劉莎,陳玲,張丹莉,蔡文智*
·科研論著·
依據(jù)TIDieR制訂護理研究方案報告及案例解讀
劉莎1,2,陳玲1,張丹莉1,2,蔡文智1,2*
1.南方醫(yī)科大學(xué)深圳醫(yī)院,廣東 518101;2.南方醫(yī)科大學(xué)護理學(xué)院
概述描述干預(yù)措施的模板和報告規(guī)范(TIDieR)的主要內(nèi)容及國內(nèi)外應(yīng)用現(xiàn)狀,結(jié)合課題組構(gòu)建的盆底肌干預(yù)方案對TIDieR的12個條目舉例說明,并提出建議,旨在為我國學(xué)者應(yīng)用TIDieR提供參考。
干預(yù)措施的模板和報告規(guī)范,TIDieR;護理研究;干預(yù)報告;解讀
干預(yù)復(fù)制與效果評價有賴于干預(yù)報告的完整性,當前已發(fā)表研究對干預(yù)措施的描述水平有待提高,尤其是多階段、多學(xué)科的非藥物干預(yù)。非藥物干預(yù)的每個組分都可能影響其干預(yù)效果,評價其有效性不僅要做到隨機、對照,還需公開透明地說明為什么、怎么做、在何處進行、由誰實施等問題。但現(xiàn)有的非藥物試驗報告常缺乏足夠的干預(yù)細節(jié),在干預(yù)材料、強度、劑量和干預(yù)保真度方面描述不佳[1]。我國護理干預(yù)常缺乏對干預(yù)強度[2]、干預(yù)實施者[3]等細節(jié)的報告,且普遍存在試驗組、對照組干預(yù)報告詳盡不一的問題,對照組干預(yù)常常描述為常規(guī)護理[4?6],但常規(guī)護理在不同醫(yī)院和情景下指向的護理措施可能截然不同,使得其他研究人員無法實現(xiàn)對干預(yù)的復(fù)制和評價,甚至?xí)斐筛深A(yù)的錯誤復(fù)制。干預(yù)報告的不透明極大地阻礙了護理研究結(jié)果向臨床證據(jù)轉(zhuǎn)化。為了應(yīng)對干預(yù)報告不透明的問題,Hoffmann等[7]制訂了描述干預(yù)措施的模板和報告規(guī)范(Template for Intervention Description and Replication,TIDieR),以指導(dǎo)研究人員對干預(yù)進行全面報告。我國護理領(lǐng)域尚未見對該清單的應(yīng)用報道?,F(xiàn)對TIDieR主要內(nèi)容進行介紹,并結(jié)合案例進行應(yīng)用說明,以期為我國護理學(xué)者提供參考。
為了指導(dǎo)和規(guī)范干預(yù)報告,提高報告的完整性及干預(yù)的可復(fù)制性,2014年Hoffmann等[7]成立TIDieR指導(dǎo)委員會,通過文獻調(diào)研、2輪德爾菲專家咨詢和1輪共識會議,制訂了TIDieR,該清單包含干預(yù)措施簡稱、實施理由、實施資料、實施過程、實施者、實施方法、實施地點、實施時間及強度、個性化方案、方案更改、預(yù)期效果和實際效果12個條目,是對臨床試驗報告的統(tǒng)一標準(The Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials,CONSORT)2010聲明條目5以及2013臨床試驗方案規(guī)范指南(Standard Protocol Items:Recommendations for Interventional Trials,SPIRIT)條目11的擴展,旨在盡可能詳細地描述干預(yù)細節(jié)。該清單針對隨機試驗制訂,但其使用不僅限于隨機試驗,亦可用于其他評價性研究,如病例對照研究、隊列研究。
當前,TIDieR已經(jīng)在國外不同研究干預(yù)報告中得到應(yīng)用。研究者以“TIDieR”為檢索詞分別檢索了PubMed、Web of Science數(shù)據(jù)庫2014年3月7日—2021年8月12日公開發(fā)表的干預(yù)類文獻,其中,PubMed獲得文獻201篇,Web of Science獲得文獻139篇,剔除重復(fù)發(fā)表的文獻、綜述類文獻,閱讀摘要和全文,最終納入12篇文獻[8?19],文獻基本特征見表1。國外TIDieR較多用于報告腦卒中病人的康復(fù)計劃,目前已被應(yīng)用于證據(jù)綜合[20?21]。2020年,TIDieR被陳玨璇等[22]翻譯成中文,但尚未檢索到其在我國的實例解讀,不利于我國學(xué)者的應(yīng)用。
表1 納入文獻基本特征
為了幫助學(xué)者更好地理解、應(yīng)用TIDieR,研究者結(jié)合課題組前期構(gòu)建的基于移動醫(yī)療的孕期盆底肌訓(xùn)練聯(lián)合腹式呼吸干預(yù)方案對清單的12個條目舉例說明,詳見表2。
表2 基于移動醫(yī)療的孕期盆底肌訓(xùn)練聯(lián)合腹式呼吸干預(yù)方案報告清單
3.1TIDieR對護理研究的意義TIDieR對提高護理研究方案報告的科學(xué)性、嚴謹性具有十分重要的意義。一方面,TIDieR為護理干預(yù)報告提供了可靠、清晰的模板,能有效改善護理干預(yù)報告不透明的問題。另一方面,TIDieR也為護理干預(yù)措施的開發(fā)提供了框架,干預(yù)開發(fā)人員可對照清單條目進行干預(yù)設(shè)計,避免干預(yù)要素的遺漏,且在正式試驗前,以TIDieR為模板進行干預(yù)描述,可能會發(fā)現(xiàn)需要進行調(diào)整的內(nèi)容從而使其更好地適用于特定干預(yù)[10]。此外,在系統(tǒng)評價中以TIDieR為框架對納入的研究進行干預(yù)組成部分的描述,能夠?qū)崿F(xiàn)對干預(yù)的深入理解[33]。我國部分護理研究報告的干預(yù)描述往往較模糊,循證人員難以歸納同類研究進行證據(jù)綜合,而TIDieR的應(yīng)用能為系統(tǒng)評價提供足夠的干預(yù)細節(jié),有利于循證人員識別、整理同類研究。
3.2TIDieR的應(yīng)用建議盡管TIDieR為干預(yù)報告提供了一個模板,但其可能無法覆蓋復(fù)雜干預(yù)的全部內(nèi)容,其條目也并不適用于所有研究類型和研究階段,目前已有多名學(xué)者根據(jù)實際研究需求和特點對TIDieR進行調(diào)整[34?36],增強了其適用性。Cotterill等[35]應(yīng)用TIDieR對6項復(fù)雜干預(yù)進行描述,總結(jié)出2條建議:為保證干預(yù)報告的真實與嚴謹,應(yīng)在干預(yù)報告中說明由誰參與清單的制作及該清單描述的干預(yù)階段。TIDieR制訂的目的是提高干預(yù)報告的完整性,并不是評價干預(yù)質(zhì)量,其在說明干預(yù)作用機制等方面尚存在不足[37]。為了更全面地評價干預(yù),建議將TIDieR與其他工具結(jié)合使用。如在系統(tǒng)評價中,采用TIDieR總結(jié)干預(yù)組成部分,采用推薦分級的評估、制訂與評價(GRADE)評估證據(jù)質(zhì)量[33]。
研究團隊的不同人員處在不同情景中使用TIDieR報告的內(nèi)容必定存在分歧[35]。有時干預(yù)設(shè)計者可能會為了報告規(guī)范而夸大甚至虛構(gòu)干預(yù)內(nèi)容,而干預(yù)實施者作為最了解干預(yù)細節(jié)的人,能更加真實地反映干預(yù)內(nèi)容。建議納入干預(yù)實施者參與干預(yù)內(nèi)容修訂。同時,將原始干預(yù)方案與實施者干預(yù)報告進行對比,可以實現(xiàn)對干預(yù)保真度的評價。
對TIDieR各條目賦值可以實現(xiàn)對干預(yù)報告的定量評價。Yamato等[38]對TIDieR的12個條目進行賦值評分,對干預(yù)報告完整性進行量化,使得干預(yù)完整性可以作為統(tǒng)計分析中的一個連續(xù)、單一變量,可用作試驗評估策略的獨立變量。需注意,TIDieR得分并不能取代對TIDieR各條目的具體報告,而應(yīng)作為統(tǒng)計分析內(nèi)容對報告進行補充。
3.3TIDieR應(yīng)用的挑戰(zhàn)目前,TIDieR已在國外不同研究中得以應(yīng)用,但有研究表明,TIDieR在某些領(lǐng)域的應(yīng)用率較低,并未顯著提高干預(yù)報告的完整性[39]。Pines[40]比較了TIDieR發(fā)布前后急診醫(yī)學(xué)文獻中干預(yù)報告的完整性,結(jié)果表明,干預(yù)報告完整性依舊較低,TIDieR在已發(fā)表的急診醫(yī)學(xué)試驗中的應(yīng)用率較低。Vassar等[41]對乙醇使用障礙隨機試驗中干預(yù)報告的調(diào)查顯示,TIDieR條目報告的數(shù)量為(5.10±1.47)個,在TIDieR發(fā)表后,對復(fù)制和有效實施干預(yù)措施所需的重要細節(jié)的報告依舊不充分。同時,文獻對12個條目的報告透明度存在顯著差異。TIDieR中條目1和條目2通常被認為報告充分,但條目5和條目10的報告率常低至10%,其他條目的報告率為25%~75%[42?43]。
科研工作者對清單缺乏認識和了解是TIDieR應(yīng)用的阻礙因素之一,TIDieR出版時僅發(fā)表在1種期刊上,相較于CONSORT發(fā)表在6種期刊上,其知名度和認可度稍低,可能需要更廣泛的傳播策略。建議將TIDieR納入CONSORT,替換CONSORT條目5,目前已有許多期刊要求使用CONSORT,由此可以促進TIDieR的應(yīng)用。同時,期刊對文章篇幅的限制也阻礙了干預(yù)報告的完整性,有研究指出護理期刊中,僅7%的空間留給作者描述干預(yù)內(nèi)容[44]。針對期刊對文章篇幅的限制,國外多采用附件或鏈接方式補充干預(yù)相關(guān)材料,或直接引用帶有干預(yù)完整描述的設(shè)計文章,我國研究亦可參考此類做法。
在護理干預(yù)日趨多樣化、個性化的情況下,有必要使用TIDieR提高干預(yù)報告的完整性及干預(yù)措施的可復(fù)制性,這對實現(xiàn)護理研究結(jié)果向臨床證據(jù)轉(zhuǎn)化具有重要意義。本研究以前期構(gòu)建的基于移動醫(yī)療的孕期盆底肌訓(xùn)練聯(lián)合腹式呼吸干預(yù)方案為例,為我國學(xué)者應(yīng)用TIDieR進行干預(yù)報告提供參考,以期推動TIDieR在護理干預(yù)報告中的應(yīng)用。
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Development of nursing research programme reporting according to TIDieR and case interpretations
LIUSha,CHENLing,ZHANGDanli,CAIWenzhi
Shenzhen Hospital of Southern Medical University,Guangdong 518101 China
To summarize main contents of Template for Intervention Description and Replication(TIDieR) and its application status in China and abroad,gives examples of 12 items of TIDieR in context of pelvic floor muscle intervention protocol developed by our group,and put forward several suggestions for its application.Its aimed at providing reference for application of TIDieR by Chinese scholars.
Template for Intervention Description and Replication,TIDieR;nursing research;intervention report;inspiration
CAI Wenzhi,E?mail:caiwzh@smu.edu.cn
10.12102/j.issn.1009-6493.2022.22.003
國家自然科學(xué)基金青年科學(xué)基金項目,編號:71904075;教育部人文社會科學(xué)研究規(guī)劃基金項目,編號:21YJAZH001;南方醫(yī)科大學(xué)深圳醫(yī)院臨床研究啟動計劃項目,編號:LCJH202001
劉莎,護士,碩士研究生在讀
蔡文智,E?mail:caiwzh@smu.edu.cn
劉莎,陳玲,張丹莉,等.依據(jù)TIDieR制訂護理研究方案報告及案例解讀[J].護理研究,2022,36(22):3958?3962.
(收稿日期:2022-02-22;修回日期:2022-10-29)
(本文編輯 陳瓊)