摘要:N-甲基-D-天冬氨酸(NMDA)受體是一種介導(dǎo)興奮性神經(jīng)遞質(zhì)傳遞的離子型谷氨酸受體。NMDA受體主要由7個(gè)亞基(NR1、NR2A、NR2B、NR2C、NR2D、NR3A、NR3B)組成。疼痛是一種由實(shí)際或潛在的組織損傷導(dǎo)致的不愉快的感覺和情緒體驗(yàn)。NMDA受體NR2B亞基參與大腦皮質(zhì)區(qū)的疼痛信號(hào)傳遞和表達(dá),在中樞敏化、痛覺過敏和突觸的可塑性中有著重要的意義。NR2B亞基在中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)的過度表達(dá)與疼痛的形成密切相關(guān),本文就NMDA受體NR2B亞基在疼痛形成中的作用機(jī)制作一綜述,以期為疼痛的藥物治療帶來新思路。
關(guān)鍵詞:NR2B亞基;NMDA受體;疼痛
中圖分類號(hào):R441.1;R34" " " " " " " " " " " " " " " "文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼:A" " " " " " " " " " " " " " DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1006-1959.2023.07.038
文章編號(hào):1006-1959(2023)07-0184-05
The Mechanism of NMDA Receptor NR2B Subunit in Pain Formation
ZHANG Ru-xin1,GAO Qiang2,ZHENG Xiang-de2
(1.Department of Clinical Medicine,North Sichuan Medical College,Nanchong 637000,Sichuan,China;
2.Department of Intensive Care Medicine,Dazhou Central Hospital,Dazhou 635000,Sichuan,China)
Abstract:The N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor is an ionotropic glutamate receptor that mediates excitatory neurotransmitter transmission. The NMDA receptor is composed of seven main subunits (NR1, NR2A, NR2B, NR2C, NR2D, NR3A, NR3B). Pain is an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience caused by actual or potential tissue damage.T he NMDA receptor NR2B subunit is involved in pain signaling and expression in the cerebral cortex area, which has important significance in central sensitization, hyperalgesia and synaptic plasticity. The overexpression of NR2B subunits in the central nervous system is closely related to the formation of pain, and this article reviews the mechanism of NMDA receptor NR2B subunits in pain formation, in order to bring new ideas for the drug treatment of pain.
Key words:NR2B subunit;NMDA receptor;Pain
谷氨酸是中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)主要的興奮性氨基酸神經(jīng)遞質(zhì),谷氨酸受體(glutamate receptors,GluRs)通過不同的膜受體、離子型受體和代謝型受體發(fā)揮其突觸后效應(yīng)[1],其中離子型受體主要分為α-氨基-3羥基-5甲基-4異惡唑(α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid,AMPA)受體、N-甲基-D-天冬氨酸(N-methyl-D-aspartate,NMDA)受體和海人藻酸(kainic acid,KA)受體。NMDA受體通過激活大腦前扣帶皮層和島狀皮層等一些皮質(zhì)區(qū)的長時(shí)程增強(qiáng)效應(yīng)(long-term potentiation,LTP)和長時(shí)程抑制效應(yīng)來產(chǎn)生和維持疼痛[2]。NMDA受體NR2B亞基參與了中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)的痛覺傳遞和疼痛調(diào)節(jié),NR2B亞基功能和表達(dá)在疼痛的形成中發(fā)揮了關(guān)鍵作用[3]。本文主要對(duì)NMDA受體NR2B亞基在疼痛形成中的作用機(jī)制進(jìn)行綜述,以期為疼痛的藥物治療提供新思路。
1 NMDA受體概述
NMDA受體是一種傳遞興奮性遞質(zhì)的配體門控離子型通道。目前已確定有3種不同的亞基參與NMDA受體的形成,包括:GluN1亞基、4個(gè)不同的GluN2亞基(NR2A、NR2B、NR2C、NR2D)以及2個(gè)GluN3亞基(NR3A、NR3B)。在大腦中,多數(shù)NMDA受體是由2個(gè)GluN1亞基和2個(gè)GluN2亞基和/或2個(gè)GluN3亞基組成的異源四聚體復(fù)合物。在神經(jīng)發(fā)育的過程中,不同NMDA受體通道的生理特性,由不同亞基的組合決定[4]。NMDA受體具有與其他配體門控離子通道相區(qū)別的生理特性:①NMDA受體所含的陽離子通道,對(duì)單價(jià)離子和Ca2+具有高通透性;②通過谷氨酸和甘氨酸(激動(dòng)劑)同時(shí)與GluN1和GluN2亞基結(jié)合而被激活;③在靜息電位下,NMDA受體通道被胞外的Mg2+阻斷[1]。NMDA受體一般在大腦皮層參與突觸間的傳遞。突觸前細(xì)胞釋放的興奮性遞質(zhì)谷氨酸和甘氨酸等激動(dòng)劑與突觸后NMDA受體結(jié)合的同時(shí),突觸后膜以電壓依賴的方式發(fā)生去極化,細(xì)胞外阻斷受體通道的Mg2+被移除,Ca2+通過受體通道進(jìn)入突觸后細(xì)胞,興奮突觸后神經(jīng)元,傳導(dǎo)細(xì)胞信號(hào),參與突觸可塑性調(diào)節(jié)和維持[5]。在人類感覺和認(rèn)知的研究中[5,6],大腦前扣帶皮層、前額葉皮層等皮質(zhì)區(qū)與慢性疼痛、疼痛的調(diào)節(jié)和疼痛相關(guān)的情緒密切相關(guān),突觸后細(xì)胞Ca2+的內(nèi)流是激活LTP和LTD的必要條件,而皮質(zhì)區(qū)的LTP/LTD激活與突觸可塑性和疼痛相關(guān),因此,NMDA受體在突觸的可塑性和疼痛的形成和調(diào)節(jié)中發(fā)揮著重要作用。除此之外,NMDA受體還參與學(xué)習(xí)、長期記憶等重要生理功能[7]。
2 NR2B亞基的結(jié)構(gòu)與分布
NMDA受體亞基主要由4個(gè)半獨(dú)立的結(jié)構(gòu)域組成,即細(xì)胞外N端結(jié)構(gòu)域(N-terminal domain,NTD)、激動(dòng)劑或配體結(jié)合結(jié)構(gòu)域(agonist or ligand-binding domain,ABD)、跨膜結(jié)構(gòu)域(transmembrane domain,TMD)和細(xì)胞內(nèi)C端結(jié)構(gòu)域(C-terminal domain,CTD)組成[8,9]。其中,ABD是由多肽鏈S1和S2組成的腎形雙葉結(jié)構(gòu),包含一個(gè)上葉(D1)和一個(gè)下葉(D2),激動(dòng)劑和配體的結(jié)合位點(diǎn)位于上下葉之間的裂隙[10]。TMD由3個(gè)跨膜螺旋結(jié)構(gòu)域(M1、3、4)和一個(gè)再入環(huán)的孔形結(jié)構(gòu)域(M2)組成,M3結(jié)構(gòu)域參與受體通道的胞外區(qū)域的形成,M2結(jié)構(gòu)域則參與胞內(nèi)區(qū)域。在M2結(jié)構(gòu)域的尖端存在一個(gè)離子滲透的關(guān)鍵位點(diǎn),即QRN位點(diǎn),它對(duì)Ca2+通透性和Mg2+敏感性至關(guān)重要[8,11]。NR2B亞基結(jié)構(gòu)較大,由1484個(gè)氨基酸組成,分子質(zhì)量為170~180 KDa[12],在成人腦組織中主要在前腦區(qū)域表達(dá),特別是在海馬體、大腦皮層和丘腦等區(qū)域。NR2B亞基的分布與表達(dá)于生長發(fā)育有關(guān),在胚胎形成的第17天,NR2B亞基mRNA在大腦皮層、丘腦和脊髓都有高水平的表達(dá),早期NR2B亞基mRNA表達(dá)處于較低水平,隨著胚胎的發(fā)育逐漸豐富。在出生時(shí)前腦的NMDA受體主要由NR1和NR2B亞基組成。胎兒出生后NR2A亞基的表達(dá)逐漸增加,同時(shí)NR2B亞基的表達(dá)一直維持在高水平,直到胎兒出生后的第7天在海馬體達(dá)到峰值,NR2B亞基的表達(dá)在新生兒皮層占主導(dǎo)地位,在海馬體和下丘腦表達(dá)水平較低[4,13]。
3 NR2B亞基在疼痛形成中的作用機(jī)制
國際疼痛協(xié)會(huì)(International Pain Association,IASP)將疼痛定義為一種由實(shí)際或潛在的組織損傷導(dǎo)致的不愉快的感覺和情緒體驗(yàn)。脊髓和大腦中疼痛相關(guān)神經(jīng)元的敏感化是形成疼痛的重要原因,中樞敏化常表現(xiàn)為痛覺過敏,即傳入低強(qiáng)度刺激時(shí)產(chǎn)生疼痛,且疼痛幅度和持續(xù)時(shí)間增加,是一種脊髓背角興奮性增加的狀態(tài)。中樞敏化主要發(fā)生在三叉神經(jīng)尾狀核的次級(jí)神經(jīng)元,NMDA受體及其NR2B亞基在中樞敏化中起到關(guān)鍵作用[1,14-16]。中樞敏化與突觸傳遞效率的增加有關(guān),興奮性突觸傳遞的增強(qiáng),受體通道大量開放,興奮性突觸后電位增加,即為突觸的可塑性增強(qiáng)。NR2B亞基在疼痛的形成的機(jī)制是多種因素相互作用的結(jié)果,以下就NR2B亞基參與中樞敏化、突觸的可塑性的形式具體進(jìn)行綜述。
3.1 NR2B/PSD-95" 突觸后密度蛋白-95(postsynaptic density protein-95,PSD-95)是一種支架蛋白,在神經(jīng)元突觸的形成、分化、重塑和成熟中發(fā)揮著重要作用,它包含3個(gè)PSD-95/Dlg/ZO1(PDZ)結(jié)構(gòu)域。NR2B亞基的C端與PSD-95第2個(gè)PDZ結(jié)構(gòu)域的N端結(jié)合,形成了能介導(dǎo)興奮性信號(hào)傳導(dǎo)的信號(hào)蛋白復(fù)合物PSD-95/NR2B并固定在突觸后膜[17]。PSD-95/NR2B參與和調(diào)節(jié)NMDA受體下游興奮性信號(hào)的傳遞,在中樞敏化與痛覺信號(hào)的傳導(dǎo)過程中起到重要作用。Xu F等[18]采用背根神經(jīng)節(jié)壓迫模型來模擬大鼠的坐骨神經(jīng)痛,使用特異性拮抗劑Myr-NR2B9c阻斷NR2B亞基與PSD-95結(jié)合,使鈣/鈣蛋白依賴性蛋白激酶Ⅱ(CaMKⅡ)和cAMP反映元件結(jié)合蛋白(CREB)信號(hào)通路失活,脊髓中的疼痛相關(guān)蛋白下調(diào)來緩解疼痛。Zhu YB等[19]在Ⅱ型糖尿病神經(jīng)病理性疼痛的大鼠模型中,鞘內(nèi)注射Ro25-6981(NR2B亞基的特異性拮抗劑)或Tat-NR2B9c(一種破壞PSD-95與NR2B亞基相互作用的肽類)可抑制NR2B亞基和蛋白激酶的磷酸化,產(chǎn)生鎮(zhèn)痛作用。
傷害性刺激通過痛覺感受器轉(zhuǎn)化為信號(hào),刺激無髓神經(jīng)纖維(C纖維)傳入中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng),位于脊髓背角的突觸釋放神經(jīng)遞質(zhì)谷氨酸與NMDA受體結(jié)合,導(dǎo)致Ca2+內(nèi)流[20],Ca2+的流入和細(xì)胞內(nèi)Ca2+的過載導(dǎo)致觸發(fā)離子通道附近的神經(jīng)遞質(zhì)一氧化氮合酶(neurotransmitter nitric oxide synthase,nNOS)磷酸化[18]。NR2B亞基可以通過PSD-95與nNOS連接,形成NR2B/PSD-95/nNOS復(fù)合物,該復(fù)合物的主要生物學(xué)作用是催化合成一氧化氮(NO)、活性氧和高活性的硝基化合物等有害物質(zhì),累積的NO促進(jìn)ATP敏感性(KATP)通道介導(dǎo)的電流上調(diào),加速痛覺神經(jīng)元的超級(jí)化[21]。NO是LTP的逆行信使,它可以穿過突觸間隙,與突觸前神經(jīng)元的鳥氨酸環(huán)化酶(cGMPase)耦聯(lián)受體結(jié)合,從而促使環(huán)磷酸鳥苷(cyslicguanosine monophosphate,cGMP)釋放,cGMP可通過蛋白激酶促進(jìn)蛋白質(zhì)磷酸化,導(dǎo)致突觸前囊泡外分泌和遞質(zhì)釋放,在LTP的誘導(dǎo)和維持下發(fā)揮關(guān)鍵作用。
NR2B亞基對(duì)于受體在突觸內(nèi)和突觸外部位的定位非常重要,它將受體固定在膜上,并將受體與調(diào)節(jié)受體功能的特定細(xì)胞內(nèi)信號(hào)機(jī)制聯(lián)系起來,NR2B亞基C端結(jié)構(gòu)域的最后5個(gè)殘基被認(rèn)為對(duì)與PSD-95的PDZ結(jié)構(gòu)域結(jié)合很重要,因此,對(duì)多蛋白信號(hào)復(fù)合物的形成至關(guān)重要。NR2B亞基是PSD部分中最突出的酪氨酸磷酸化蛋白。此外,有研究表明PSD-95與NR2B亞基的耦聯(lián)還可以誘導(dǎo)NR2B亞基的磷酸化,導(dǎo)致突觸可塑性增加和疼痛超敏性增強(qiáng)[22]。
3.2 NR2B與LTP" 突觸的可塑性可以在疼痛、學(xué)習(xí)、記憶和藥物成癮等方面起到關(guān)鍵作用[23]。LTP作為突觸可塑性的一種重要表現(xiàn)形式,即相同的神經(jīng)元同時(shí)激活并相互作用時(shí),突觸傳遞的效率持續(xù)增加[20]。通過通道動(dòng)力學(xué)的電生理測(cè)量發(fā)現(xiàn),含有NR2B亞基的受體比含有NR2A亞基的受體脫敏更慢,恢復(fù)時(shí)間更長,從而增加了通道開放的時(shí)間,增加NMDA受體的激活。NR2B亞基激活海馬體LTP形成長期記憶,在前扣帶皮層則參與疼痛觸發(fā)的皮層興奮性和突觸可塑性的變化。當(dāng)脊髓背角及皮質(zhì)區(qū)(如前扣帶皮層、島狀皮層、前額葉皮層等)的NMDA受體在被激活后,通過突觸前谷氨酸釋放增加和突觸后AMPA受體介導(dǎo)的反應(yīng)增效來誘導(dǎo)LTP[2]。
脊髓背角C纖維突觸的LTP被認(rèn)為是病理性疼痛的突觸模型,可以由周圍神經(jīng)的傷害性刺激或脊髓背角分子通路的操縱引起,而不激活突觸前成分,導(dǎo)致人類和動(dòng)物持久的病理性疼痛[24]。突觸后Ca2+的上升,NMDA受體通道的通過Ca2+量除了與脊髓背角的中樞敏化相關(guān)外,還對(duì)神經(jīng)元突觸的可塑性至關(guān)重要[25],谷氨酸與突觸后NMDA受體結(jié)合的同時(shí),突觸后膜發(fā)生去極化,細(xì)胞外阻斷受體通道的Mg2+被移除,Ca2+從胞內(nèi)轉(zhuǎn)移到胞外并通過受體通道進(jìn)入突觸后細(xì)胞,激活胞內(nèi)的信號(hào)分子,如:鈣調(diào)蛋白(CaM)、蛋白激酶A(PKA)、腺苷酸環(huán)化酶1(AC1)、環(huán)磷酰胺(cAMP)等,這些信號(hào)蛋白是絲氨酸/蘇氨酸以及酪氨酸磷酸化的位點(diǎn)的底物,它們之間的相互作用增強(qiáng)了突觸可塑性[26]。LTP的維持分為2個(gè)階段:早期階段(lt;3 h)和晚期階段(gt;3 h)。早期LTP是依賴對(duì)現(xiàn)有蛋白質(zhì)的共價(jià)修飾來維持的,包括激活PKA、蛋白激酶C(PKC)、CaMKII、磷脂酶C(PLC)和釋放NO;而晚期LTP需要從頭合成蛋白質(zhì),如:激活的多巴胺D1受體、PKA、腦源性神經(jīng)營養(yǎng)因子(brainderived neurotrophic factor,BDNF)或ATP直接誘導(dǎo)晚期LTP[24]。
3.3 NR2B亞基磷酸化" NR2B亞基是大腦最重要的酪氨酸磷酸化蛋白之一,酪氨酸激酶Fyn是src家族酪氨酸激酶(src-family tyrosine kinases,SFKs)的重要成員。NR2B的酪氨酸磷酸化(tyrosine phosphorylation of NR2B,NR2B-ptry)是指酪氨酸激酶Fyn對(duì)NR2B亞基的酪氨酸進(jìn)行磷酸化,NR2B亞基含有3個(gè)磷酸化位點(diǎn):Y1252、Y1336和Y1472,其中Y1472是主要的磷酸化位點(diǎn)[27,28]。Chen Y等[29]在腸易激綜合征大鼠模型中發(fā)現(xiàn)NR2B亞基的活性主要由酪氨酸激酶調(diào)節(jié),選擇性拮抗NR2B亞基,大鼠內(nèi)臟疼痛的敏感性和高頻刺激誘導(dǎo)的LTP顯著下降。NR2B-ptry還可以參與大鼠BDNF誘導(dǎo)的脊髓LTP和疼痛超敏反應(yīng)[30]。此外,NR2B-ptry還可歸因于LTP的誘導(dǎo)和突觸可塑性的維持,它有助于中樞敏化和脊髓持續(xù)性疼痛的發(fā)展,Y1472位點(diǎn)的磷酸化在突觸的可塑性中起關(guān)鍵作用[31]。
NR2B-ptry導(dǎo)致通過NMDA受體的Ca2+增加,傳遞興奮性信號(hào),使突觸相關(guān)蛋白,如PSD-95、突觸素(synaptophysin,Syp)、突觸結(jié)合蛋白-1(synaptotagmin-1,Syt-1)的表達(dá)上調(diào),PSD-95可以介導(dǎo)Fyn和NR2B亞基間的相互作用,甚至改變突觸超微結(jié)構(gòu)和樹突棘數(shù)量,增加突觸的可塑性。Xu Y等[32]發(fā)現(xiàn)在膠原誘導(dǎo)的類風(fēng)濕性關(guān)節(jié)炎的小鼠模型中,小鼠出現(xiàn)明顯機(jī)械性超敏反應(yīng)時(shí),NR2B亞基的表達(dá)水平和NR2B在Y1472的磷酸化水平都增加。細(xì)胞外信號(hào)調(diào)節(jié)蛋白激酶2(extracellular signal-regulated protein kinases 2,ERK2)在NR2B亞基表達(dá)時(shí)同步激活,它的活性受到NR2B亞基的調(diào)控。Guo W等[33]在測(cè)量了炎癥大鼠模型的NR2B-ptry水平,相較于對(duì)照組,足底注射弗氏佐劑誘導(dǎo)產(chǎn)生炎癥和痛覺過敏的大鼠,其NR2B-ptry水平迅速增高。有研究發(fā)現(xiàn)[34],在慢性偏頭痛大鼠模型中,NR2B-ptry參與大鼠的偏頭痛的形成,表現(xiàn)為疼痛的放大效應(yīng)和疼痛閾值的降低,而阻斷NR2B-ptry可下調(diào)PSD-95、P物質(zhì)等的表達(dá),抑制NR2B-ptry調(diào)節(jié)突觸可塑性參與中樞敏化,對(duì)偏頭痛發(fā)作有保護(hù)作用。
4總結(jié)
NMDA受體NR2B亞基從多方面參與了疼痛的形成,對(duì)疼痛及其在突觸間的傳遞起重要作用。NMDA受體不僅參與疼痛形成的生理過程,還與中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)其他重要的生理過程(學(xué)習(xí)、記憶)相關(guān)。因此,現(xiàn)有的NMDA受體拮抗劑如氯胺酮、美沙酮等,雖鎮(zhèn)痛效果良好,但會(huì)產(chǎn)生噩夢(mèng)、幻覺、譫妄等精神神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)副作用。而針對(duì)NMDA受體NR2B亞基進(jìn)行選擇性拮抗,則可以在有效鎮(zhèn)痛的同時(shí),減少副作用。關(guān)于NR2B亞基在疼痛形成中的更多機(jī)制還有待研究,但選擇性拮抗NR2B亞基很可能成為藥物治療疼痛的一個(gè)可行性策略。
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收稿日期:2023-02-08;修回日期:2023-02-24
編輯/王萌
基金項(xiàng)目:臨床應(yīng)用研究與醫(yī)學(xué)培訓(xùn)基金項(xiàng)目(編號(hào):S0.20220812DZ)
作者簡介:張茹馨(1997.8-),女,四川崇州人,碩士研究生,主要從事危重癥患者鎮(zhèn)痛鎮(zhèn)靜研究
通訊作者:鄭祥德(1965.10-),男,四川達(dá)州人,本科,主任醫(yī)師,主要從事危重癥患者的診療工作