摘要:目的" 探索硼替佐米對多發(fā)性骨髓瘤(MM)患者認(rèn)知功能的影響及與血清腦源性神經(jīng)營養(yǎng)因子(BDNF)水平變化的相關(guān)性。方法" 選擇2021年8月-2022年8月收治的MM患者90例作為觀察組,另選同期健康體檢者30名作為健康對照組。觀察組根據(jù)是否采用硼替佐米化療以及化療療程分為初診MM組(30例)、化療療程≤4組(30例)和化療療程gt;4組(30例)。比較健康對照組、初診MM組、化療療程≤4組和化療療程gt;4組蒙特利爾認(rèn)知評估量表(MoCA)評分和血清BDNF水平,分析觀察組患者的MoCA評分與血清BDNF水平的相關(guān)性。結(jié)果" 觀察組MoCA評分和血清BDNF水平均低于健康對照組(Plt;0.05);而初診MM組MoCA評分與血清BDNF水平均高于化療療程≤4組和化療療程gt;4組(Plt;0.05),且化療療程gt;4組MoCA評分和血清BDNF水平低于化療療程≤4組(Plt;0.05);Pearson相關(guān)性分析顯示,觀察組MoCA評分與血清BDNF水平呈正相關(guān)(r=0.588)。結(jié)論" MM患者在化療前存在一定程度的認(rèn)知功能損害。硼替佐米化療以及化療時間的延長可使患者的認(rèn)知障礙進(jìn)一步加重。硼替佐米化療加重MM患者認(rèn)知障礙與其血清BDNF水平下降具有一定的相關(guān)性。
關(guān)鍵詞:硼替佐米;認(rèn)知功能;多發(fā)性骨髓瘤;腦源性神經(jīng)營養(yǎng)因子
中圖分類號:R733.3" " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " 文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識碼:A" " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1006-1959.2023.07.019
文章編號:1006-1959(2023)07-0105-05
Effect of Bortezomib on Cognitive Function in Patients with Multiple Myeloma and its Correlation
with Serum Brain-derived Neurotrophic Factor
LIU Qian1,XIA Hai-long1,2
1.Department of Hematology,Chaohu Hospital of Anhui Medical University,Chaohu 238001,Anhui,China;
2.Department of Hematology,the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University,Hefei 230022,Anhui,China)
Abstract:Objective" To explore the effect of bortezomib on cognitive function in patients with multiple myeloma (MM) and its correlation with serum brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) levels.Methods" A total of 90 patients with MM from August 2021 to August 2022 were selected as the observation group, and 30 healthy people in the same period were selected as the healthy control group. The observation group was divided into newly diagnosed MM group (30 cases), chemotherapy course≤4 group (30 cases) and chemotherapy coursegt;4 group (30 cases) according to whether bortezomib chemotherapy was used and the course of chemotherapy. The Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) score and serum BDNF level were compared among the healthy control group, newly diagnosed MM group, chemotherapy course≤4 group and chemotherapy coursegt;4 group. The correlation between MoCA score and serum BDNF level in the observation group was analyzed.Results" The MoCA score and serum BDNF level in the observation group were lower than those in the healthy control group (Plt;0.05). MoCA score and serum BDNF level in newly diagnosed MM group were higher than those in chemotherapy course≤4 group and chemotherapy coursegt;4 group (Plt;0.05), and the MoCA score and serum BDNF level in the chemotherapy coursegt;4 group were lower than those in the chemotherapy course≤4 group (Plt;0.05). Pearson correlation analysis showed that MoCA score was positively correlated with serum BDNF level in the observation group (r=0.588).Conclusion" MM patients have a certain degree of cognitive impairment before chemotherapy. Bortezomib chemotherapy and the prolongation of chemotherapy time can further aggravate the cognitive impairment of patients. Bortezomib chemotherapy aggravates cognitive impairment in MM patients and has a certain correlation with the decrease of serum BDNF level.
Key words:Bortezomib;Cognitive function;Multiple myeloma;Brain-derived neurotrophic factor
多發(fā)性骨髓瘤(multiplemyeloma,MM)是一種漿細(xì)胞惡性腫瘤,約占血液系統(tǒng)惡性腫瘤的18.7%,屬于第2常見的血液系統(tǒng)惡性腫瘤[1]。根據(jù)既往數(shù)據(jù)顯示,我國MM的發(fā)病率約為1.6/10萬,而西方國家MM的發(fā)病率約為5/10萬,且有逐年升高的趨勢[2,3]。MM目前無法治愈,主要依靠以蛋白酶體抑制劑為基礎(chǔ)的系統(tǒng)性化療,近年來以蛋白酶體抑制劑為骨干藥物化療明顯改善了MM患者的生存質(zhì)量,延長其生存時間[4]。臨床研究表明[5,6],接受化療的患者通常會出現(xiàn)認(rèn)知障礙,被稱作“化療相關(guān)認(rèn)知障礙(chemotherapy-induced cognitive impairment,CICI)”。硼替佐米(bortezomib,BTZ)是MM患者化療的一線用藥,臨床發(fā)現(xiàn)MM患者接受硼替佐米治療后有較高比例的外周神經(jīng)炎的發(fā)生,部分患者因不能耐受而放棄治療。大鼠動物實(shí)驗(yàn)表明[7],硼替佐米可在背根神經(jīng)節(jié)積聚,導(dǎo)致神經(jīng)毒性,從而引起周圍神經(jīng)病變的發(fā)生,同時有文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道使用硼替佐米化療的MM患者出現(xiàn)了中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)損害,包括可逆性后部白質(zhì)腦病綜合征、帕金森樣表現(xiàn)和嚴(yán)重精神障礙等[8,9]。目前關(guān)于硼替佐米對MM患者認(rèn)知功能影響的文獻(xiàn)鮮見報(bào)道,但評估患者認(rèn)知功能對及時調(diào)整治療方案,從而提高患者治療依從性和改善生存質(zhì)量有重要作用。因此,本研究的目的之一是探討硼替佐米對MM患者認(rèn)知功能的影響。腦源性神經(jīng)營養(yǎng)因子(brain derived neurotrophic factor,BDNF)屬于神經(jīng)營養(yǎng)因子家族中一員,對維持人體認(rèn)知功能具有重要作用。臨床研究表明[10,11],血液中的BDNF水平下降與疾病所致認(rèn)知障礙相關(guān),但與硼替佐米對MM患者認(rèn)知功能影響的相關(guān)性研究尚未報(bào)道。為了發(fā)現(xiàn)和鑒別接受硼替佐米化療的MM患者中發(fā)生認(rèn)知損害風(fēng)險(xiǎn)較高的患者,并及時調(diào)整治療方案,預(yù)防認(rèn)知功能損害或避免進(jìn)一步加重,有必要尋找影響MM患者化療后認(rèn)知功能的潛在生物標(biāo)志物,因此本研究進(jìn)一步探索血清BDNF水平變化與硼替佐米對MM患者認(rèn)知功能的影響,現(xiàn)報(bào)道如下。
1資料與方法
1.1一般資料" 選取2021年8月-2022年8月安徽醫(yī)科大學(xué)附屬巢湖醫(yī)院和安徽醫(yī)科大學(xué)第一附屬醫(yī)院收治的MM患者90例以及同期健康體檢者30名作為研究對象。納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn):①M(fèi)M患者符合NCCN2020修訂的多發(fā)性骨髓瘤診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn);②年齡≤75歲;③能配合完成神經(jīng)心理學(xué)檢查;④除初診MM患者外,其余MM患者均采用了硼替佐米化療。排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn):①對酒精依賴、有急性感染、慢性炎癥者;②合并精神疾病、中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)疾病、心腦血管疾病、自身免疫性疾病史者;③進(jìn)行造血干細(xì)胞移植者;④除診斷多發(fā)性骨髓瘤外,合并其他惡性腫瘤者。將30名健康體檢者作為健康對照組,90例多發(fā)性骨髓瘤患者作為觀察組,觀察組再根據(jù)是否采用硼替佐米化療以及化療療程分為初診MM組(30例)、化療療程≤4組(30例)和化療療程gt;4組(30例)。4組年齡、性別、文化程度比較,差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(Pgt;0.05),具有可比性;3個觀察組間(初診MM組、化療療程≤4組、化療療程gt;4組)免疫分型、ISS分期比較,差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(Pgt;0.05),有可比性,見表1。本研究經(jīng)醫(yī)學(xué)倫理委員會批準(zhǔn),患者及家屬知曉本研究目的并簽署知情同意書。
1.2方法
1.2.1血清BDNF水平檢測" 取所有受試者清晨空腹肘靜脈血4 ml,3000 r/min離心10 min,取其血清,保存于-80 ℃冰箱備用。采用酶聯(lián)免疫吸附法(ELISA)測定血清BDNF水平。
1.2.2認(rèn)知功能評定" 采血當(dāng)天對受試者的認(rèn)知功能進(jìn)行評估,評估量表采用蒙特利爾認(rèn)知評估量表(Montreal Cognitive Assessment,MoCA),該量表是由Nasreddine等參考MMSE的認(rèn)知項(xiàng)目設(shè)置和評分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)而設(shè)定,于2004年11月確定最終版本,具有良好的信度和效度[12]。
1.3觀察指標(biāo)" 比較4組MoCA評分和血清BDNF水平,分析觀察組患者的MoCA評分與血清BDNF水平的相關(guān)性。
1.4統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)方法" 數(shù)據(jù)分析采用SPSS 23.0統(tǒng)計(jì)軟件。符合正態(tài)分布的計(jì)量資料以(x±s)表示,組間比較采用單因素方差分析,如果組間有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)差異,進(jìn)一步采用LSD-t檢驗(yàn)進(jìn)行多重比較;計(jì)數(shù)資料以[n(%)]表示,組間比較采用χ2檢驗(yàn),如果組間差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義,進(jìn)一步兩兩比較采用Bonferroni法。相關(guān)性分析采用Pearson直線相關(guān)分析。以Plt;0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
2結(jié)果
2.1 4組MoCA評分和血清BDNF水平比較" 4組MoCA評分和血清BDNF水平比較,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(Plt;0.05);初診MM組MoCA評分與血清BDNF水平均低于健康對照組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(Plt;0.05);化療MM組(包括化療療程≤4組與化療療程gt;4組)MoCA評分與血清BDNF水平均低于初診MM組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(Plt;0.05);化療療程gt;4組MoCA評分與血清BDNF水平低于化療療程≤4組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(Plt;0.05),見表2。
2.2觀察組MoCA評分與血清BDNF水平的相關(guān)性" Pearson相關(guān)性分析顯示,觀察組MoCA評分與血清BDNF水平呈正相關(guān)(r=0.588,Plt;0.05),見圖1。
3討論
非中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)惡性腫瘤,尤其是乳腺癌患者的認(rèn)知障礙已被發(fā)現(xiàn)。既往臨床研究表明[13],乳腺癌等實(shí)體腫瘤患者在化療前已出現(xiàn)認(rèn)知障礙。本研究結(jié)果顯示,初診MM組MoCA評分低于健康對照組,提示MM患者在化療前已出現(xiàn)認(rèn)知障礙。但目前關(guān)于癌癥患者認(rèn)知功能損害的研究多集中于化療后,少數(shù)研究提示化療前患者出現(xiàn)的認(rèn)知障礙,可能與腫瘤本身、年齡以及和診斷相關(guān)的心理應(yīng)激等因素有關(guān)[14,15]。多發(fā)性骨髓瘤作為一種惡性腫瘤,在65~74歲的人群中最常見,可累及全身多個系統(tǒng),包括中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)。MM合并中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)病變時,患者可出現(xiàn)局灶性神經(jīng)功能缺損、認(rèn)知障礙等癥狀[16],因此推測初診MM患者出現(xiàn)認(rèn)知障礙可能與年齡、疾病本身有關(guān)。本研究結(jié)果顯示,化療組MoCA評分比初診MM組低,提示硼替佐米化療對MM患者的認(rèn)知功能有一定影響,可加重原有的認(rèn)知障礙,這與其他血液系統(tǒng)惡性腫瘤患者在化療后出現(xiàn)認(rèn)知障礙的研究結(jié)果一致[17]。目前關(guān)于化療相關(guān)認(rèn)知障礙的發(fā)生機(jī)制尚不明確,但有研究表明可能與化療藥物的神經(jīng)毒性有關(guān)[18]。MM患者的化療一線用藥硼替佐米,在動物實(shí)驗(yàn)中[7]被證明可在背根神經(jīng)節(jié)積聚,導(dǎo)致神經(jīng)毒性,從而引起周圍神經(jīng)病變的發(fā)生,但關(guān)于硼替佐米對中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)影響的研究較少。文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道硼替佐米對中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)的髓外骨髓瘤有治療作用[19],提示硼替佐米在某些情況下可通過血腦屏障,因此推測化療組患者出現(xiàn)的認(rèn)知障礙可能與硼替佐米對中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)毒性有關(guān)。對于化療組患者,研究結(jié)果顯示化療療程gt;4組MoCA評分較化療療程≤4組進(jìn)一步降低,提示隨著化療時間的延長,可進(jìn)一步加重MM患者的認(rèn)知功能損害。研究顯示[20],認(rèn)知損害程度與治療持續(xù)時間之間存在中度的負(fù)相關(guān)關(guān)系,證實(shí)了化療持續(xù)時間越長,認(rèn)知功能損害越嚴(yán)重,分析認(rèn)為隨著化療時間延長,化療藥物累積,可能會增強(qiáng)神經(jīng)毒性,導(dǎo)致出現(xiàn)更嚴(yán)重的認(rèn)知障礙。
近年來,一些臨床研究和動物實(shí)驗(yàn)表明化療相關(guān)認(rèn)知障礙的發(fā)病機(jī)制可能與細(xì)胞因子失調(diào)也有關(guān)[21]。BDNF是神經(jīng)營養(yǎng)因子家族的一員,在中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)中分布最廣,主要在皮層和海馬區(qū)表達(dá),而海馬主要在學(xué)習(xí)、記憶及空間定位等認(rèn)知方面發(fā)揮重要作用。在嚙齒類動物中發(fā)現(xiàn)皮質(zhì)和血清BDNF水平之間的正相關(guān)性[22],提示血清BDNF水平某種程度上可反映中樞BDNF水平。本研究發(fā)現(xiàn),化療組的血清BDNF水平比初診MM組低,且隨著化療時間的延長,血清BDNF水平進(jìn)一步降低,通過對觀察組患者的MoCA評分與血清BDNF進(jìn)行相關(guān)性分析,結(jié)果顯示MM患者的認(rèn)知功能與血清BDNF水平呈正相關(guān),這一結(jié)果也見于乳腺癌患者的研究[23]。推測硼替佐米化療后認(rèn)知障礙與MM患者血清BDNF水平下降可能存在相關(guān)性,血清BDNF可能是MM患者發(fā)生化療相關(guān)認(rèn)知障礙的一個重要影響因素。BDNF通過促進(jìn)神經(jīng)元存活和軸突生長,參與神經(jīng)發(fā)育、突觸調(diào)節(jié)和突觸可塑性過程,影響認(rèn)知領(lǐng)域,可能參與了硼替佐米導(dǎo)致MM患者認(rèn)知障礙的病理生理過程。
綜上所述,MM患者在化療前存在一定程度的認(rèn)知功能損害。隨著硼替佐米化療時間的延長,患者的認(rèn)知障礙可進(jìn)一步加重。另外,硼替佐米化療加重MM患者認(rèn)知障礙,與血清中BDNF水平下降具有一定相關(guān)性,提示BDNF在硼替佐米化療引起的認(rèn)知障礙中可能發(fā)揮重要的作用,其具體的作用機(jī)制可能需要進(jìn)一步的動物實(shí)驗(yàn)來闡明。
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收稿日期:2022-09-12;修回日期:2022-10-28
編輯/成森
作者簡介:劉倩(1997.11-),女,湖北黃岡人,碩士,住院醫(yī)師,主要從事惡性血液病的診治工作
通訊作者:夏海龍(1967.9-),男,安徽合肥人,博士,主任醫(yī)師,博士生導(dǎo)師,主要從事惡性血液病的診治工作