張林玲 殷俊 賈洪源
[摘要] 目的
比較表皮生長因子受體絡(luò)氨酸激酶受體抑制劑(EGFR-TKIs)聯(lián)合抗血管生成藥物與單用EGFR-TKIs治療表皮生長因子受體(EGFR)突變的非小細(xì)胞肺癌(NSCLC)的獲益情況。
方法 以“Carcinoma”“Non-Small-Cell Lung”“angiogenesis inhibitors”等為關(guān)鍵詞,檢索2012年1月—2022年12月PubMed數(shù)據(jù)庫、Embase數(shù)據(jù)庫、Cochrane圖書館、美國臨床腫瘤學(xué)會(huì)和歐洲醫(yī)學(xué)腫瘤學(xué)會(huì)數(shù)據(jù)庫、萬方數(shù)據(jù)庫、中國知網(wǎng)數(shù)據(jù)庫中,EGFR-TKIs聯(lián)合或不聯(lián)合抗血管生成藥物一線和后線治療晚期EGFR突變NSCLC的隨機(jī)對(duì)照試驗(yàn)(RCT)和前瞻性隊(duì)列研究。分析結(jié)局指標(biāo)包括無進(jìn)展生存期(PFS)、總生存期(OS)等。
結(jié)果 共納入了16項(xiàng)研究(1 816例病人)。在一線治療中,與EGFR-TKIs單藥治療相比,聯(lián)合治療可以延長PFS(HR=0.61,P<0.001)。但兩組病人OS、客觀緩解率、疾病控制率差異均無顯著性(P>0.05),聯(lián)合治療組有更多的≥3級(jí)不良事件。在后線治療中,聯(lián)合治療未能改善PFS(HR=1.24,P=0.14)。
結(jié)論 在一線治療中聯(lián)合治療延長了EGFR突變NSCLC病人的PFS,但在后線治療中聯(lián)合治療沒有PFS獲益。
[關(guān)鍵詞] 癌,非小細(xì)胞肺;血管生成抑制劑;ErbB受體;Meta分析
[中圖分類號(hào)] R730.26
[文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)志碼] A
[文章編號(hào)] 2096-5532(2023)06-0880-06
doi:10.11712/jms.2096-5532.2023.59.180
[網(wǎng)絡(luò)出版] https://link.cnki.net/urlid/37.1517.R.20231220.2243.004;2023-12-22 10:24:35
EFFICACY AND SAFETY OF EPITHELIAL GROWTH FACTOR RECEPTOR-TYROSINE KINASE INHIBITORS USED ALONE OR IN COMBINATION WITH ANGIOGENESIS INHIBITORS IN TREATMENT OF ADVANCED NON-SMALL CELL LUNG CANCER: A META-ANALYSIS
ZHANG Linling, YIN Jun, JIA Hongyuan
(Department of Respiratory and Critical Care, Chengdu Third Peoples Hospital, Chengdu 610031, China)
; [ABSTRACT]ObjectiveTo investigate whether epidermal growth factor receptor-tyrosine kinase receptor inhibitors (EGFR-TKIs) used alone or in combination with angiogenesis inhibitors can bring treatment benefits to non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients with epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutation.
MethodsWith the key words including “carcinoma”, “non-small cell lung”, and “angiogenesis inhibitors”, PubMed, Embase, the Cochrane Library, American Society of Clinical Oncology database, European Society of Medical Oncology database, Wanfang Data, and CNKI were searched for randomized controlled trials and prospective cohort studies on EGFR-TKIs with or without angiogenesis inhibitors as the first-line treatment and as the second- or third-line treatment for advanced EGFR-mutated NSCLC published from January 2012 to December 2022. Outcome measures included progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS).
ResultsA total of 16 studies were included, with 1 816 patients in total. In the first-line treatment, combination therapy could prolong PFS compared with EGFR-TKIs monotherapy (HR=0.61,P<0.001), but there were no significant differences between the two groups in OS, objective response rate, and di-
sease control rate (P>0.05), with more grade ≥3 adverse events in the combination group. In the second- or third-line treatment, combination therapy failed to improve PFS (HR=1.24,P=0.14).
ConclusionIn the first-line treatment, combination therapy significantly prolongs PFS in EGFR-mutant NSCLC patients, but combination therapy does not bring benefits to PFS in the se-
cond- or third-line treatment.
[KEY WORDS]carcinoma, non-small-cell lung; angiogenesis inhibitors; ErbB receptors; Meta-analysis
非小細(xì)胞肺癌(NSCLC)約占所有肺癌的85%,大部分病人預(yù)后不佳[1]。數(shù)項(xiàng)大型隨機(jī)對(duì)照試驗(yàn)(RCT)已經(jīng)確立了表皮生長因子受體絡(luò)氨酸激酶受體抑制劑(EGFR-TKIs)為表皮生長因子受體(EGFR)突變病人的一線治療[2-3]。然而,其耐藥不可避免。研究表明,抑制EGFR可下調(diào)血管內(nèi)皮生
長因子(VEGF)表達(dá),而阻斷VEGF途徑可能也會(huì)抑制EGFR自分泌信號(hào)轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)。臨床前模型研究發(fā)現(xiàn),EGFR單克隆抗體的獲得性耐藥與VEGF表達(dá)升高有關(guān)[4]。多項(xiàng)臨床試驗(yàn)表明,與EGFR-TKIs單藥相比,EGFR-TKIs聯(lián)合抗血管生成藥物(聯(lián)合治療)可延長NSCLC病人的中位無進(jìn)展生存期(PFS)[5-8]。但另一項(xiàng)Ⅱ期臨床試驗(yàn)卻顯示聯(lián)合治療病人沒有生存獲益[9]。另外,聯(lián)合治療也未能改善NSCLC中EGFR-T790M突變病人的PFS[10]。因此,聯(lián)合治療的臨床療效仍有待探討。本文應(yīng)用meta分析方法評(píng)估聯(lián)合治療在EGFR突變病人一線治療和后線治療中的臨床療效,以期為NSCLC病人的治療提供參考。
1 資料和方法
1.1 檢索策略
檢索PubMed數(shù)據(jù)庫、Embase數(shù)據(jù)庫、Cochrane圖書館、萬方數(shù)據(jù)庫、中國知網(wǎng)數(shù)據(jù)庫中,比較聯(lián)合治療與EGFR-TKIs單藥治療的臨床研究。檢索詞為“Carcinoma,Non-Small-Cell Lung”“angiogenesis inhibitors”“epidermal growth factor receptor”“EGFR-TKIs”“tyrosine kinase inhibitor”“anti-epidermal growth factor receptor”“angiogenetic antagonist”“angiogenesis inhibitor”“抗血管生成藥物” “EGFR-TKIs”“EGFR”“貝伐珠單抗”“安羅替尼”“恩度”以及“阿帕替尼”。檢索時(shí)間為2012年1月—2022年12月。選擇RCT以及前瞻性隊(duì)列研究。
1.2 研究納入和排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn)
納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn):①研究對(duì)象為經(jīng)細(xì)胞學(xué)或組織學(xué)確診的晚期EGFR突變NSCLC病人(EGFR突變位點(diǎn)19del和L858R);②研究比較了聯(lián)合治療和單藥治療的療效;③Ⅱ期或Ⅲ期 RCT和前瞻性隊(duì)列研究;
④研究已完成,評(píng)估了包含PFS在內(nèi)的近期及遠(yuǎn)期預(yù)后,或≥3級(jí)的不良事件(AEs)。排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn):
不符合上述納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的試驗(yàn)或meta分析及會(huì)議摘要。
1.3 數(shù)據(jù)提取和主要結(jié)果
由兩位獨(dú)立的研究者對(duì)文獻(xiàn)主要數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行提取。出現(xiàn)分歧由第三位研究者解決。研究者獨(dú)立地從RCT及前瞻性隊(duì)列研究中提取基線數(shù)據(jù)。主要結(jié)局指標(biāo)是PFS,數(shù)據(jù)包括性別、年齡、吸煙狀況、基線狀況、病理分期、遠(yuǎn)處轉(zhuǎn)移、EGFR突變類型亞組的PFS、客觀緩解率(ORR)、總生存期(OS)、疾病控制率(DCR)和治療相關(guān)的≥3級(jí)AEs。
1.4 質(zhì)量評(píng)價(jià)
使用Cochrane協(xié)作工具評(píng)估每項(xiàng)研究的偏倚風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。偏倚風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評(píng)估內(nèi)容:隨機(jī)化序列生成,分配隱藏,受試者和研究人員的盲法,結(jié)果評(píng)估者的盲法,結(jié)果數(shù)據(jù)的完整性,選擇性報(bào)告,其他偏差。根據(jù)提取的信息與評(píng)價(jià)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的匹配程度,判斷為高、低和不確定風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。
1.5 統(tǒng)計(jì)分析方法
使用Review Manager(版本5.4.1)和Stata(版本16)軟件進(jìn)行數(shù)據(jù)分析。PFS、OS分析采用風(fēng)險(xiǎn)比(HR)和95%置信區(qū)間(CI)作為效應(yīng)分析統(tǒng)計(jì)量,ORR、DCR和≥3級(jí)AEs分析采用優(yōu)勢(shì)比(OR)和95%CI作為效應(yīng)分析統(tǒng)計(jì)量。異質(zhì)性評(píng)估采用χ2檢驗(yàn)和I2統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)方法, I2>50%或P≤0.1說明存在顯著異質(zhì)性,采用隨機(jī)效應(yīng)模型;否則采用固定效應(yīng)模型。使用Galbraith圖探索異質(zhì)性的來源,并使用敏感性分析評(píng)估結(jié)果的穩(wěn)定性。發(fā)表偏倚采用Eggers線性回歸進(jìn)行檢測(cè)。P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
2 結(jié)? 果
2.1 納入研究的選擇和基本特征
納入研究篩選的流程見圖1。最終納入16篇研究共有1 816例病人。各研究樣本量為16~449例。納入研究的特點(diǎn)見表1。
2.2 聯(lián)合治療和單藥治療PFS和OS的meta分析
生存結(jié)局meta分析顯示,一線治療中,聯(lián)合治療帶來了更優(yōu)的PFS(HR=0.61,95%CI=0.54~0.68,P<0.001),不伴有異質(zhì)性(I2=0)。見圖2A。不同性別、年齡、吸煙狀況、基線狀況、病理分期、遠(yuǎn)處轉(zhuǎn)移、EGFR突變類型亞組的PFS分析顯示,所有病人均能從聯(lián)合治療中獲益。然而,聯(lián)合治療卻不能延長OS(HR=0.96,95%CI=0.69~1.33,P=0.80),不伴有異質(zhì)性(I2=0)。見圖2B。在后
線治療中,PFS生存結(jié)局的meta分析顯示,聯(lián)合治療不能延長PFS(HR=1.24,95%CI=0.93~1.66,P=0.14),不伴有異質(zhì)性(I2=0)。見圖2C。對(duì)一線治療的PFS和OS及后線治療的PFS的敏感度分析表明,去除任何單一研究均不會(huì)顯著影響最終HR值。Eggers檢驗(yàn)顯示,一線治療的PFS(P=0.363)、OS(P=0.324)及后線治療的PFS(P=0.367)無明顯發(fā)表偏移。
2.3 ORR和DCR meta分析
二分類變量meta分析顯示,一線治療中,聯(lián)合治療與單藥治療組的ORR差異無顯著性(OR=1.19,95%CI=0.97~1.45,P=0.10),不伴有異質(zhì)性(I2=0)。見圖3A。敏感度分析顯示,沒有單個(gè)研究顯著影響總體OR,兩組間DCR差異亦無顯著性(OR=1.16,95%CI=0.71~1.91,P=0.56);但DCR的5項(xiàng)研究之間有中度異質(zhì)性(I2=45%)。見圖3B。敏感度分析顯示,SETO等[7]的研究顯著影響總體OR,Galbraith圖分析顯示該研究為異質(zhì)性的來源,因此排除該研究(其相對(duì)權(quán)重最小,為3.1%)。Eggers檢驗(yàn)沒有發(fā)現(xiàn)ORR(P=0.218)和DCR(P=0.084)方面存在發(fā)表偏倚。
2.4 一線治療相關(guān)的AEs
二分類變量meta分析表明,聯(lián)合治療組≥3級(jí)皮疹、腹瀉、高血壓和蛋白尿的發(fā)生率更高。見表2。
3 討? 論
雖然EGFR-TKIs治療顯著延長了EGFR突變NSCLC病人的生存時(shí)間,然而耐藥的發(fā)生不可避免。VEGFR(VEGF)/EGFR通路的聯(lián)合阻斷可能延緩耐藥[4]。本文研究結(jié)果表明,聯(lián)合治療較單藥EGFR-TKIs治療有更長的PFS,但無OS獲益,這也與既往的meta分析一致。BROGLIO等[21]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),中位進(jìn)展后生存期(SPP)大于12個(gè)月時(shí),
PFS和OS的相關(guān)性顯著降低,且SPP越長,PFS和OS的HR的相關(guān)性越差。本文meta分析中有2項(xiàng)臨床試驗(yàn)中位SPP都超過了12個(gè)月[9,16]。聯(lián)合治療可能改變了腫瘤的生物學(xué)特性,導(dǎo)致敏感細(xì)胞被殺死而留下耐藥的細(xì)胞,因此只使病人治療早期獲益。但STINCHCOMBE等[9]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),EGFR突變病人中女性、EGFR 19del突變及ECOG-PS 0分與更長的OS相關(guān)。目前,評(píng)價(jià)聯(lián)合治療是否使病人的OS獲益尚早,因?yàn)樵S多研究的OS尚未達(dá)到[5-6,8]。另外,聯(lián)合治療較單藥EGFR-TKIs有更高的ORR和DCR的趨勢(shì),但差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義,這與相關(guān)研究結(jié)果一致[5-7]。究其原因,可能是因?yàn)槟[瘤對(duì)單藥治療具有高敏感性,單藥治療已獲得了相當(dāng)高的ORR和DCR,因此,可能需要更長的隨訪時(shí)間和更大的樣本量才能得出聯(lián)合治療的ORR及DCR獲益更大這一結(jié)論。
本文研究mata分析結(jié)果還顯示,在EGFR突變NSCLC的后線治療中,聯(lián)合治療未能延長病人的PFS,這與之前的研究結(jié)果有差異。有研究顯示,后線治療中厄洛替尼+貝伐珠單抗較單藥厄洛替尼能夠明顯改善病人PFS(3.4個(gè)月vs 1.7個(gè)月),但該研究中EGFR突變病人僅占8%。聯(lián)合治療主要使EGFR野生型病人獲益,或許是因?yàn)樨惙ブ閱慰乖诤缶€治療中起了主要作用。而本文研究結(jié)果顯示,
后線聯(lián)合治療沒有使EGFR突變病人PFS獲益,推測(cè)原因可能為:暴露于先前的治療和腫瘤再生長可能會(huì)導(dǎo)致腫瘤的微環(huán)境變化,從而導(dǎo)致抗VEGF藥物的耐藥性。另一種可能的解釋是,先前暴露于抗VEGF抑制劑可能會(huì)誘導(dǎo)不同的腫瘤環(huán)境,從而阻止TKIs和抗VEGF抑制劑之間的協(xié)同作用[10]。其次,若EGFR-TKIs的耐藥是由MET、ERBB2擴(kuò)增或IGF1R等旁路途徑激活所導(dǎo)致的,聯(lián)合治療可能效果不佳。然而,使用聯(lián)合治療將增加藥物毒性的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。本文研究結(jié)果表明,聯(lián)合治療組發(fā)生≥3級(jí)AEs(高血壓、皮疹、蛋白尿和腹瀉)病人更多,與相關(guān)研究結(jié)果一致[5-8]。多數(shù)≥3級(jí)AEs可以控制,因此聯(lián)合治療是相對(duì)安全的。
綜上所述,在NSCLC一線治療中,聯(lián)合治療可顯著延長EGFR突變病人的PFS,但病人OS、ORR和DCR沒有獲益。同時(shí),聯(lián)合治療病人≥3級(jí)AEs的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)較高,主要包括高血壓、皮疹、蛋白尿和腹瀉。但是在后線治療中,聯(lián)合治療無PFS獲益。
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(本文編輯 黃建鄉(xiāng))