的減少與突觸重塑,并破壞焦慮行為神經(jīng)環(huán)路的穩(wěn)定性[29]。然而,本研究發(fā)現(xiàn),反復(fù)禁錮后,小鼠mPFC腦區(qū)中的錐體神經(jīng)元的抑制性和興奮性突觸傳遞都得到了增強(qiáng),表現(xiàn)為mEPSCs頻率和mIPSCs幅度的增加。一般認(rèn)為,頻率的改變可能與突觸前釋放概率和(或)突觸數(shù)目的變化有關(guān)[32],而幅度的改變可能與突觸后膜上的受體數(shù)量密切相關(guān)。在正常情況下,谷氨酸興奮性神經(jīng)遞質(zhì)與γ氨基丁酸抑制性神經(jīng)遞質(zhì)共同維持中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)的穩(wěn)態(tài)[33-35],但在反復(fù)禁錮后興奮性/抑制性突觸傳遞失衡可能與小鼠明顯的焦慮樣行為有關(guān),但具體機(jī)制有待進(jìn)一步研究。
綜上所述,本研究結(jié)果顯示,反復(fù)禁錮應(yīng)激增強(qiáng)了小鼠mPFC腦區(qū)錐體神經(jīng)元的興奮性和抑制性突觸傳遞,這種突觸傳遞的可塑性變化可能是導(dǎo)致小鼠產(chǎn)生焦慮樣行為的關(guān)鍵細(xì)胞機(jī)制。這一發(fā)現(xiàn)有助于闡明焦慮障礙的發(fā)生與應(yīng)激之間的腦機(jī)制關(guān)系,并為相關(guān)精神疾病的精準(zhǔn)治療提供可能的理論指導(dǎo)。
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(本文編輯 牛兆山)
[收稿日期]2022-03-02; [修訂日期]2024-04-20
[基金項(xiàng)目]山東省自然科學(xué)基金重大基礎(chǔ)研究項(xiàng)目(ZR20-19ZD34)
[第一作者]杜安琪(1993-),女,碩士研究生。
[通信作者]周宇(1973-),女,博士,教授,博士生導(dǎo)師。E-mail:
yuzhou7310@163.com。