陳玉梅,張聰聰,胡麗蓉,房浩,竇金煥,郭剛,王炎,劉巧香,王雅春,徐青
熱應(yīng)激對奶牛啟動子區(qū)DNA甲基化水平的影響
1北京交通大學(xué)生命科學(xué)與生物工程研究院,北京 100044;2中國農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)動物科技學(xué)院,北京 100193;3北京農(nóng)學(xué)院,北京 102206;4北京首農(nóng)畜牧發(fā)展有限公司,北京 100029;5北京生物種業(yè)創(chuàng)新聯(lián)合體,北京 100125
【目的】熱應(yīng)激嚴重影響奶牛的生產(chǎn)和健康,是制約奶業(yè)持續(xù)健康發(fā)展的重要因素。DNA甲基化作為一種重要的表觀遺傳調(diào)控機制參與動物的熱應(yīng)激反應(yīng),但其在奶牛熱應(yīng)激過程中的作用和分子機制研究較少。研究通過檢測奶牛熱應(yīng)激相關(guān)的DNA甲基化變化,篩選和驗證DNA甲基化相關(guān)的關(guān)鍵基因,為奶牛熱應(yīng)激的表觀遺傳機制研究積累數(shù)據(jù)?!痉椒ā恳员本┦腥G荷金銀島牧場的24頭中國荷斯坦牛(泌乳階段及胎次相同) 為研究對象,分別于春季 (非應(yīng)激期,2017年4月份) 和夏季(熱應(yīng)激期,2017年7月份) 采集試驗個體的血液,提取DNA,共獲得48份DNA樣本。首先,隨機選擇其中15頭奶牛,并隨機分為3組,每組5份DNA樣本混合,通過全基因組重亞硫酸鹽測序法(Whole- genome bisulfite sequencing, WGBS) 檢測奶牛基因組DNA的甲基化狀態(tài),篩選差異甲基化區(qū)域 (Differential methylation region, DMR; 1000 bp windows, 500 bp overlap,<0.05) 及相關(guān)基因,利用PROMO和Methprimer軟件預(yù)測基因啟動子的轉(zhuǎn)錄因子結(jié)合位點和CpG島區(qū)。然后,39 ℃熱處理牛乳腺上皮細胞 (Bovine mammary gland epithelial cells, Mac-T)不同時間 (24 h, 48 h, 72 h),MTT法檢測細胞活力。最后,利用亞硫酸鹽測序法 (Bisulfite sequencing PCR, BSP)分別對春夏季的24頭奶牛及39 ℃熱處理不同時間的Mac-T細胞中目的基因啟動子區(qū)的甲基化狀態(tài)進行分析?!窘Y(jié)果】通過WGBS共得到49 861個DMRs,其中一個DMR注釋到基因GNAS復(fù)合體基因座(GNAS complex locus,)的啟動子區(qū),其整體甲基化水平在夏季熱應(yīng)激期極顯著上調(diào)(<0.001),且該區(qū)域預(yù)測到一個352 bp的CpG島,包含Sp1、C/EBP等重要轉(zhuǎn)錄因子的結(jié)合區(qū)域。24頭奶牛個體中啟動子區(qū)31個CG位點的整體甲基化水平在熱應(yīng)激期顯著上調(diào)(<0.05),與WGBS結(jié)果一致,其中,21號(-113 bp,Chr13:57532733)和27號CG (-63 bp,Chr13:57532683) 位點甲基化水平顯著上調(diào)(<0.05)。Mac-T 細胞熱處理48和72 h后,細胞活力極顯著下降(<0.01),啟動子的CG 位點整體甲基化水平顯著上調(diào) (<0.05),21號和27號CG均為顯著上調(diào)的差異甲基化位點,與個體水平結(jié)果一致?!窘Y(jié)論】熱應(yīng)激會引起奶牛啟動子甲基化水平增加,是奶牛熱應(yīng)激DNA甲基化調(diào)控的潛在靶基因。
熱應(yīng)激;奶牛;WGBS;DNA甲基化;GNAS基因
【研究意義】全球氣候的持續(xù)變暖對人類發(fā)展、動物生存和地球的生態(tài)平衡造成了威脅[1-2],日趨嚴重的熱應(yīng)激問題制約了畜牧業(yè)的持續(xù)健康發(fā)展,而氣候變暖以及產(chǎn)奶量提高所導(dǎo)致的奶牛代謝熱增加都加重了熱應(yīng)激對奶牛養(yǎng)殖業(yè)的影響,如導(dǎo)致奶牛生產(chǎn)性能、繁殖性能和免疫能力的下降,乳房炎、子宮內(nèi)膜炎等多種疾病發(fā)病率的增加[3-7],對奶牛行業(yè)造成了巨大的經(jīng)濟損失。因此,研究奶牛熱應(yīng)激的分子機制,從表觀遺傳調(diào)控角度探索潛在的關(guān)鍵基因,對于尋找奶牛熱應(yīng)激抗性育種的分子標記和思路具有重要意義?!厩叭搜芯窟M展】近年來,奶牛熱應(yīng)激的相關(guān)研究取得了較大的進展。通過大量熱應(yīng)激相關(guān)的奶牛生理、生化和生產(chǎn)性能表型的收集和分析,全基因組關(guān)聯(lián)分析等研究,定位了重要的熱應(yīng)激相關(guān)的數(shù)量性狀基因座,鑒定了顯著相關(guān)的遺傳標記[6-8]。隨著高通量檢測技術(shù)的發(fā)展,組學(xué)分析已應(yīng)用到奶牛熱應(yīng)激研究中,發(fā)現(xiàn)熱應(yīng)激會引起奶牛體內(nèi)基因表達、代謝物和胃腸道微生物的顯著變化,并影響多個生物學(xué)通路的生物功能[9-11]。由此可見,奶牛熱應(yīng)激是一個復(fù)雜過程,由多基因和非遺傳因素共同作用,涉及的分子機制復(fù)雜,需要從更多角度包括表觀遺傳學(xué)等進行探索研究。DNA甲基化是調(diào)節(jié)基因表達的重要表觀遺傳修飾方式之一[12],在動植物應(yīng)對環(huán)境壓力過程中起重要的調(diào)節(jié)作用。研究表明DNA甲基化參與生物的熱應(yīng)激反應(yīng)[13-15]。2021年,LIVERNOIS等報道,熱應(yīng)激會引起荷斯坦牛血細胞基因組DNA甲基化水平的變化[16],進一步證實了DNA甲基化在奶牛熱應(yīng)激反應(yīng)過程中的重要作用。DNA甲基化的檢測技術(shù)眾多[17],而亞硫酸鹽預(yù)處理DNA后檢測甲基化為主流方法,其中全基因組重亞硫酸鹽測序法(whole-genome bisulfite sequencing, WGBS)可獲得單堿基分辨率的全基因組甲基化水平,而通過亞硫酸鹽測序法(Bisulfite sequencing PCR, BSP)可快速準確地獲得基因局部區(qū)域的甲基化狀態(tài)?;騁NAS復(fù)合體基因座(GNAS complex locus,)(Entrez ID: 281793)位于奶?;蚪M13號染色體上的57465317—57532635區(qū)域,全長67 319 bp,包括多種轉(zhuǎn)錄本,主要編碼G蛋白和神經(jīng)內(nèi)分泌蛋白55等,在信號轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)和甲狀旁腺激素反應(yīng)的生物過程中發(fā)揮重要的作用。研究表明,GNAS是一個印跡基因,表現(xiàn)出親本特異性甲基化,其轉(zhuǎn)錄本NESP55表現(xiàn)為父源等位基因甲基化,僅母本表達,異常甲基化還可導(dǎo)致疾病的發(fā)生[18]。GNAS基因的甲基化變化與假性甲狀旁腺功能減退癥[19]和惡性胰腺囊腫[20]相關(guān),但GNAS基因的甲基化狀態(tài)與功能的相關(guān)在奶牛上未檢索到相關(guān)報道?!颈狙芯壳腥朦c】雖已有研究表明DNA甲基化與奶牛的熱應(yīng)激反應(yīng)密切相關(guān),但相關(guān)的分子機制和潛在作用仍不清楚,而GNAS基因啟動子在奶牛熱應(yīng)激反應(yīng)中的DNA甲基化的變化還未見報道?!緮M解決的關(guān)鍵問題】本研究首先通過WGBS檢測和比較春季(非熱應(yīng)激期)和夏季(熱應(yīng)激期)奶牛全基因組DNA甲基化的狀態(tài),篩選與奶牛熱應(yīng)激相關(guān)的差異甲基化區(qū)域和關(guān)鍵基因,然后采用BSP法,在個體和細胞水平上進一步驗證關(guān)鍵基因GNAS的啟動子區(qū)熱應(yīng)激前后甲基化水平的變化,從而探索奶牛熱應(yīng)激相關(guān)的表觀遺傳調(diào)控機制,以期為奶??篃釕?yīng)激育種積累數(shù)據(jù)。
選擇泌乳階段和胎次相同、無親緣關(guān)系的24頭中國荷斯坦牛為試驗動物,分別在春季非應(yīng)激期(2017年4月,38<THI(Temperature humidity index)<68)和夏季熱應(yīng)激期(2017年7月,THI>72[21])采集尾靜脈抗凝血,提取DNA。記錄和計算牛場的溫度和濕度,根據(jù)公式THI=0.8×AT+[RH×(AT-14.4)]+46.4[21]計算THI值。從24頭奶牛中隨機選擇15頭用于WGBS測序,24頭牛全部應(yīng)用于GNAS基因的BSP檢測。所有奶牛來自北京市大興區(qū)北京三元綠荷金銀島牧場,試驗個體飼喂條件及營養(yǎng)水平遵從牧場管理要求。具體試驗動物的分組和基因組DNA甲基化的檢測、分析和驗證流程如圖1所示。
在牛乳腺上皮細胞系(Mac-T,BFN607200656,青旗生物技術(shù)發(fā)展有限公司)中進行細胞實驗。細胞培養(yǎng)液為含10 %胎牛血清和1 %青霉素與鏈霉素的高糖DMEM(Dulbecco’s modified eagle medium)完全培養(yǎng)基。培養(yǎng)過程中觀察細胞形態(tài)并拍照。通過免疫熒光對Mac-T細胞進行鑒定:5×104個/孔接種細胞于24孔板中制作細胞爬片。待細胞長到80%—90%后,4%多聚甲醛固定15 min后用0.2% TritonX-100處理5 min,清洗后用免疫染色封閉液QuickBlockTM封閉15 min,再滴加CK8(Immunoway,YT1275)或CK18(Abcam,ab668)一抗4 ℃過夜,然后加入FITC標記的二抗(Immunoway,RS004;ABclonal,AS019)室溫避光孵育30 min,洗滌后加入DAPI(4',6-diamidino- 2-phenylindole)室溫避光孵育10 min,于熒光顯微鏡下觀察并拍照,PBS孵育替換一抗作為陰性對照。細胞熱應(yīng)激處理過程:37 ℃正常培養(yǎng)24 h后,于39 ℃分別培養(yǎng)24、48和72 h,37℃培養(yǎng)相同時間的細胞作為對照組。每個時間點細胞熱處理后,立即提取熱處理組和對照組細胞的基因組DNA,每個試驗獨立重復(fù)3次。
以3×103個/孔接種Mac-T細胞于96孔板中,37 ℃正常培養(yǎng)24 h后每個試驗組再39 ℃分別培養(yǎng)24 h、48 h和72 h,然后每孔加入MTT溶液繼續(xù)培養(yǎng)4 h后去掉上清,加入DMSO低速振蕩10 min,于490 nm 處檢測吸光值。根據(jù)以下公式計算細胞相對活力:細胞活力=[(39 ℃試驗組OD值-空白對照OD值)/(37 ℃對照組OD值-空白對照OD值)]×100%。
參照Blood DNA Midi Kit試劑盒(成都福際生物技術(shù)有限公司)的使用說明提取血液和細胞樣品中的基因組DNA。使用紫外分光光度計檢測DNA的濃度及純度,1%瓊脂糖凝膠電泳檢測DNA樣品的完整性,純度在1.8≤A260/280≤2.0之間,且無降解的DNA樣品視為合格,用于后續(xù)試驗。使用EZ DNA Methylation-Gold KitTM(D5005, Zymo Research)試劑盒進行重亞硫酸鹽修飾。
圖1 技術(shù)路線圖
在24頭中國荷斯坦牛個體中,隨機選擇其中15頭,并隨機分為3組,每組5頭奶牛的DNA樣本進行混合后建庫,通過Illumina HiSeq4000平臺-進行WGBS測序,結(jié)果獲得3組非應(yīng)激期和3組熱應(yīng)激期奶牛的全基因組甲基狀態(tài)測序數(shù)據(jù)。通過FastQC(v0.11.0)和Fastp(v0.21.0)對測序原始數(shù)據(jù)進行評估和質(zhì)控,Bismark(v0.20.1)進行參考基因組序列比對和統(tǒng)計,R包Methylkit進行DMR(1000 bp windows, 500 bp overlap,<0.05)鑒定和注釋,以支持甲基化的reads數(shù)/(支持甲基化的reads數(shù)+不支持甲基化的reads數(shù))計算甲基化水平。
從NCBI數(shù)據(jù)庫中獲得基因的基因序列(NC_037340.1),利用PROMO在線軟件預(yù)測轉(zhuǎn)錄因子結(jié)合區(qū)域(http://alggen.lsi.upc.es/cgi-bin/promo_v3/ promo/promoinit.cgi?dirDB=TF_8.3),使用Methprimer在線軟件(http://www.urogene.org/cgi-bin/methprimer/ methprimer.cgi)預(yù)測GNAS基因啟動子區(qū)的CpG島,并以長度>300 bp、GC %>50.0 %,及觀察值/期望值≥0.6 的標準鑒定CpG島。以重亞硫酸鹽修飾后的DNA為模板,通過巢式PCR擴增目標片段,BSP的巢式PCR引物如表1所示。PCR反應(yīng)條件為:98 ℃ 30 s,98 ℃ 10 s,56.5 ℃ 30 s,72 ℃40 s,40個循環(huán),72 ℃ 5 min。通過%瓊脂糖凝膠電泳純化PCR產(chǎn)物,送至生工生物(上海)工程股份有限公司進行測序。甲基化水平計算公式:CG位點上C的甲基化水平=C峰高/(C峰高+T峰值)。
通過卡方檢驗統(tǒng)計DMR,配對T檢驗計算非應(yīng)激組和熱應(yīng)激組奶牛的組間差異的顯著性,T檢驗計算細胞水平差異的顯著性。<0.05表示差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義,以平均值±標準差表示結(jié)果。
根據(jù)WGBS的分析結(jié)果,如圖2-A所示,夏季熱應(yīng)激組奶牛和春季非應(yīng)激組相比,統(tǒng)計發(fā)現(xiàn)49 861個DMR(<0.05),其中有4 789個DMR位于啟動子區(qū),并注釋對應(yīng)到4 069個基因。其中,DMR(Chr13:57532501—57533500,命名為DMR1)位于基因的啟動子和5’-UTR內(nèi),即轉(zhuǎn)錄起始點前879 bp 和后121 bp(圖2-C)。WGBS檢測結(jié)果如圖2-B顯示,夏季熱應(yīng)激組奶牛的DMR1整體甲基化水平極顯著高于非應(yīng)激組(<0.001)。通過Methprimer軟件分析發(fā)現(xiàn)DMR1包含一個352 bp的CpG島,位于GNAS基因的啟動子-364—-12 bp區(qū)。本研究對包含該CpG島在內(nèi)的-454—+144 bp區(qū)域(命名為GNAS1)的甲基化水平進行了進一步分析,圖2-C對DMR1、GNAS1、及CpG島的位置等信息進行了詳細的說明。PROMO預(yù)測發(fā)現(xiàn),GNAS1區(qū)包含36個CG位點,具有Sp1、AP2、C/EBP等重要轉(zhuǎn)錄因子潛在的結(jié)合位點(圖2-D)。WGBS分析結(jié)果顯示,夏季熱應(yīng)激組奶牛GNAS1區(qū)的所有CG位點甲基化水平顯著高于春季非應(yīng)激組(44.20% vs 57.31%,<0.05,圖2-B)。綜上,熱應(yīng)激組和非應(yīng)激組個體DMR1和GNAS1區(qū)CG位點甲基化水平的顯著差異關(guān)系密切。
表1 GNAS基因的巢式PCR引物
通過BSP法分別對24頭奶牛熱應(yīng)激期和非應(yīng)激期的GNAS1片段中CG位點的甲基化狀態(tài)進行檢測。如圖3-A所示,BSP方法清楚地檢測到了31個CG位點的甲基化狀態(tài)。在檢測的48個奶牛樣本中,夏季熱應(yīng)激條件下,GNAS1的CG位點整體甲基化水平顯著升高(<0.05,圖3-B),與WGBS檢測結(jié)果一致。對每一個CG位點的甲基化水平進行分析,結(jié)果如圖3-C所示,31個CG位點甲基化水平在夏季熱應(yīng)激條件下都呈上升趨勢,其中21號和27號CG(分別位于-113 bp和-63 bp處,即基因組上Chr13:57532733和Chr13:57532683處)的甲基化水平分別顯著上調(diào)7.37%和7.72%(<0.05)。
對使用的Mac-T細胞進行鑒定。培養(yǎng)過程中,Mac-T細胞穩(wěn)定傳代且貼壁生長,呈現(xiàn)典型的上皮細胞形態(tài)(圖4),低密度時呈現(xiàn)分散生長的多角形單個細胞(圖4-A),密度增大后呈不規(guī)則的鵝卵石樣單層聚集(圖4-B),符合上皮細胞形態(tài)學(xué)特點。Mac-T表達上皮細胞特異性的角蛋白CK8和CK18,其免疫熒光鑒定結(jié)果如圖5所示,本研究所用細胞大小清晰,經(jīng)FITC染色的細胞質(zhì)可與DAPI染色的細胞核完全重合,且陰性對照無綠色熒光。形態(tài)學(xué)觀察和免疫熒光鑒定表明實驗所用細胞為牛乳腺上皮細胞Mac-T。
圖5 免疫熒光鑒定Mac-T細胞
利用MTT法檢測熱應(yīng)激對細胞活力的影響,結(jié)果表明39 ℃熱處理影響Mac-T細胞活力。如圖6所示,與對照組相比,48和72 h熱處理組細胞活力極顯著下降(<0.01),而24 h熱處理組的細胞活力變化不明顯。通過BSP法檢測了Mac-T細胞不同熱處理組的的甲基化水平,結(jié)果表明熱處理后GNAS1甲基化水平顯著升高。如圖7-A所示,39 ℃熱處理48 h后,GNAS1的CG位點甲基化的平均水平從58.93%上調(diào)至65.02%(<0.01),熱處理72 h后則上調(diào)到63.84%(<0.05)。對于單個CG位點,熱處理48 h和72 h后的細胞中,31個CG位點都呈現(xiàn)甲基化水平上調(diào)趨勢,而21號和27號CG位點甲基化水平的上調(diào)較顯著(圖7-B)。綜上,熱應(yīng)激會引起牛乳腺上皮細胞基因啟動子甲基化水平的顯著上調(diào),21號和27號CG位點可能是熱應(yīng)激相關(guān)的重要甲基化位點。
**表示P<0.01;** represents P<0.01
目前,熱應(yīng)激問題是奶牛養(yǎng)殖業(yè)面臨的巨大挑戰(zhàn)之一。熱應(yīng)激會嚴重降低奶牛的生產(chǎn)性能[22]和免疫能力[23],引發(fā)乳房炎和其他健康問題,甚至會直接導(dǎo)致奶牛死亡[24]。生物機體可通過熱休克反應(yīng)[25]、脂肪代謝[26]和氧化應(yīng)激[27]等調(diào)節(jié)方式響應(yīng)熱應(yīng)激,但DNA甲基化在奶牛熱應(yīng)激過程中發(fā)揮的作用鮮少報道。因此,本研究從DNA甲基化的角度出發(fā),在個體和細胞水平上,采用不同方法組合檢測和分析奶牛熱應(yīng)激后基因組甲基化的變化,為奶牛熱應(yīng)激的表觀遺傳機制研究積累數(shù)據(jù)和提供思路。
A:Mac-T細胞39 ℃熱處理不同時間后GNAS1的甲基化水平;B:Mac-T細胞39 ℃熱處理不同時間后21和27號CG位點的甲基化水平。*表示P<0.05;**表示P<0.01
WGBS被稱為甲基化檢測的金標準,雖價格昂貴且數(shù)據(jù)分析復(fù)雜,但特異性和靈敏度較高,能夠獲得個體全基因組范圍內(nèi)的甲基化狀態(tài)[28],常用于小樣本全基因組甲基化狀態(tài)的檢測。BSP法通過一代測序技術(shù)則能準確快速獲得部分區(qū)域的甲基化狀態(tài)[29],常用于大樣本中已知基因啟動子區(qū)域甲基化水平的檢測。WGBS在牛的甲基化檢測中已有廣泛的應(yīng)用,比如2020年,Zhou等采用WGBS檢測分析了荷斯坦牛16個組織的全基因組甲基化水平狀態(tài)和不同組織的差異[30],WANG等[31]對不同乳蛋白和乳脂率的泌乳荷斯坦牛乳腺組織中全基因組DNA甲基化進行了檢測,而IBEAGHA-AWEMU等[32]對DNA 甲基化在奶牛的回腸和回腸淋巴結(jié)對鳥分枝桿菌亞種反應(yīng)中的作用進行了研究。本研究首先利用WGBS檢測了熱應(yīng)激下小樣本奶牛全基因組甲基化狀態(tài)的變化關(guān)系,篩選到關(guān)鍵基因,再通過BSP法在大樣本個體和細胞模型中深入驗證熱應(yīng)激下關(guān)鍵基因啟動子區(qū)域的甲基化水平的變化。根據(jù)檢測方法的特點,經(jīng)濟、快速、準確地獲得了試驗結(jié)果。
DNA甲基化是指在DNA甲基轉(zhuǎn)移酶(DNA methyltransferases,DNMTs)的催化下,以S-腺苷甲硫氨酸為甲基供體,將甲基轉(zhuǎn)移到胞嘧啶的第五位碳原子上,使DNA分子的堿基結(jié)合甲基的過程[33]。作為一種重要的表觀遺傳修飾,DNA甲基化與細胞生長、胚胎發(fā)育和衰老等生命活動密切相關(guān)[34],同時參與生物對環(huán)境的適應(yīng)性過程。長期的熱應(yīng)激可導(dǎo)致機體DNA甲基化的改變。KOROTKO等[35]在2021年研究了熱應(yīng)激不同處理時間擬南芥的基因組DNA甲基化變化,發(fā)現(xiàn)熱應(yīng)激降低了DNA甲基化水平,并發(fā)現(xiàn)了Hsp70等關(guān)鍵差異甲基化基因。VINOTH等[36]發(fā)現(xiàn)雞胚胎發(fā)育過程中的,熱應(yīng)激可引起啟動子區(qū)域甲基化水平的變化,從而提高雞出生后的耐熱能力,表明啟動子區(qū)域甲基化是促進表觀遺傳適應(yīng)的重要因素。在2021年LIVERNOIS[16]的報道中,分析了熱應(yīng)激前后奶牛外周血單核細胞基因組啟動子區(qū)的DNA甲基化變化,結(jié)果提示啟動子區(qū)域的DNA甲基化狀態(tài)與奶牛對熱應(yīng)激反應(yīng)的響應(yīng)有關(guān)。已有的研究說明DNA甲基化與奶牛熱應(yīng)激關(guān)系密切,在熱應(yīng)激下基因的DNA甲基化水平可發(fā)生異常改變。在本研究中,奶牛個體和細胞熱應(yīng)激后,GNAS基因啟動子的甲基化水平顯著升高,表明GNAS基因通過DNA甲基化參與了奶牛的熱應(yīng)激反應(yīng),可能是調(diào)控奶牛響應(yīng)熱應(yīng)激的一種重要方式。
2018年報道氧應(yīng)激后TPM2基因的甲基化水平增加[37],Corbett等[38]總結(jié)NR3C1啟動子的高甲基化與應(yīng)激暴露相關(guān),同時ZHANG等[39]報道同型半胱氨酸引起GPX4基因高甲基化,與氧化應(yīng)激有關(guān),以上與本研究結(jié)果相似,表現(xiàn)為應(yīng)激條件下基因的甲基化水平增加。熱應(yīng)激引起基因甲基化水平的變化,可能與機體內(nèi)的DNMTs(形成和維持DNA甲基化的關(guān)鍵酶)的表達量和活性變化等因素有關(guān)。已有研究表明應(yīng)激會改變機體DNMTs表達,導(dǎo)致DNA甲基化水平的改變,牛卵母細胞熱應(yīng)激24 h后DNMT1基因表達水平顯著增加[40],而酒精刺激導(dǎo)致了神經(jīng)前體細胞和小鼠胚胎成纖維細胞DNMT3A基因的表達水平上調(diào)[41]。本研究中GNAS基因啟動子的DNA甲基化水平在熱應(yīng)激后顯著增加,可能與DNMTs表達上調(diào)有關(guān)。在人上,GNAS基因與假性甲狀旁腺功能減退癥、骨異型增生和垂體瘤等疾病的發(fā)生發(fā)展有關(guān),LI 等[42]報道GNAS基因的甲基化狀態(tài)可能是一種用于卵母細胞質(zhì)量檢測的新型表觀遺傳標記。劉明哲等[43]在GNAS基因上獲得了與頭孢類藥物過敏高度相關(guān)的DNA甲基化差異位點,而POIRIER等[44]在泌乳早期牛卵母細胞中發(fā)現(xiàn)了代謝相關(guān)的差異甲基化區(qū)域。在本研究中,熱應(yīng)激后奶牛GNAS基因的啟動子CpG島的CG胞嘧啶整體甲基化水平顯著升高,且所有CG位點的胞嘧啶甲基化水平在熱應(yīng)激后都呈現(xiàn)上升趨勢?;騿幼訁^(qū)CpG島的甲基化具有重要作用,可通過影響轉(zhuǎn)錄因子等調(diào)控元件的結(jié)合而調(diào)控基因表達[45]。在該研究中,采用PROMO預(yù)測GNAS基因啟動子的轉(zhuǎn)錄因子結(jié)合位點,發(fā)現(xiàn)重要轉(zhuǎn)錄因子C/EBP和Sp1結(jié)合區(qū)域富含多個CG位點,且其位點的甲基化水平均上調(diào),而Sp1的結(jié)合區(qū)域中的27號CG位點熱應(yīng)激后甲基化水平顯著增加。Sp1是甲基化敏感轉(zhuǎn)錄因子,其與基因啟動子區(qū)域的結(jié)合受到DNA甲基化的影響[46],DNA 甲基化可抑制Sp1與靶基因的結(jié)合,導(dǎo)致基因表達沉默。許多啟動子區(qū)域富含CG的基因,例如FOXF2、KEAP1和NDRG2等的表達受到 Sp1和DNA甲基化的聯(lián)合作用的調(diào)控[46-48]。Sp1和DNMT1通過與靶基因啟動子區(qū)域競爭性結(jié)合可調(diào)控靶基因的甲基化狀態(tài)和轉(zhuǎn)錄表達。本研究中,GNAS的Sp1結(jié)合區(qū)域的CG位點甲基化水平顯著增加,可能會干擾Sp1與GNAS啟動子的結(jié)合,從而影響基因的表達,因此27號CG位點可能是奶牛熱應(yīng)激GNAS基因的關(guān)鍵甲基化位點,后續(xù)可進一步分析該位點的DNA甲基化在奶牛熱應(yīng)激中的作用。目前,GNAS基因甲基化在熱應(yīng)激中的功能研究鮮少報道。本研究發(fā)現(xiàn)了熱應(yīng)激下GNAS基因啟動子甲基化水平的變化趨勢,為奶牛熱應(yīng)激研究提供了新的候選表觀遺傳標志,具體的甲基化調(diào)控機制和功能有待更深入的挖掘和探索。
本研究通過WGBS和BSP檢測了奶牛個體和細胞水平上的DNA甲基化狀態(tài),結(jié)果顯示熱應(yīng)激條件下啟動子的甲基化水平顯著增加,且在31個CG位點中,位于基因組上Chr13:57532733 (-113 bp)和Chr13:57532683(-63 bp)處的CG位點的甲基化水平熱應(yīng)激后顯著上調(diào)。綜上,通過分析了奶牛熱應(yīng)激與GNAS基因啟動子甲基化的關(guān)系,提示DNA甲基化在動物熱應(yīng)激反應(yīng)中的重要調(diào)控功能。
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Effect of Heat Stress on DNA Methylation ofPromoter Region in Dairy Cows
1Institute of Life Science and Bioengineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing 100044;2College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193;3Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing 102206;4Beijing Sunlon Livestock Development Company Limited, Beijing 100029;5Beijing Innovation Consortium of Bio-breeding, Beijing 100125
【Objective】Heat stress has seriously impaired the production and health of dairy cows, causing the subsequent limitation in sustainable development of dairy industry. DNA methylation is an important epigenetic regulatory mechanism involved in an animal’s heat stress response, but the potential functions and molecular mechanisms of which are not clear. The current study was conducted to detect the DNA methylation related to heat stress in dairy cows and to identify target genes related to DNA methylation, so as to provide a better insight into the epigenetics mechanism of heat stress in dairy cows.【Method】In the study, 24 Chinese Holstein lactation cows (same lactation stage and same parity) in Sanyuan dairy farm were used for the blood samples collection in heat stress period (July in the summer of 2017) and non-heat stress period (April in spring 2017), respectively, followed by DNA extraction. To explore the DNA methylation differences in dairy cows from different heat stress period, 15 of 24 animals were randomly assigned to 3 groups (N=5 animals/group), 5 DNA samples in one group were mixed together to get a single pooled DNA sample, thus 6 pooled DNA samples including 3 from spring and 3 from summer were used for the DNA methylation detection by the whole-genome bisulfite sequencing (WGBS), then the differential methylation region (DMR; 1000 bp windows, 500 bp overlap,<0.05) and key gene were identified. PROMO and Methprimer software were used to predict transcription factor binding sites and CpG islands, respectively. Then, the bovine mammary gland epithelial cells (Mac-T) were treated at 39 ℃ for 24 h, 48 h, and 72 h, and the cell viability were detected by MTT method. Finally, using the bisulfite sequencing PCR (BSP), the methylation levels of target gene promoter in 24 dairy cows in spring and summer and Mac-T cells treated in 39℃ were examined, respectively. 【Result】Based on the DNA methylation analysis of WGBS data, 49 861 differential methylation regions (DMRs) associated with heat stress were identified. One of DMRs was attributed to the promoter area of GNAS complex locus (), whose methylation level significantly increased in heat-stressed animals (<0.001). Also, there was a 352 bp CpG island in the promoter ofcontaining potential binding sites for Sp1, C/EBP and other important transcription factors. Further the methylation status of thegene promoter region in heat stressed dairy cows were verified by BSP, and the average methylation level in all cytosine of 31 CpG sites was higher in heat stress cows than that in control groups (<0.05), which corresponding to the above WGBS results. Moreover, the 21 (-113 bp, Chr13:57532733) and 27 (-63 bp, Chr13:57532683) CpG sites showed significant differences between the spring and summer groups (<0.05). In Mac-T cells, after 48 h and 72 h heat treatment, the cell viability decreased significantly (<0.01), but the overall CG methylation level of 31 CpG sites in thegene promoter region increased significantly (<0.05), and also the similar significant methylation changes appeared in the site 21 and 27 CpG in cell. 【Conclusion】Heat stress increased the methylation levels of the promoter region of thein dairy cows as well as in cells, which indicated thatwas a potential target gene regulated DNA methylation in heat stress response of dairy cows.
heat stress; dairy cows; WGBS; DNA methylation;
10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2023.12.013
2022-02-09;
2022-07-28
國家自然科學(xué)基金外國青年學(xué)者研究基金(3175011045)、財政部和農(nóng)業(yè)農(nóng)村部:國家現(xiàn)代農(nóng)業(yè)產(chǎn)業(yè)技術(shù)體系(CARS-36)
陳玉梅,Tel:18813021971;E-mail:19121601@bjtu.edu.cn。通信作者徐青,Tel:13520490069;E-mail:qingxu@bjtu.edu.cn
(責任編輯 林鑒非)