對(duì)外宣傳材料之英譯策略舉隅

王立童

(蘭州博文科技學(xué)院外國(guó)語(yǔ)學(xué)院，甘肅 蘭州 730101)

一、引言

改革開(kāi)放以來(lái)，隨著國(guó)家經(jīng)濟(jì)和文化事業(yè)的蓬勃發(fā)展，社會(huì)各單位，包括企業(yè)和事業(yè)單位，與境外相關(guān)領(lǐng)域增進(jìn)交流的呼聲日益高漲。與此同時(shí)，對(duì)外宣傳材料便成為擴(kuò)大單位影響力的必要手段。然而，欲達(dá)到良好的宣傳效果，首要任務(wù)便是保證外宣材料的英譯質(zhì)量。但由于重視程度不夠，英譯工作把關(guān)不嚴(yán)，在為對(duì)外宣傳材料配備英文譯本時(shí)，英譯質(zhì)量往往不盡如人意，難以達(dá)到預(yù)期的宣傳效果。

對(duì)外宣傳材料的英譯應(yīng)當(dāng)努力追求讓外國(guó)人不僅看得懂，而且看了覺(jué)得舒服，產(chǎn)生吸引力，要有繼續(xù)看下去的念頭。由于漢英兩種語(yǔ)言在遣詞造句方面差異懸殊，對(duì)外宣傳材料勢(shì)必要進(jìn)行一番創(chuàng)作，其必然導(dǎo)致對(duì)原文進(jìn)行整合和重新編寫(xiě)，也會(huì)增加或刪減原文的相關(guān)文字和內(nèi)容。要使得整合和增刪得當(dāng)，則要在具體的翻譯過(guò)程中，根據(jù)實(shí)際需求而采取一些適當(dāng)?shù)姆g策略。值得注意的是，每個(gè)譯者面對(duì)的宣傳文字材料的特點(diǎn)各不相同，所采取的策略或方法應(yīng)以適用為前提。一般情況下，在外宣材料的英譯過(guò)程中人們通常會(huì)用到以下翻譯策略:①引經(jīng)譯典，力求通俗；②刪繁就簡(jiǎn)，拆卸八股；③整合原文，另起爐灶[3]。(何剛強(qiáng)，2015:100)

二、引經(jīng)譯典，力求通俗

通常來(lái)講，為體現(xiàn)自身歷史之悠久，多數(shù)單位在對(duì)外宣傳時(shí)，會(huì)追溯回顧，引經(jīng)據(jù)典自然是少不了的，所以，典故或名句常見(jiàn)于中文文本之中。對(duì)于中國(guó)讀者來(lái)說(shuō)，因其深諳自己的文化，理解起來(lái)不會(huì)有太大問(wèn)題。但這樣的文字一經(jīng)翻譯成英文后，外國(guó)讀者卻很難理解。因?yàn)槊撾x上下文語(yǔ)境后，這樣的名句典故會(huì)讓西方的英文讀者茫然失措，不知所云。因此，譯文務(wù)必力求通俗易懂。如例1:

寒山寺，位于蘇州閶門(mén)外楓橋鎮(zhèn)上，距城約3.5千米，初建于501～519年(六朝時(shí)期梁代的天監(jiān)年間)，原名妙利普明塔院。

相傳，貞觀年間(627～650)，名僧寒山和拾得兩人由天臺(tái)山來(lái)此處主持，改名為“寒山寺”。唐代詩(shī)人張繼的一首《楓橋夜泊》詩(shī):“月落烏啼霜滿天，江楓漁火對(duì)愁眠。姑蘇城外寒山寺，夜半鐘聲到客船”，使寒山寺名聞遐邇，成為蜚聲中外的游覽勝地。

(朱一飛、汪涵昌《中國(guó)文化勝跡故事》)

Hanshan Si or the Cold Mountain Temple is located in a small town named Fengqiao Zhen or Maple Bridge on the outskirts of Suzhou，at a distance of some 3.5 km from Chang Gate.First built between A.D.501 and A.D.519 in the Liang Dynasty of the the period of the Six Dynasties in Chinese history，it was initially named Miaolipuming Tayuan which presumably is a transliteration of a Sanskrit phrase.

It is said that in the Tang Dynasty(618～907)two famous monks from Tiantai Mountain in today's Zhejiang Province were given charge of the temple and the name was then changed to Hanshan Si.Interestingly，it was perhaps the poem entitled Mooring by Fengqiao at Night by Zhang Ji the Tang poet that made the temple a widely known tourist attraction in the world.Zhang Ji's poem runs as follows，as translated by Wu Juntao:

The crows caw to the falling moon；The frosty air fills the sky.

The fisher's lights gleam，the maples croon；With much sorrow I lie.On the outskirts of Suzhou Town；From Han Shan Temple，Hark!

The midnight vesper bells come down，Wafting to the rover's bark.[1]

(孫儷、巫漪云譯)

原文中引用了唐詩(shī)《楓橋夜泊》，只因寒山寺與這首古詩(shī)淵源頗深。寒山寺的“寒山”就其字面意思可理解為肅寒之山，有冷落肅殺之意象。安史之亂爆發(fā)后，詩(shī)人張繼避亂于蘇州城外，素有遠(yuǎn)志的他，眼見(jiàn)破敗的現(xiàn)實(shí)，深感國(guó)家和自己的命運(yùn)未卜，內(nèi)心充滿痛苦和懷疑。在這黑暗之夜，寒鴉啼鳴，飛霜滿天，只有江邊的楓樹(shù)和零星的漁火與詩(shī)人相對(duì)，正當(dāng)詩(shī)人懷揣愁緒難眠之時(shí)，城外寒山寺的鐘聲涉林渡水而來(lái)，聲聲叩打著詩(shī)人孤冷的心扉。此首詩(shī)因其含蓄深沉的意境流傳甚廣，寒山寺也自然因這首七絕而聞名于世。譯文通俗易懂，再現(xiàn)了詩(shī)人的處境和心境，不免叫人為之感嘆[4]。

三、刪繁就簡(jiǎn)，拆卸八股

鑒于中英兩種語(yǔ)言在行文習(xí)慣上的差異，對(duì)中文里的套話空話、陳式化語(yǔ)言要盡可能精簡(jiǎn)。較為切實(shí)可行的操作方法就是要應(yīng)用“刪繁就簡(jiǎn)，拆卸八股”的翻譯策略。顧名思義，“刪繁就簡(jiǎn)”就是要將影響譯文流暢，語(yǔ)義重復(fù)的內(nèi)容或一些瑣碎細(xì)節(jié)性文字一概省去，不作翻譯。如例2:

四川蓋碗茶之所以與眾不同，除了選用茉莉花茶、龍井、碧螺春等上品茶葉外，關(guān)鍵在于它的茶具；茶具中最有說(shuō)道的又?jǐn)?shù)茶蓋。茶蓋的好處真不少，一是茶沏好后蓋上它，可以很快地泡出茶味。二是可以用它將茶碗上漂浮的茶末和泡沫刮去，便于看茶、聞茶、喝茶。三是顧客需要立即飲茶時(shí)，還可以用來(lái)涼茶。即將茶蓋反扣過(guò)來(lái)，倒入茶汁，茶很快涼下來(lái)，便于快飲解渴。蓋碗茶具中還有“茶船”，就是一種鉛制的小碟兒，用以托茶，茶船托著茶碗，既不會(huì)燙著桌面，又便于端茶。這樣，茶碗、茶蓋、茶船三位一體，相得益彰，既實(shí)用，又美觀，構(gòu)成了一組藝術(shù)品。

蓋碗茶茶具中，那把倒提著的銅壺也別有講究。四川人認(rèn)為鐵壺或鋁壺?zé)鰜?lái)的水，味道不佳，只有銅壺?zé)龅乃?，純真甜美，喝起?lái)其味無(wú)窮，銅壺的保暖性能又勝過(guò)鐵壺、鋁壺，有利于為顧客倒茶添水。

(王從仁，2000:111-112)

Besides using high-grade tea such as jasmine tea，Dragon Well tea and“Biluochun”tea(both green tea)，what sets“gaiwan”tea apart is the tea set:a handleless teacup，a lid and a saucer，which is where“gaiwan”tea got its name，for“gaiwan”means“l(fā)idded teacup”.The most interesting part is the lid.It has many uses:First，it preserves the fragrance of tea in the cup；second，it can be used to skim off some tea dust and foam；and third，when you need to drink tea immediately after it is made，you can place the lid upside down and pour tea into it so that the tea will quickly cool down.The saucer，known locally as“tea boat”，is leaden and protects the table surface from being damaged by the hot bottom of the teacup as well as making it easier to lift the teacup.

The copper kettle used for“gaiwan”tea is another unique item.The Sichuan people believe that water boiled in an iron or aluminum kettle does not taste good.The copper kettle，which will retain the natural，sweet taste of water，is the best.Besides，a copper kettle holds the heat better than iron and aluminum.[2]

(Tran.Zhang Shaoning)

譯文對(duì)原文中的五處信息作了省譯處理，其中四處如“便于看茶、聞茶、喝茶”“便于快飲解渴”“喝起來(lái)其味無(wú)窮”“有利于為顧客倒茶添水”均為語(yǔ)義重復(fù)，故省譯。另外，譯文已將茶碗、茶蓋、茶船三者的主要功能介紹清楚，至于“……茶碗、茶蓋、茶船三位一體，相得益彰，既實(shí)用，又美觀，構(gòu)成了一組藝術(shù)品”屬于次要信息，亦作出省譯處理。

四、整合原文，另起爐灶

翻譯過(guò)程中比較理想的情形是順著原文逐句譯出，但實(shí)難如愿。漢英兩種語(yǔ)言的差異致使句式更換或語(yǔ)序調(diào)整在翻譯過(guò)程中屢見(jiàn)不鮮，“另起爐灶”是比較適用的翻譯策略。如例3:

江蘇是歷史悠久、人文薈萃的文化強(qiáng)省，也是中國(guó)率先發(fā)展的經(jīng)濟(jì)和科技強(qiáng)省。近年來(lái)，江蘇省與Y國(guó)友好交往日益密切，各領(lǐng)域合作不斷加強(qiáng)，雙方關(guān)系“越走越近”，亮點(diǎn)不斷，精彩紛呈。

Among all Chinese provinces，Jiangsu is known for its long history and rich culture.It also excels in economy and high technology.Recent years have seen closer exchanges and cooperation between Jiangsu and Y in a wide range of areas.Relations between Jiangsu and Y have created a catalogue of highlights.

中文第一句的句子結(jié)構(gòu)是“江蘇是……，也是……”，為使譯文地道規(guī)范，英文將其處理成兩個(gè)句子來(lái)表達(dá)，且在第一個(gè)句子中舍棄了“文化強(qiáng)國(guó)”一詞，而以具體信息“悠久的歷史”和“豐富多彩的文化”來(lái)呈現(xiàn)。既然是“強(qiáng)省”，則肯定是“率先發(fā)展的”，即“經(jīng)濟(jì)和科技走在前列”，因此，在第二句中，英文將其整合為:“It also excels in economy and high technology.”譯文處理得干凈利落。中文第二句中的“友好交往日益密切”“合作不斷加強(qiáng)”“關(guān)系‘越走越近’”以及“亮點(diǎn)不斷，精彩紛呈”均屬于前后同義，譯文“另起爐灶”，做了合并翻譯。如例4:

太極拳源于湖北省的武當(dāng)山。它涵蓋著中國(guó)哲學(xué)之精髓，蘊(yùn)藏著博大精深之玄機(jī)，變化無(wú)窮，奧妙之至。

河北省永年古城是太極拳中興之鄉(xiāng)，太極拳在這兒發(fā)展、傳播。走出神州，風(fēng)行全球。一代宗師楊露禪、武禹襄、李亦裕在這塊養(yǎng)育他們的土地上，為太極拳的改造、發(fā)展、成熟、傳播付出了艱辛的努力，做出了不可磨滅的貢獻(xiàn)。

在武術(shù)界，有“陳家拳，楊氏傳”之說(shuō)。楊露禪是永年古城南關(guān)人。他三下河南陳家溝，拜陳氏第十四世傳人陳長(zhǎng)興為師，刻苦習(xí)拳18年之久，深得太極精髓，成為陳氏門(mén)徒中的佼佼者。楊露禪學(xué)成后返回永年故里。開(kāi)場(chǎng)授拳，后又進(jìn)京傳授太極拳術(shù)，從此，太極拳便由楊露禪傳播開(kāi)來(lái)。楊露禪演練太極，大膽創(chuàng)新，改進(jìn)陳氏拳法，為適應(yīng)更多人健身的需求，改編了拳套動(dòng)作。

Taijiquan，a kind of traditional Chinese shadow boxing，originates from Mount Wudang of Hubei Province.It contains the essence of Chinese philosophy and hoards the extensive and profound mysteries of a myriad of changes.Hence it is marvelous to the utmost.

The county seat of Yongnain，Hubei Province is the place that has given a new lease on life totaijiquan.From here，taijiquan has been developed and transmitted.It has gone out of China，becoming popular throughout the world.By the end of the Qing Dynasty，there had emerged three great masters，namely，Yang Luchan，Wu Yuxiang and Li Yiyu.Natured by the land，they have made their strenuous efforts to the reform，development，maturity and propagation oftaijiquan，and added indelible contribution to it.

Among martial arts circles，there is a saying that the Chen'squanwas handed down by the Yangs'Yang Luchan was born at the southern Gate of the ancient city of Yongnian.He had been to Chenjiagou three times and formally acknowledged Chen Changxing，the descendant and inheritor of the 14thgeneration of Chens'，as his master.There he practiced and learned assiduously the boxing arts for 18 years，penetrating deep into the essentials oftaijquan.Finally he became an outstanding figure among Chen's disciples.After the completion of his learning，he went back to his native place of Yongnian County.There he began to teach boxing in an open arena as his profession.Later he entered Beijing to pass on his boxing arts oftaiji.Thenceforth，taijiquanwas more and more popularized.In his display and practice of taiji，Yang Luchan was bold in blazing new trails and making innovations based on Chen's boxing arts.To fit in with the needs of body exercises and training，Yang Luchan reformulated the whole set of movements in taiji.[2]

首段譯文第一句補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明“太極拳”是什么，便于英語(yǔ)讀者理解。第二句，中文由四個(gè)小分句構(gòu)成，且呈“分—總”關(guān)系，“奧妙之至”總括前三個(gè)小句的句意。譯文將其整合成兩個(gè)分句，用兩個(gè)指稱代詞“it”銜接，使譯文簡(jiǎn)潔明了，再現(xiàn)了原文的功能和意義。第三段中第二句，譯文將其拆分成兩個(gè)分句。前一分句先補(bǔ)充時(shí)間:清末時(shí)期，后介紹三名宗師的姓名。后一分句使用指稱代詞“they”銜接，用一整句表明三位宗師貢獻(xiàn)之大。第三段中，譯文“另起爐灶”，對(duì)原文既有整合，又有拆分，表達(dá)條理清楚，語(yǔ)義明確，符合英語(yǔ)行文習(xí)慣。

五、結(jié)語(yǔ)

總而言之，對(duì)外宣材料的翻譯工作需要有高深的學(xué)識(shí)，此項(xiàng)工作需要譯者能夠高屋建瓴地審視原文，要有合理的想象及另辟蹊徑的翻譯風(fēng)格。當(dāng)然，譯者扎實(shí)的英語(yǔ)寫(xiě)作基本功也是不可或缺的。