費(fèi)孝桐 徐欣維 陶紅艷 孫文芮 李尚霖 魏嘉
摘要:對(duì)膽固醇的生物合成、乳酸菌的體內(nèi)和體外降膽固醇特性、作用機(jī)制以及乳酸菌的應(yīng)用研究進(jìn)展進(jìn)行綜述,為乳酸菌降解膽固醇的進(jìn)一步研究與相關(guān)產(chǎn)品的開發(fā)應(yīng)用提供科學(xué)依據(jù)。
關(guān)鍵詞:乳酸菌;降膽固醇;作用機(jī)制;應(yīng)用特性目前,關(guān)于高膽固醇引發(fā)的疾病治療主要有食療、藥物控制等,但患者通常難以長(zhǎng)期堅(jiān)持且可能會(huì)有副作用的發(fā)生[1-3],因此,研發(fā)新型降膽固醇產(chǎn)品已經(jīng)成為當(dāng)下的研究熱點(diǎn)。乳酸菌(LAB)是一類能夠直接利用可發(fā)酵碳水化合物產(chǎn)生大量乳酸的無芽孢、革蘭氏陽性細(xì)菌[4],在自然界的分布非常廣泛,通常存在于肉、蔬菜和乳制品中。膽固醇是不溶于水的生物分子,膽鹽在其消化過程中起主要作用,因?yàn)樗鼈儽缓铣刹⑴c肝臟中的?;撬峄蚋拾彼嵯嘟Y(jié)合[5]。自乳酸菌發(fā)酵乳降膽固醇的作用首次報(bào)道以來[6],其作為功能性制劑降低血清膽固醇引起了廣泛關(guān)注。本文對(duì)國(guó)內(nèi)外關(guān)于乳酸菌降膽固醇的作用機(jī)制及其應(yīng)用研究進(jìn)展進(jìn)行綜述,并對(duì)研究現(xiàn)狀進(jìn)行分析與展望,為乳酸菌降解膽固醇的進(jìn)一步研究與相關(guān)產(chǎn)品的開發(fā)應(yīng)用提供科學(xué)依據(jù)。
1乳酸菌降膽固醇的特性
降膽固醇乳酸菌的篩選通常在含有CaCO3的MRS固體培養(yǎng)基上培養(yǎng),通過挑選具有典型性狀的溶鈣圈,在MRS液體培養(yǎng)基中進(jìn)行分離純化[7],再將菌種接種至含有膽固醇的MRS肉湯培養(yǎng)基中進(jìn)行高效降膽固醇菌株的篩選以及降膽固醇能力的測(cè)定[8]。
1.1乳酸菌體外降膽固醇的特性
進(jìn)行體外實(shí)驗(yàn)是研究乳酸菌降膽固醇作用機(jī)制的基礎(chǔ),篩選出具有高效降膽固醇功效的乳酸菌可為進(jìn)一步開發(fā)綠色微生態(tài)制劑奠定基礎(chǔ)。C.Albano[9]等在含有膽固醇和膽汁酸的培養(yǎng)基中測(cè)試了58種益生性乳酸菌,其中7株菌株去除率大于42%,再將其中的副干酪乳桿菌(paracasei)VC213和乳酸腸球菌(Enterococcus lactis)BT161投入奶酪生產(chǎn),可以有效降低奶酪中的膽固醇含量,降解率高達(dá)23%。Dandy[10]等對(duì)來源于印度尼西亞地區(qū)的乳酸菌進(jìn)行了耐酸耐膽鹽特性試驗(yàn),測(cè)試出9個(gè)分離菌株的降膽固醇能力從22.08%到68.75%不等,其中開菲爾乳桿菌(Lactobacillus kefiri)JK17的去除率最高。Bhat[11]等從母乳中分離出功能性乳酸菌,并使用多種方法對(duì)選定的乳酸菌分離株進(jìn)行降膽固醇潛力測(cè)試,結(jié)果表明,分離株中的副干酪乳桿菌M5能表現(xiàn)出最大的膽鹽水解酶活性和更高的細(xì)胞壁粘附作用,其降解膽固醇的能力高達(dá)84.75%。一定濃度數(shù)量的有活力的乳酸菌都能起到降低膽固醇的作用,但具體功效與菌株本身的生理特性有所關(guān)聯(lián),這就導(dǎo)致了菌株不同其降解膽固醇效率也會(huì)有所不同[12]。
1.2乳酸菌體內(nèi)降膽固醇的特性
在體外降膽固醇乳酸菌的研究基礎(chǔ)上,可以進(jìn)一步探究乳酸菌在體內(nèi)的降膽固醇效果。研究表明益生功能性菌劑想要在人體內(nèi)發(fā)揮其特異性生理功能,就必須克服人體內(nèi)多種生理屏障,比如胃酸、膽鹽耐受以及胃腸道內(nèi)的各種酶的消化作用[13]。Lee[14]等利用體外實(shí)驗(yàn)分離出的長(zhǎng)雙歧桿菌(Bifidobacterium longum )SPM1207喂食大鼠,持續(xù)2周后發(fā)現(xiàn)大鼠血清中的總膽固醇含量和低密度脂蛋白水平顯著降低,并且能夠降低有害的腸道酶活性。LIU[15]等研究發(fā)現(xiàn),植物乳桿菌(Lactobacillus plantarum)LP96能使高膽固醇飲食大鼠的血清甘油三酯、總膽固醇、低密度脂蛋白膽固醇等物質(zhì)含量顯著降低,并能表現(xiàn)出較好的抗氧化活性和改善腸道微生物群落平衡,由此推斷LP96是一種具有潛在性高效降膽固醇能力的益生菌。HEO W[16]等研究發(fā)現(xiàn),植物乳桿菌LP5273有利于膽汁酸在小鼠胃腸道內(nèi)的代謝,并能顯著改善患高膽固醇疾病小鼠的癥狀,也進(jìn)一步證明了植物乳桿菌可用于治療和預(yù)防心血管疾病。研究結(jié)果表明,對(duì)于大多數(shù)菌株的篩選都依附于體外和體內(nèi)試驗(yàn),依據(jù)實(shí)驗(yàn)理論可篩選出高效降膽固醇的菌株,可為日后開發(fā)微生態(tài)制劑奠定實(shí)踐基礎(chǔ),也為進(jìn)一步治療高血脂、高血壓等相關(guān)心血管疾病提供實(shí)驗(yàn)性治療方案[17]。
2乳酸菌體內(nèi)降膽固醇作用機(jī)制
2.1膽汁鹽水解酶介導(dǎo)的膽汁鹽解偶聯(lián)
在宿主腸道中,乳酸菌因其膽汁鹽水解酶(bile salt hydrolase,BSH)活性而具有對(duì)抗膽鹽的抗菌作用,此外,有研究表明BSH介導(dǎo)膽汁鹽解偶聯(lián)過程中產(chǎn)生的氨基酸能被乳酸菌作為氮源或碳源再利用[18]。據(jù)Kumar[19]等報(bào)道植物乳桿菌Lp91和Lp21具有顯著高的BSH活性,每分鐘分別產(chǎn)生99.29、88.63nmol/mL甘氨酸,乳酸菌相較于其他益生菌表現(xiàn)出較高的BSH活性。結(jié)合型膽汁鹽由初級(jí)膽汁酸與甘氨酸或?;撬嵬ㄟ^N-?;0锋I(C-24)結(jié)合甘氨膽酸或牛磺膽酸最終形成,易被肝腸循環(huán)吸收利用,從而引起體內(nèi)膽固醇的堆積,BSH活性能導(dǎo)致結(jié)合型膽汁鹽解偶聯(lián),即BSH水解甘氨酸或?;撬峤Y(jié)合膽汁鹽的N-?;0锋I(C-24),去結(jié)合型膽汁鹽溶解性差,產(chǎn)生的游離膽汁酸通過糞便排出體外[20]。為了彌補(bǔ)膽汁酸的損失,作為膽汁酸前體物質(zhì)的膽固醇則部分轉(zhuǎn)化為膽汁酸,從而延緩膽固醇的上升。因此,應(yīng)用具有高BSH活性的益生菌是控制血清膽固醇水平的重要策略之一[21]。
2.2腸膽固醇與解偶聯(lián)膽汁鹽的共沉淀
腸內(nèi)膽固醇是一種疏水性物質(zhì),需要被膽汁鹽乳化后才能被吸收,因此,膽固醇的吸收依賴于膽鹽的作用[22]。腸道中的一些乳酸菌會(huì)水解膽鹽,然而,解偶聯(lián)膽汁鹽與未解偶聯(lián)形式下的膽汁鹽相比,對(duì)膽固醇的乳化能力較弱,不能形成穩(wěn)定的膠束,在酸性條件下,解偶聯(lián)膽汁鹽會(huì)被質(zhì)子化,與腸內(nèi)膽固醇形成共沉淀,不被宿主吸收[23]。共沉淀現(xiàn)象發(fā)生必不可少的因素之一是解偶聯(lián)膽汁鹽的存在,其次就是環(huán)境酸堿度。在體外乳酸菌降解膽固醇實(shí)驗(yàn)中發(fā)現(xiàn),BSH酶通常需要在5~6之間的酸堿度下才能發(fā)揮最大作用[24],而解偶聯(lián)膽汁鹽在低于6的酸堿度下才能形成沉淀,當(dāng)環(huán)境酸堿度大于7時(shí),膽固醇能重新溶解[25],因?yàn)槟c道內(nèi)生理pH值在中性和堿性之間變化,所以膽固醇與解偶聯(lián)膽汁鹽的共沉淀不會(huì)顯著降低腸道對(duì)膽固醇的吸收。
2.3膽固醇同化能力
乳酸菌的膽固醇同化能力是降低和升高的膽固醇水平的另一個(gè)重要機(jī)制,有研究表明,乳酸菌在厭氧條件下對(duì)膽固醇具有同化吸收作用。在培養(yǎng)基中添加膽固醇并對(duì)乳酸菌進(jìn)行厭氧培養(yǎng),經(jīng)過一段時(shí)間后發(fā)現(xiàn)培養(yǎng)基中的膽固醇含量有所下降,破碎細(xì)胞后檢測(cè)到細(xì)胞內(nèi)膽固醇含量有所增加,說明乳酸菌可以吸收膽固醇[26]。Noh[27]等將接種嗜酸乳桿菌ATCC 43121的MRS肉湯培養(yǎng)基和未接種的MRS肉湯培養(yǎng)基培養(yǎng)一定時(shí)長(zhǎng)后,利用鄰苯二甲醛法[28]測(cè)定細(xì)胞中、接種及未接種的培養(yǎng)基中膽固醇的含量,并對(duì)數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行對(duì)比分析得知重懸細(xì)胞中的膽固醇含量加上接種嗜酸乳桿菌ATCC 43121的MRS肉湯中的膽固醇含量大約等于未接種對(duì)照肉湯中的膽固醇含量,因此,在生長(zhǎng)過程中,幾乎沒有膽固醇被乳桿菌降解。
乳酸菌的細(xì)胞壁、細(xì)胞膜以及細(xì)胞質(zhì)對(duì)膽固醇也均具有不同程度的同化能力,有人曾使用掃描電子顯微鏡觀察到乳酸桿菌菌體有吸附膽固醇的現(xiàn)象[29]。在不含膽固醇的MRS肉湯培養(yǎng)基中生長(zhǎng)的乳酸菌表面光滑無痕跡,而在含膽固醇的培養(yǎng)基中生長(zhǎng)的乳酸菌表面粗糙有痕跡。乳酸菌菌株生長(zhǎng)過程中胞外多糖的產(chǎn)生量與菌株吸收的膽固醇量之間也存在相關(guān)性,細(xì)菌細(xì)胞壁肽聚糖的組成與結(jié)構(gòu)也會(huì)影響每個(gè)菌株吸收膽固醇的能力[30]。此外,由于菌株吸收膽固醇后,細(xì)胞膜仍須保持完整性和流動(dòng)性,其會(huì)發(fā)生修飾化反應(yīng),導(dǎo)致細(xì)胞膜的拉伸強(qiáng)度和表面電荷發(fā)生變化,使菌株對(duì)腸腔中存在的不利條件更具抵抗力,從而防止細(xì)胞溶解的發(fā)生[31]。根據(jù)Miremadi[32]等的說法,非生長(zhǎng)期(靜止期)或死亡的乳酸菌也具有吸收吸附膽固醇的能力,但與生長(zhǎng)期的乳酸菌相比,其吸收量較少,因此,培養(yǎng)基中膽固醇濃度的降低是由于生長(zhǎng)細(xì)胞的同化及膽固醇粘附到非生長(zhǎng)或死亡細(xì)胞表面的結(jié)果。在乳酸菌同化膽固醇的過程中解偶聯(lián)形式的膽汁鹽起著重要作用,它能增加膜的滲透性、流動(dòng)性和孔隙率,使膽固醇的摻入更加容易,從而增加了膽固醇在乳酸菌細(xì)胞膜中的吸收[33]。然而,與膽固醇共沉淀的機(jī)制不同,膽汁鹽以解偶聯(lián)的形式存在對(duì)膽固醇的同化不是必需的[34],乳酸菌能夠?qū)⑴囵B(yǎng)基中的膽汁鹽結(jié)合到它們的細(xì)胞表面,與被同化的膽固醇類似,被吸附的膽汁鹽將以糞便形式被排出體外。
2.4膽固醇轉(zhuǎn)化為不溶性化合物糞甾烷醇
在腸腔中,膳食膽固醇和通過腸內(nèi)膽固醇外流的內(nèi)源性膽固醇都能被腸道微生物群代謝,膽固醇可被還原為不溶性化合物糞甾烷醇,少量被還原為糞甾烷酮,這些代謝物都難以被腸道吸收利用,通常隨糞便排出體外,從而降低膽固醇在腸道內(nèi)的吸收率,膽固醇轉(zhuǎn)化為糞甾烷醇的效率主要是由腸道微生物群中降膽固醇細(xì)菌的活性和豐度決定的[35]。降膽固醇細(xì)菌必須含有膽固醇還原酶,才能實(shí)現(xiàn)膽固醇的轉(zhuǎn)化,Zanotti[36]等在乳酸菌PRL2010中鑒定出了膽固醇還原酶,與在不含膽固醇條件下培養(yǎng)的乳酸菌相比,含膽固醇培養(yǎng)基培養(yǎng)的乳酸菌PRL2010具有基因BBPR-0519的表達(dá),BBPR-0519基因編碼膽固醇還原酶,該酶可將膽固醇轉(zhuǎn)化為糞甾烷醇,然而,胃腸道中的環(huán)境以及膽固醇和膽鹽存在與否,都會(huì)影響到此酶的表達(dá)和活性。
2.5抑制腸細(xì)胞中膽固醇轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)蛋白NPC1L1的表達(dá)
腸腔中的膽固醇通過多蛋白跨膜蛋白(Niemann-pick C1 like 1,NPC1L1)被吸收,Nashimoto[37]等利用非洲爪蟾卵母細(xì)胞對(duì)NPC1L1介導(dǎo)的膽固醇轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)特性進(jìn)行了研究,與實(shí)驗(yàn)細(xì)胞相比,高表達(dá)NPC1L1的Madin-Darby犬腎(MDCK)II細(xì)胞對(duì)膽固醇攝取轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)活性更強(qiáng),另外,注射NPC1L1 cRNA的卵母細(xì)胞在培養(yǎng)5~6d后表達(dá)NPC1L1,該卵母細(xì)胞的膽固醇攝取轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)活性比注射水的卵母細(xì)胞高,此外,與注射NPC1L1 L216A cRNA的卵母細(xì)胞相比,注射NPC1L 1 L216A cRNA的卵母細(xì)胞對(duì)膽固醇的攝取顯著降低,表明NPC1L1 L216A位的亮氨酸對(duì)膽固醇轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)很重要。NPC1L1 蛋白在吸收性腸上皮細(xì)胞的頂端處可高度表達(dá)[38],而此處也正是膽固醇在小腸的吸收部位,NPC1L1轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)蛋白與膽固醇特異性結(jié)合,協(xié)助其穿過小腸,從而實(shí)現(xiàn)小腸對(duì)膽固醇的吸收。Yoon[39]等研究的鼠李糖乳桿菌BFE5264和植物乳桿菌NR74可以通過下調(diào)膽固醇轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)蛋白NPC1L1的表達(dá)來調(diào)控小腸對(duì)膽固醇的吸收。除此以外,ABCG5蛋白和ABCG8蛋白共同作用時(shí)也能有效達(dá)到降膽固醇的作用[40],研究發(fā)現(xiàn),LXR/RXR 雜合二聚體不僅能夠下調(diào)NPC1L1 蛋白的表達(dá)[41],還能上調(diào)ABCG5/G8 蛋白的表達(dá)[42],從而促進(jìn)膽固醇的排出。
3乳酸菌的應(yīng)用現(xiàn)狀
3.1乳酸菌在食品領(lǐng)域的應(yīng)用
在食品領(lǐng)域抗生素泛濫的現(xiàn)狀下,被認(rèn)為安全、有效、環(huán)保的乳酸菌逐漸成為研究者們的探究熱點(diǎn)。劉雨萱[43]等研究發(fā)現(xiàn),添加乳酸菌的發(fā)酵肉制品風(fēng)味獨(dú)特,貯藏時(shí)間長(zhǎng),還可有效的降低致癌物質(zhì)N-亞硝胺的積累,進(jìn)而減少對(duì)人體的傷害。奶制品方面常用的發(fā)酵菌屬有雙歧桿菌屬、鏈球菌屬,其發(fā)酵產(chǎn)品主要有酸奶、奶酪、曲拉、酥油等。Natalya[44]等研究發(fā)現(xiàn),將乳酸菌制成可食用性涂膜,用于小麥面包的表面,可有效的防治小麥面包發(fā)霉,延長(zhǎng)其保存時(shí)間?,F(xiàn)在微生物制劑尚未普及,乳酸菌制劑具有巨大潛力,乳酸菌可以較好的抑制腐敗菌的滋生繁殖,從而有效地延長(zhǎng)食品的保鮮程度和貯藏時(shí)間,是一種天然、無害、有效的抑菌劑,提高農(nóng)戶的經(jīng)濟(jì)效益。
3.2乳酸菌在畜牧業(yè)的應(yīng)用
在畜牧業(yè)生產(chǎn)應(yīng)用中,乳酸菌可被用作飼料添加劑,能夠提高動(dòng)物飼料吸收率,可有效的預(yù)防疫病的發(fā)生、促進(jìn)畜禽類動(dòng)物的消化吸收、維持和改善胃腸道的微生態(tài)平衡、增強(qiáng)動(dòng)物自身免疫力等作用。在青貯飼料中,添加乳酸菌能夠明顯降低青貯飼料的pH值,改善青貯飼料的品質(zhì),提高其營(yíng)養(yǎng)價(jià)值和動(dòng)物對(duì)青貯飼料的消化率,減少動(dòng)物體內(nèi)腸道疾病發(fā)生的幾率[45]。張炎達(dá)[46]等發(fā)現(xiàn),飼料中添加乳酸菌制劑能明顯的增加肉雞生產(chǎn)性能,提高肉雞體重,改善雞蛋的品質(zhì),增強(qiáng)機(jī)體免疫抵抗力。乳酸菌對(duì)家禽的生長(zhǎng)性能、胴體性狀、腸道微生物群、血清生化成分、免疫參數(shù)和盲腸微生物群有極大的積極調(diào)節(jié)作用[47]。因此被廣泛應(yīng)用于青貯飼料、家禽、反芻動(dòng)物等實(shí)際生產(chǎn)。
3.3乳酸菌在醫(yī)藥領(lǐng)域的應(yīng)用
乳酸菌分泌的細(xì)菌素具有明顯的抵抗細(xì)菌、抗腫瘤、抗癌癥等益生作用。在醫(yī)藥領(lǐng)域,一般是將乳酸菌制成菌劑或添加劑使用。王林康[48]等研究發(fā)現(xiàn),中草藥經(jīng)乳酸菌發(fā)酵并投入母豬飼養(yǎng)后能夠明顯縮短其排惡露,減少母豬炎癥發(fā)生幾率,這一研究成果為追求綠色、環(huán)保、無毒的養(yǎng)殖業(yè)提供了理論基礎(chǔ)和實(shí)踐價(jià)值,極大地促進(jìn)了養(yǎng)殖戶經(jīng)濟(jì)收益。趙鑫[49]等研究發(fā)現(xiàn),乳酸菌聯(lián)合中藥治療腹瀉能夠靶向抵抗腸道內(nèi)的病原菌,穩(wěn)固腸道菌群平衡。Wegh[50]等研究發(fā)現(xiàn),乳酸菌制劑有直接的免疫調(diào)節(jié)作用,能夠有效的改善機(jī)體健康和緩解一系列疾病的癥狀,例如嬰兒腸絞痛、成人特異性皮炎和不同原因的腹瀉。Yap[51]等研究發(fā)現(xiàn),乳酸菌產(chǎn)生的抗菌肽是治療李斯特菌病的關(guān)鍵性物質(zhì),在治療人畜共患性疾病中具有巨大的應(yīng)用前景。由此可見,乳酸菌分泌的抑菌物質(zhì)可為臨床靶向治療提供科學(xué)依據(jù)。
4結(jié)論與展望
乳酸菌具有多種保健功能,其功效包括降低血清膽固醇水平、改善乳糖不耐受、改善消化不良、對(duì)胃腸道感染和腫瘤抑制表現(xiàn)出較強(qiáng)的抵抗能力等。許多研究已經(jīng)對(duì)不同乳酸菌株潛在的降膽固醇特性進(jìn)行了探究,包括在生長(zhǎng)細(xì)胞內(nèi)吸收膽固醇、將膽固醇附著在細(xì)胞表面、將膽固醇摻入細(xì)胞膜、利用膽鹽水解酶去結(jié)合膽汁,結(jié)合膽汁沉淀膽固醇。近期研究發(fā)現(xiàn),許多乳酸菌株表現(xiàn)出較高的BSH活性,鑒定這些菌株并應(yīng)用于治療將可能是一個(gè)很大的進(jìn)步。
此外,乳酸菌已被證明在各種條件下都能促進(jìn)宿主健康。雖然動(dòng)物實(shí)驗(yàn)在應(yīng)用乳酸菌預(yù)防和治療疾病方面取得了可喜的成果,但還需要人體試驗(yàn)和更明智的評(píng)估系統(tǒng)來積累支持的臨床數(shù)據(jù)。值得注意的是,益生菌已經(jīng)進(jìn)入醫(yī)療保健的主流,因?yàn)樵絹碓蕉嗟淖C據(jù)支持使用乳酸菌治療胃腸道相關(guān)疾病和腸道外適應(yīng)癥,即泌尿生殖系統(tǒng)疾病、細(xì)菌性陰道病、特應(yīng)性疾病、食物過敏和齲齒[21]。而且益生乳酸菌在動(dòng)物和人類中的安全性記錄由來已久[2],進(jìn)一步的研究應(yīng)該集中在長(zhǎng)期的安全性評(píng)估上,以評(píng)估其潛在的不良健康影響。參考文獻(xiàn)
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Research Progress on Mechanism on Lowering Cholesterol
and Application of Lactic Acid BacteriaFEI Xiao-tong,XU Xin-wei,TAO Hong-yan,SUN Wen-rui,LI Shang-lin,WEI Jia
(Life Science and Engineering College,Northwest University for Nationalities,Lanzhou 730030,China)Abstract:The cholesterol biosynthesis,lactic acid bacteria in vivo and in vitro cholesterol characteristics,cholesterol-lowering action mechanism,and the application status of lactic acid bacteria was reviewed to provide scientific basis for the further research on the degradation of cholesterol by lactic acid bacteria and the development and application of related products.
Keywords:lactic acid bacteria;cholesterol-lowering;action mechanism;application feature