摘要:目的" 分析SSI信息化監(jiān)測結(jié)果及感染特征,為脊柱手術(shù)的SSI監(jiān)測和預(yù)防提供理論依據(jù)。方法" 對2017年9月-2022年8月于我院行脊柱手術(shù)患者進(jìn)行SSI信息化目標(biāo)性監(jiān)測,分析SSI發(fā)生情況、病原菌培養(yǎng)結(jié)果及不同病區(qū)、醫(yī)生感染手術(shù)專率。結(jié)果" 共監(jiān)測脊柱手術(shù)15 933例,發(fā)生SSI 151例,發(fā)生率為0.95%;表淺切口感染55例(36.42%),深部切口感染88例(58.28%)、器官腔隙感染8例(5.30%);151例感染手術(shù)的75%分位手術(shù)時間為198.00 min,術(shù)后90 d內(nèi)發(fā)生SSI 139例(92.05%)。151例SSI患者送檢的切口分泌物中培養(yǎng)出陽性結(jié)果112例,主要以表皮葡萄球菌屬、大腸埃希菌、金黃色葡萄球菌為主;各級手術(shù)NNIS感染率隨著感染風(fēng)險增加而逐漸增加,NNIS0級手術(shù)感染專率為1.05%,NNIS3級感染專率為10.00%,調(diào)整感染發(fā)病專率最高為脊柱二病區(qū),最低為脊柱一病區(qū),組間比較,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(Plt;0.05);醫(yī)生調(diào)整感染專率最高達(dá)到17.86%,最低為0,而手術(shù)例數(shù)最多的醫(yī)生G感染專率為2.30%,各手術(shù)醫(yī)生的感染專率存在差異。結(jié)論" 通過信息化監(jiān)測可有效獲取脊柱手術(shù)SSI數(shù)據(jù),多數(shù)SSI發(fā)生于術(shù)后90 d內(nèi),以表皮葡萄球菌屬、大腸埃希菌、金黃色葡萄球菌為主;各病區(qū)、醫(yī)生之間對手術(shù)SSI感染預(yù)防重視程度不同、醫(yī)生手術(shù)技巧熟練程度不同導(dǎo)致其SSI發(fā)生率之間存在差異。
關(guān)鍵詞:脊柱手術(shù);手術(shù)部位感染;術(shù)后感染時間;醫(yī)生感染專率
中圖分類號:R639" " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " "文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識碼:A" " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " "DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1006-1959.2023.07.013
文章編號:1006-1959(2023)07-0074-05
Analysis of 5-year Information Monitoring Results and Infection Characteristics of Spinal Surgery
LIU Bin,WEI Chan,TANG Ling-li,YIN Qiong
(Department of Infection Management,Liuzhou Workers' Hospital,Liuzhou 545005,Guangxi,China)
Abstract:Objective" To analyze the results of SSI information monitoring and infection characteristics, and to provide theoretical basis for SSI monitoring and prevention in spinal surgery.Methods" SSI information targeted monitoring was performed on patients undergoing spinal surgery in our hospital from September 2017 to August 2022. The incidence of SSI, the results of pathogen culture and the rate of surgical infection in different wards and doctors were analyzed.Results" A total of 15 933 cases of spinal surgery were monitored, and 151 cases of SSI occurred, with an incidence of 0.95%. There were 55 cases (36.42%) of superficial incision infection, 88 cases (58.28%) of deep incision infection and 8 cases (5.30%) of organ space infection. The 75% quantile operation time of 151 cases of infectious surgery was 198.00 min. SSI occurred in 139 cases (92.05%) within 90 days after operation. A total of 112 positive results were cultured from the incision secretions of 151 SSI patients, mainly Staphylococcus epidermidis, Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. The infection rate of NNIS in all levels of surgery increased gradually with the increase of infection risk. The infection rate of NNIS0 was 1.05%, and the infection rate of NNIS3 was 10.00%. The highest adjusted infection rate was the second spinal ward, and the lowest was the first spinal ward. The difference between the groups was statistically significant (Plt;0.05). The highest adjusted infection rate of doctors was 17.86%, and the lowest was 0, while the infection rate of doctors with the largest number of surgical cases was 2.30%, and the infection rate of each surgeon was different.Conclusion" SSI data of spinal surgery can be effectively obtained through information monitoring. Most SSI occurs within 90 days after surgery, mainly Staphylococcus epidermidis, Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. There are differences in the incidence of SSI among different wards and doctors due to the different emphasis on the prevention of SSI infection and the different proficiency of doctors' surgical skills.
Key words:Spine surgery;Surgical site infection;Postoperative infection time;Doctor infection rate
脊柱手術(shù)后手術(shù)部位感染(surgical site infection,SSI)是影響手術(shù)效果的主要并發(fā)癥[1,2],導(dǎo)致患者病情嚴(yán)重化及復(fù)雜化,影響臨床治療效率,并延長患者住院治療時間,增加患者心理負(fù)擔(dān)及經(jīng)濟(jì)負(fù)擔(dān)。脊柱手術(shù)后SSI發(fā)生率為0.7%~12.0%[3-5],這與當(dāng)前脊柱手術(shù)置入物應(yīng)用廣泛、手術(shù)方式不同及對SSI的監(jiān)測方法不一致相關(guān)。因此,通過信息化監(jiān)測方法對我院脊柱手術(shù)患者進(jìn)行術(shù)后SSI目標(biāo)監(jiān)測,可以規(guī)范獲取手術(shù)部位感染病原菌、危險因素、感染時間、醫(yī)生感染專率等相關(guān)監(jiān)測數(shù)據(jù),明確感染相關(guān)危險因素,為脊柱手術(shù)的SSI監(jiān)測和預(yù)防提供理論依據(jù),有助于實(shí)施對應(yīng)的防控措施,有效降低SSI的發(fā)生。本研究主要對脊柱手術(shù)患者進(jìn)行SSI信息化目標(biāo)性監(jiān)測,分析SSI信息化監(jiān)測結(jié)果及感染特征,以期為脊柱手術(shù)的SSI監(jiān)測和預(yù)防提供理論依據(jù),現(xiàn)報(bào)道如下。
1對象與方法
1.1研究對象" 收集柳州市工人醫(yī)院脊柱外科2017年9月-2022年8月進(jìn)行脊柱手術(shù)患者臨床資料。納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn):符合SSI診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)[參考2001年原衛(wèi)生部頒布的《醫(yī)院感染診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)(試行)》[6],SSI共分為3類:僅累及手術(shù)切口的皮膚和皮下組織的表淺切口感染(術(shù)后30 d)、累及切口深部軟組織(筋膜和肌肉)的深部切口感染(術(shù)后1年)、累及器官或腔隙的感染(術(shù)后1年)。排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn):因各種原因無法進(jìn)行后續(xù)監(jiān)測者。本研究經(jīng)醫(yī)院倫理委員會審批通過,患者知情同意并簽署知情同意書。
1.2方法" 運(yùn)用杏林醫(yī)院感染監(jiān)控系統(tǒng)自動預(yù)警住院患者住院期間發(fā)生的所有SSI,包括①首次住院期間手術(shù)后SSI的預(yù)警策略:術(shù)后異常發(fā)熱、升級使用抗菌藥物、切口分泌物送檢培養(yǎng)陽性及醫(yī)生上報(bào)SSI等;②術(shù)后SSI感染二次住院時預(yù)警策略、手術(shù)后1年內(nèi)再次骨科入院同時伴有以下情況之一:非預(yù)期入院、入院診斷中有手術(shù)部位感染、有發(fā)熱、入院微生物培養(yǎng)陽性、入院使用抗菌藥物等;③患者的手術(shù)信息與診療信息等均由計(jì)算機(jī)自動采集,對系統(tǒng)抓取到的每例脊柱手術(shù)準(zhǔn)確性進(jìn)行核查,確保手術(shù)感染率分母數(shù)據(jù)準(zhǔn)確,對每例SSI的診斷由感染控制專職人員與臨床醫(yī)生分別處理保持診斷一致性,如有疑問與臨床醫(yī)生溝通后確認(rèn)SSI感染診斷,如果與上次手術(shù)相關(guān)的SSI必須與上次手術(shù)進(jìn)行綁定,獲取準(zhǔn)確的手術(shù)后感染時間。
1.3手術(shù)風(fēng)險分級標(biāo)準(zhǔn)(National Nosocomial Infections Surveillance,NNIS)" 選擇3項(xiàng)危險因素,即手術(shù)時間、切口污染程度、麻醉分級(ASA分級)來計(jì)算感染危險因素指數(shù)。手術(shù)時間gt;3 h者1分;Ⅲ、Ⅳ類切口手術(shù)者1分;ASA評分≥P3者1分,反之均為0分。NNIS評分為0~3分,共4個等級。
1.4感染專率計(jì)算方法" 按醫(yī)院感染監(jiān)測規(guī)范外科手術(shù)部位目標(biāo)監(jiān)測方法計(jì)算手術(shù)醫(yī)生感染專率、平均危險因素指數(shù)等,其調(diào)整公式為平均危險因素指數(shù)=∑(危險因素指數(shù)等級手術(shù)例數(shù))/手術(shù)例數(shù)總和;外科手術(shù)醫(yī)生感染專率=(某醫(yī)生在某時期手術(shù)后的感染病例數(shù)/某醫(yī)生在該時期進(jìn)行的手術(shù)病例數(shù))×100%;醫(yī)生調(diào)整感染專率=某醫(yī)生的感染專率/某醫(yī)生的平均危險指數(shù)等級。
1.5統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)方法" 應(yīng)用SPSS 26.0統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)軟件對數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行分析,計(jì)數(shù)資料以[n(%)]表示,采用χ2檢驗(yàn)。以Plt;0.05表示差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
2結(jié)果
2.1基本資料" 通過信息系統(tǒng)監(jiān)測我院3個脊柱病區(qū)所有脊柱手術(shù)15 799例,發(fā)生SSI 151例,其中男83例(54.97%),女68例(45.03%)。
2.2感染情況" 術(shù)后1年內(nèi) SSI 151例,SSI發(fā)生率為0.95%;151例感染手術(shù)的75%分位手術(shù)時間為198.00 min,其中以深部切口感染為主,多發(fā)生于術(shù)后4~14 d內(nèi),見表1。
2.3病原學(xué)結(jié)果" 151例SSI患者送檢的切口分泌物中培養(yǎng)出陽性結(jié)果112例,主要以表皮葡萄球菌屬、大腸埃希菌、金黃色葡萄球菌為主,具體培養(yǎng)結(jié)果見表2。
2.4各脊柱病區(qū)不同手術(shù)感染危險指數(shù)NNIS感染率情況" 各級手術(shù)NNIS感染率隨著感染風(fēng)險增加而逐漸增加,NNIS0級手術(shù)感染專率為1.05%,NNIS3級感染專率為10.00%。調(diào)整感染發(fā)病專率最高為脊柱二病區(qū),最低為脊柱一病區(qū),組間比較,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(χ2=15.6366,Plt;0.05),見表3。
2.5醫(yī)生手術(shù)感染專率情況" 將3個病區(qū)進(jìn)行脊柱手術(shù)的醫(yī)生按A-M對應(yīng)編號進(jìn)行監(jiān)測,醫(yī)生的調(diào)整感染專率最高達(dá)到17.86%,最低為0%,而手術(shù)例數(shù)最多的醫(yī)生G感染專率為2.30%,各手術(shù)醫(yī)生的感染專率存在差異,見表4。
3討論
脊柱術(shù)后SSI感染率差異明顯[7-9],除與不同國家、不同醫(yī)療機(jī)構(gòu)患者的感染風(fēng)險等級有關(guān),也與SSI定義標(biāo)準(zhǔn)、數(shù)據(jù)監(jiān)測方式及監(jiān)測質(zhì)量有密切關(guān)系[7,10]。如果感染率過低且均為表淺切口感染的主要原因與沒有對術(shù)后患者進(jìn)行1年內(nèi)的感染情況追蹤有關(guān)。本研究共監(jiān)測我院3個脊柱病區(qū)脊柱手術(shù)15 933例,發(fā)生手術(shù)部位感染151例,SSI發(fā)生率為0.95%。雖然我院脊柱術(shù)后SSI發(fā)生率較低,但本研究運(yùn)用信息化進(jìn)行SSI預(yù)警,能夠?qū)⑺惺中g(shù)后感染的患者再入院時納入感染病例,同時對信息化系統(tǒng)中的手術(shù)總例數(shù)進(jìn)行反復(fù)核準(zhǔn),確保獲取的SSI數(shù)據(jù)可靠。
通過研究獲取我院151例脊柱感染手術(shù)平均手術(shù)時長為119.40 min,75%分位手術(shù)時間為198.00 min。脊柱術(shù)后發(fā)生SSI的切口感染類型分別為表淺切口感染55例(占比36.42%)、深部切口感染88例(占比58.28%)、器官腔隙感染8例(占比5.30%),與Ojo OA等[11]研究結(jié)果相符,考慮原因?yàn)樯畈壳锌诟腥镜陌l(fā)生多與置入內(nèi)固定生物器械后,患者的排異反應(yīng)導(dǎo)致血液中C反應(yīng)蛋白異常或術(shù)中器械復(fù)雜如消毒不徹底殘留部分病原菌,很容易引起遲發(fā)性的深部切口感染有關(guān);而脊柱外科手術(shù)中,手術(shù)切口過大,內(nèi)部組織暴露在空氣中的面積增大,失去了皮膚組織天然屏障的保護(hù),導(dǎo)致表淺切口感染的概率也增加。此外,我院所有脊柱SSI均發(fā)生在術(shù)后1年內(nèi),多發(fā)生于術(shù)后4~14 d內(nèi),占比58.28%。2013年美國疾病控制與預(yù)防中心(CDC)對國家醫(yī)療安全網(wǎng)絡(luò)(NHSN)數(shù)據(jù)的分析[12],將手術(shù)SSI目標(biāo)監(jiān)測時間從1年縮短至90 d。而我院監(jiān)測顯示脊柱手術(shù)后發(fā)生SSIgt;90 d的僅12例,占比7.95%,也與美國CDC這一監(jiān)測時間的調(diào)整策略相符,提示可以將更多的精力放在術(shù)后90 d內(nèi)的感染監(jiān)測隨訪[13]。
另本研究將151例SSI患者送檢切口分泌物進(jìn)行培養(yǎng),結(jié)果顯示陽性細(xì)菌共112例,主要以表皮葡萄球菌屬、大腸埃希菌、金黃色葡萄球菌為主,分別占比23.21%、17.86%、16.07%。既往研究結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn)[14-17],SSI患者檢出菌以表皮葡萄球菌、金黃色葡萄球菌、溶血葡萄球菌等陽性菌為主,陰性菌以大腸埃希菌、鮑曼不動桿菌、奇異變形桿菌為主。本研究SSI患者切口分泌物培養(yǎng)結(jié)果與相關(guān)研究監(jiān)測的主要致病菌結(jié)果相符[14-17]。分析認(rèn)為,葡萄球菌等革蘭陽性菌主要與皮膚常見定植菌導(dǎo)致感染相關(guān),而大腸埃希菌等革蘭陰性菌為醫(yī)院感染最主要的致病菌,因此明確感染菌的種類能較好的指導(dǎo)醫(yī)生在發(fā)生SSI后抗菌藥物的選擇。
按照美國醫(yī)院感染監(jiān)測系統(tǒng)[18]將手術(shù)NNIS分為NNIS0級、NNIS1級、NNIS2級和NNIS3級,分別對各級NNIS手術(shù)的SSI進(jìn)行比較,可提高SSI的準(zhǔn)確性和可比性。我院監(jiān)測NNIS0級手術(shù)感染專率為1.05%,NNIS1級手術(shù)感染專率為1.89%,NNIS2級手術(shù)感染專率為4.45%,NNIS3級感染專率為10.00%,各級NNIS感染率隨著感染風(fēng)險增加而相應(yīng)升高,與多項(xiàng)研究監(jiān)測結(jié)果相符合[18-20]。調(diào)整感染發(fā)病專率可用于對比收治同樣患者的多個病區(qū)之間的SSI對比,最高為脊柱二病區(qū)(4.02%),最低為脊柱一病區(qū)(2.97%),而脊柱二病區(qū)為3.00%,結(jié)果表明不同病區(qū)在感染預(yù)防措施的落實(shí)、手術(shù)技巧等方面存在差異。同樣,手術(shù)醫(yī)生的調(diào)整感染發(fā)病專率也可較好地比較同一科室外科醫(yī)生之間的SSI水平,排除各醫(yī)生收治患者的數(shù)量、年齡、病情嚴(yán)重程度等因素,使醫(yī)生術(shù)后SSI更具有可比性[21-24]。本研究結(jié)果顯示,醫(yī)生的調(diào)整感染專率為0~17.86%,開展手術(shù)例數(shù)最多的醫(yī)生G感染專率為2.30%,各手術(shù)醫(yī)生的感染專率呈現(xiàn)明顯差別。
傳統(tǒng)手術(shù)部位目標(biāo)監(jiān)測僅對個別手術(shù)用手工記錄方法進(jìn)行監(jiān)測,本研究采用信息化監(jiān)測脊柱術(shù)后SSI發(fā)生情況,是一種便捷、高效的監(jiān)測方法,適用于大樣本的監(jiān)測,且數(shù)據(jù)真實(shí)可靠。通過研究明確了脊柱術(shù)后90 d內(nèi)SSI發(fā)生的重點(diǎn)監(jiān)測時段,主要病原菌以金黃色葡萄球菌、表皮葡萄球菌、大腸埃希菌等為主;且對不同科室、醫(yī)生的手術(shù)感染專率的監(jiān)測發(fā)現(xiàn),各病區(qū)、醫(yī)生之間對手術(shù)SSI感染預(yù)防重視程度不同、醫(yī)生手術(shù)技巧熟練程度不同導(dǎo)致其SSI發(fā)生率之間存在差異。通過研究獲取的以上感染相關(guān)危險因素及數(shù)據(jù)及時對科室、手術(shù)醫(yī)生進(jìn)行反饋,可作為SSI感染重要預(yù)防措施,也更有針對性地對有脊柱SSI相關(guān)因素的患者采取防控措施,進(jìn)而有效降低脊柱術(shù)后SSI發(fā)生率。
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收稿日期:2023-02-02;修回日期:2023-03-01
編輯/杜帆
基金項(xiàng)目:廣西醫(yī)藥衛(wèi)生科研課題(編號:Z20190176)
作者簡介:劉濱(1975.11-),男,浙江樂清人,碩士,副主任醫(yī)師,主要從事醫(yī)院感染管理研究工作