摘要:目的" 研究后矢狀入路經(jīng)骶會(huì)陰肛門成形術(shù)對(duì)先天性中高位肛門閉鎖患兒的臨床療效,以及術(shù)后排便功能的影響。方法" 選取2016年1月-2021年1月在我院診治的64例行后矢狀入路經(jīng)骶會(huì)陰肛門成形術(shù)的先天性中高位肛門閉鎖患兒為研究對(duì)象,采用隨機(jī)數(shù)字表法分為對(duì)照組和觀察組,各32例。對(duì)照組采用后矢狀入路經(jīng)骶會(huì)陰肛門成形Ⅰ期術(shù)治療,觀察組行伴有瘺管中高位肛門閉鎖擴(kuò)張瘺管后Ⅰ期術(shù)治療。比較兩組術(shù)后6個(gè)月臨床手術(shù)指標(biāo)、臨床療效、并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率、排便功能評(píng)分。結(jié)果" 觀察組手術(shù)時(shí)間、術(shù)中出血量與對(duì)照組比較,差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(Pgt;0.05);觀察組創(chuàng)口恢復(fù)時(shí)間、住院時(shí)間均小于對(duì)照組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(Plt;0.05);觀察組治療總有效率為96.88%,與對(duì)照組的93.75%比較,差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(Pgt;0.05);觀察組并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率為6.25%,低于對(duì)照組的18.75%(Plt;0.05);觀察組術(shù)后2個(gè)月大便失禁、污糞、括約肌收縮力評(píng)分與對(duì)照組比較,差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(Pgt;0.05);觀察組術(shù)后6個(gè)月大便失禁、污糞、括約肌收縮力評(píng)分均小于對(duì)照組(Plt;0.05)。結(jié)論" 后矢狀入路經(jīng)骶會(huì)陰肛門成形術(shù)治療先天性中高位肛門閉鎖具有較高中遠(yuǎn)期總有效率,采用伴有瘺管Ⅰ期術(shù),可縮短創(chuàng)口恢復(fù)和住院時(shí)間,降低并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率,改善排便功能評(píng)分,可實(shí)現(xiàn)較理想的中遠(yuǎn)期有效性和安全性,值得臨床應(yīng)用。
關(guān)鍵詞:經(jīng)骶會(huì)陰肛門成形術(shù);先天性中高位肛門閉鎖;排便功能
中圖分類號(hào):R726.5" " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " "文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼:A" " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " "DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1006-1959.2023.07.023
文章編號(hào):1006-1959(2023)07-0123-04
Effect of Sacral Perineal Anoplasty via Posterior Sagittal Approach on Clinical Efficacy and Postoperative Defecation Function in Children with Congenital Middle and High Anal Atresia
SU Jia-hong
(Department of Pediatric Surgery,Boai Hospital of Zhongshan,Zhongshan 528403,Guangdong,China)
Abstract:Objective" To study the clinical efficacy of sacral perineal anoplasty via posterior sagittal approach in children with congenital middle and high anal atresia and its effect on postoperative defecation function.Methods" From January 2016 to January 2021, 64 children with congenital middle and high anal atresia who underwent sacral perineal anoplasty via posterior sagittal approach in our hospital were selected as the research objects. They were divided into control group and observation group by random number table method, with 32 cases in each group. The control group was treated with one-stage operation of sacral perineal anal plasty through posterior sagittal approach, while the observation group was treated with one-stage operation after dilatation of fistula with middle and high anal atresia. The clinical operation indexes, clinical efficacy, incidence of complications and defecation function scores were compared between the two groups at 6 months after operation. Results" There was no significant difference in operation time and intraoperative blood loss between the observation group and the control group (Pgt;0.05). The wound recovery time and hospitalization time of the observation group were less than those of the control group, and the difference was statistically significant (Plt;0.05). The total effective rate of treatment in the observation group was 96.88%, which wa compared with 93.75% in the control group, the difference was not statistically significant (Pgt;0.05). The incidence of complications in the observation group was 6.25%, which was lower than 18.75% in the control group (Plt;0.05). There was no significant difference in the scores of fecal incontinence, soil contraction score between the observation group and the control group at 2 months after operation (Pgt;0.05). The scores of fecal incontinence, soiling and sphincter contractility in the observation group were lower than those in the control group at 6 months after operation (Plt;0.05).Conclusion" Sacral perineal anoplasty via posterior sagittal approach for the treatment of congenital middle and high anal atresia has a high long-term total effective rate. While the use of stage Ⅰ surgery with fistula can shorten the wound recovery and hospitalization time, reduce the incidence of complications, and improve the defecation function score. Meanwhile, it can achieve better long-term efficacy and safety, which is worthy of clinical application.
Key words:Sacral perineal anoplasty;Congenital, middle and high anal atresia;Defecation function
先天性肛門閉鎖(congenital atresia of anus)是小兒外科常見的消化道畸形,臨床分類較為復(fù)雜,中高位先天性肛門閉鎖發(fā)生率較高[1]。肛門成形術(shù)對(duì)先天性肛門閉鎖患者臨床癥狀的改善具有重要的意義[2]。治療肛門直腸畸形不僅能挽救患兒生命,還能改善患兒的排便功能。但是由于患兒年齡較小,機(jī)體耐受性較差,中高位肛門閉鎖手術(shù)通過需要分期進(jìn)行[3]。研究顯示[4],先給予結(jié)腸造口治療,不僅可以有效解決患兒的喂養(yǎng)問題,而且可為肛門閉鎖的后續(xù)治療贏得時(shí)間,為再次手術(shù)治療奠定基礎(chǔ)。但是腸造口術(shù)也會(huì)造成一定的并發(fā)癥,是否會(huì)影響后期肛門成形術(shù)效果仍存在爭(zhēng)議。同時(shí),目前關(guān)于后矢狀入路經(jīng)骶會(huì)陰肛門成形術(shù)治療先天性中高位肛門閉鎖相關(guān)研究均為近期療效觀察,對(duì)中遠(yuǎn)期和預(yù)后方面的研究較少,且存在差異[5,6]。本研究結(jié)合2016年1月-2021年1月在我院診治的64例先天性中高位肛門閉鎖患兒臨床資料,觀察后矢狀入路經(jīng)骶會(huì)陰肛門成形術(shù)對(duì)先天性中高位肛門閉鎖臨床療效及術(shù)后排便功能的影響,現(xiàn)報(bào)道如下。
1資料與方法
1.1一般資料" 選取2016年1月-2021年1月在中山市博愛醫(yī)院診治的64例先天性中高位肛門閉鎖患兒為研究對(duì)象,采用隨機(jī)數(shù)字表法分為對(duì)照組和觀察組,各32例。觀察組男18例,女14例;年齡1~7個(gè)月,平均年齡(4.98±1.03)個(gè)月。對(duì)照組男15例,女17例;年齡1~6個(gè)月,平均年齡(5.02±0.78)個(gè)月。兩組年齡、性別比較,差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(Pgt;0.05),研究可行。本研究經(jīng)過醫(yī)院倫理委員會(huì)批準(zhǔn),患兒家屬自愿參加本研究,并簽署知情同意書。
1.2納入和排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn)" 納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn):①均符合先天性中高位肛門閉鎖臨床診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)[7];②均經(jīng)X線片確診[8],且直腸盲端均高于骶尾線或位于骶尾線之間[9]。排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn):①合并嚴(yán)重器質(zhì)性疾病者;②合并嚴(yán)重胃腸功能障礙者;③隨訪資料不完善。
1.3方法
1.3.1對(duì)照組" 采用后矢狀入路經(jīng)骶會(huì)陰肛門成形Ⅰ期術(shù)治療,患兒取蛙式俯臥位,氣管插管全麻后,使用軟墊墊高患兒臀部,電刺激定位肛門肌肉收縮最中心,于尾骨尖至肛門隱窩后1~2 cm位置做一“X”型切口,保留兩切口間1 cm完整皮膚,完后采用電刺激儀對(duì)肌群位置進(jìn)行識(shí)別,將患兒高部位皮膚、皮下組織、肌肉進(jìn)行分離,并一縱向切法切開尾骨直腸肌和提肛肌,并保留恥骨直腸肌、提肛肌環(huán)聯(lián)合體。然后游離直腸盲端,將直腸從肛門拖出,確保其完全穿過恥骨直腸肌和外括約肌中央,最后沖洗切口,使用可吸收縫線間斷縫合直腸和肛門皮膚形成肛門,逐層關(guān)閉切口。
1.3.2觀察組" 行伴有瘺管中高位肛門閉鎖擴(kuò)張瘺管后Ⅰ期術(shù)(瘺管擴(kuò)張4個(gè)月后)治療,體位和麻醉方式均同對(duì)照組,術(shù)前留置尿管,電刺激儀定位肛門肌肉收縮最中心,取骶尾部正中行矢狀縱形切口,以電刺激儀檢查,確保切口在中線上進(jìn)行,鈍性分離患兒切口周圍組織,充分暴露術(shù)野后探及直腸盲端并切開,顯露瘺管,游離瘺管并結(jié)扎。如果損傷尿道通需要橫行縫合修補(bǔ),避免術(shù)后發(fā)生尿道狹窄情況。游離直腸并無張力固定于橫紋肌肌肉復(fù)合體之間,確保直腸、尿道、盲端恢復(fù)正常關(guān)系,然后采用吸收線縫合固定,并將直腸盲端于肛穴皮膚縫合1圈形成肛門,完成后檢查是否可通過12號(hào)擴(kuò)肛條,留置硅膠肛管。兩組患兒術(shù)后均以仰臥位為主,每天定時(shí)用生理鹽水沖洗傷口,并擦干。
1.4觀察指標(biāo)" 術(shù)后6個(gè)月,比較兩組臨床手術(shù)指標(biāo)(手術(shù)時(shí)間、術(shù)中出血量、創(chuàng)口恢復(fù)時(shí)間、住院時(shí)間)、臨床療效、并發(fā)癥(球部尿道損傷、泌尿系感染、肛門狹窄、大便失禁)發(fā)生率及術(shù)后2、6個(gè)月排便功能評(píng)分。
1.4.1臨床療效[10,11]" 顯效:每天自主排便,大便成形;有效:偶爾存在便秘,大便有時(shí)成形;無效:有糞便儲(chǔ)留姿勢(shì)或過度自我憋便,排便困難??傆行?(顯效+有效)/總例數(shù)×100%。
1.4.2排便功能評(píng)分[12]" 采用Kelly評(píng)分,包括大便失禁、直腸積糞和括約肌收縮力3個(gè)維度,每個(gè)維度均采用Likert 3級(jí)評(píng)分法,依次記為1、2、3分,分別為基本正常、一般、差。
1.5統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)方法" 采用統(tǒng)計(jì)軟件包SPSS 21.0版本對(duì)本研究的數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)處理,采用(x±s)表示符合正態(tài)分布的計(jì)量資料,組間比較采用t檢驗(yàn);計(jì)數(shù)資料采用[n(%)]表示,組間比較采用χ2檢驗(yàn);Plt;0.05說明差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
2結(jié)果
2.1兩組臨床手術(shù)指標(biāo)比較" 觀察組手術(shù)時(shí)間、術(shù)中出血量與對(duì)照組比較,差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(Pgt;0.05),創(chuàng)口恢復(fù)時(shí)間、住院時(shí)間均小于對(duì)照組(Plt;0.05),見表1。
2.2兩組臨床療效比較" 兩組治療總有效率比較,差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(Pgt;0.05),見表2。
2.3兩組并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率比較" 觀察組并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率低于對(duì)照組(Plt;0.05),見表3。
2.4兩組排便功能評(píng)分比較" 術(shù)后2個(gè)月,觀察組大便失禁、污糞、括約肌收縮力評(píng)分與對(duì)照組比較,差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(Pgt;0.05);術(shù)后6個(gè)月,觀察組大便失禁、污糞、括約肌收縮力評(píng)分均小于對(duì)照組(Plt;0.05),見表4。
3討論
目前,關(guān)于先天性肛門閉鎖的發(fā)病機(jī)制尚未完全明確,臨床以肛門無開口、無胎糞排除、腹脹等為主要表現(xiàn),如果不及時(shí)治療,會(huì)嚴(yán)重危害患兒生命安全[13]。同時(shí)先天性肛門閉鎖病理改變復(fù)雜,種類繁多,臨床治療難度較大[14]。本研究選擇的后矢狀入路經(jīng)骶會(huì)陰肛門成形術(shù)主要是優(yōu)骶尾部正中做矢狀切口,可充分利用括約肌群,相對(duì)更符合正常生理解剖結(jié)構(gòu)[15,16]。從理論基礎(chǔ)上分析,可最大化恢復(fù)括約肌與直腸之間的解剖關(guān)系,進(jìn)而促進(jìn)排便功能的恢復(fù)[17]。傳統(tǒng)的前入路治療,容易造成肛門失禁。因?yàn)?,正常的排便過程是由肛門橫紋肌、直腸平滑肌系統(tǒng)控制,橫紋肌受軀體神經(jīng)支配,包括了肛門外括約肌和恥骨直腸肌[18]。故,確保以上兩個(gè)系統(tǒng)完整可有效促進(jìn)排便功能恢復(fù)。但是具體如何正確選擇手術(shù)方式還存在爭(zhēng)議,還需臨床不斷研究證實(shí)。
本研究結(jié)果顯示,觀察組手術(shù)時(shí)間、術(shù)中出血量與對(duì)照組比較,差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(Pgt;0.05),創(chuàng)口恢復(fù)時(shí)間、住院時(shí)間均小于對(duì)照組(Plt;0.05),表明選擇伴有瘺管后后矢狀入路經(jīng)骶會(huì)陰肛門Ⅰ期成形術(shù)可縮短創(chuàng)口恢復(fù)時(shí)間和住院時(shí)間,對(duì)手術(shù)時(shí)間和術(shù)中出血量無影響,從而兩種術(shù)式對(duì)患兒創(chuàng)傷基本一致。分析認(rèn)為可能是由于中高位肛門閉鎖行Ⅰ期肛門成形術(shù)操作難度高,加之小兒耐受性差,術(shù)后恢復(fù)可能會(huì)延長(zhǎng)。而伴有瘺管后Ⅰ期肛門成形術(shù)患兒發(fā)育時(shí)間較長(zhǎng),恢復(fù)能力也相對(duì)會(huì)增強(qiáng)[19]。因此,術(shù)后患兒創(chuàng)口恢復(fù)時(shí)間、住院時(shí)間相對(duì)較短。同時(shí)研究結(jié)果顯示,觀察組治療總有效率為96.88%,與對(duì)照組的93.75%比較,差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(Pgt;0.05),提示后矢狀入路經(jīng)骶會(huì)陰肛門成形術(shù)治療先天性中高位肛門閉鎖臨床效果理想,中遠(yuǎn)期治療總有效率較高,且不同術(shù)式基本可實(shí)現(xiàn)相近的治療效果,該結(jié)論與莫優(yōu)煉等[18]的報(bào)道相似。觀察組并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率為6.25%,低于對(duì)照組的18.75%(Plt;0.05),提示伴肛瘺Ⅰ期后矢狀入路經(jīng)骶會(huì)陰肛門成形術(shù)并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率低,具有良好的手術(shù)安全性,可促進(jìn)患者術(shù)后良好預(yù)后。Ⅰ期后矢狀入路經(jīng)骶會(huì)陰肛門成形術(shù)后并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率高,手術(shù)安全性不佳。分析認(rèn)為可能是由于患兒發(fā)育尚未成熟,加之屬于高中位肛門閉鎖,操作難度大,容易出現(xiàn)醫(yī)源性創(chuàng)傷,從而增加并發(fā)癥發(fā)生風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。術(shù)后2個(gè)月,觀察組大便失禁、污糞、括約肌收縮力評(píng)分與對(duì)照組比較,差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(Pgt;0.05),術(shù)后6個(gè)月,觀察組大便失禁、污糞、括約肌收縮力評(píng)分均小于對(duì)照組(Plt;0.05),提示近期兩種術(shù)式患兒排便功能基本相同,但是術(shù)后6個(gè)月后,伴有瘺管后后矢狀入路經(jīng)骶會(huì)陰肛門Ⅰ期術(shù)患兒排便功能相對(duì)良好,進(jìn)一步提示瘺管擴(kuò)張后Ⅰ期手術(shù)遠(yuǎn)期肛門排便功能顯著。因?yàn)椋瑢?duì)于中高位先天性肛門閉鎖患兒,先行造瘺,可后期后矢狀入路經(jīng)骶會(huì)陰肛門成形術(shù)提供良好的手術(shù)條件,避免盲目追求Ⅰ期手術(shù)造成的遠(yuǎn)期排便功能不佳情況。
綜上所述,后矢狀入路經(jīng)骶會(huì)陰肛門成形術(shù)治療先天性中高位肛門閉鎖具有良好的療效,但是伴肛瘺Ⅰ期成形術(shù)效果相對(duì)更優(yōu),可縮短術(shù)后患兒創(chuàng)口恢復(fù)時(shí)間、住院時(shí)間,降低并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率,且遠(yuǎn)期排便功能恢復(fù)顯著,具有良好的可行性、有效性。
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收稿日期:2022-04-19;修回日期:2022-04-29
編輯/肖婷婷
基金項(xiàng)目:中山市衛(wèi)生局醫(yī)學(xué)科研基金項(xiàng)目(編號(hào):2012A020029)
作者簡(jiǎn)介:蘇嘉鴻(1988.9-),男,廣東中山人,碩士,主治醫(yī)師,主要從事小兒普通外科及新生兒外科疾病的診治工作