佟偉
初中英語完形填空題一直是近年來省內(nèi)外中考考查學(xué)生英語學(xué)習(xí)能力和水平的常見題型。常見的完形填空分兩類:一是4選1的完形填空,即根據(jù)短文內(nèi)容, 從各題所給的4個選項中選擇一個最佳答案;二是12選10(或者10選10),即根據(jù)短文內(nèi)容, 用方框中所給詞的正確形式填空, 使短文完整、正確(每個詞只能用一次, 有兩個多余詞)。
今天,我們使用詞框(word box)分類的方法來做12選10完形填空題,這個方法可以大大降低解題難度,提高準(zhǔn)確率。12選10題往往在短文前提供12個不同詞性的備選詞,短文中挖空10個,通常有3~5個詞需要變形。那么,我們先要熟悉英語中常見詞類(parts of speech):名詞、動詞、形容詞、副詞、代詞、數(shù)詞等,這些屬于實詞;冠詞、連詞、介詞等,這些屬于虛詞。虛詞通常沒有變形的考查,實詞中涉及變形的情況有:
1.名詞變形包括名詞單復(fù)數(shù)間轉(zhuǎn)換,名詞所有格等;
2.動詞變形包括動詞時態(tài)(作謂語時)和非謂語動詞等情況;
3.形容詞和副詞變形包括形容詞與副詞間轉(zhuǎn)換(前后綴構(gòu)詞法)以及形容詞和副詞比較級、最高級變化等;
4.代詞變形主要指代詞主賓格間轉(zhuǎn)換、物主代詞間轉(zhuǎn)換、反身代詞間轉(zhuǎn)換、指示代詞單復(fù)數(shù)轉(zhuǎn)換等;
5.數(shù)詞變形包括基數(shù)詞和序數(shù)詞間轉(zhuǎn)換。
特別提出最近幾年中考命題尤為強(qiáng)調(diào)對單詞前后綴構(gòu)詞法的考查。這就涉及不同詞性的單詞通過構(gòu)詞法添加前后綴進(jìn)行單詞變形。
下面以《2021年鐵嶺葫蘆島市初中畢業(yè)生學(xué)業(yè)考試》試題中第七大題的完形填空題為例。
Ⅶ. 完形填空(共 10 分, 每空1 分)
根據(jù)短文內(nèi)容, 用方框中所給詞的正確形式填空, 使短文完整、正確。(每個詞只能用一次, 有兩個多余詞)
首先,我們根據(jù)英語單詞的詞性把提供的12個詞進(jìn)行分類。
名詞{oil, education, use, friend} 動詞{add, use, speak, encourage}
形容詞{ many} 副詞{still, so(如此,那么)}
連詞{so(因此,所以)} 介詞{at, with}
When the people around us feel down, we usually say jiayou. When we watch the dragon boat races, we can also hear jiayou. We usually say it when we 66 someone. It means “add oil” in English. But where is it from? And why do we 67 it?
There is a story behind “add oil”. It took place during the Qing Dynasty. “Add oil” started 68 an official(官員)named Zhang Ying. He was the zhifu, or mayor(市長), of Xingyi in Guizhou. He believed that good? 69 could help build a strong country, 70
he tried to develop local education better. What he did made much 71 people study.
He sent lower officials to walk around the city at night with buckets(桶)of 72 . In ancient China, people used oil lamps(燈)at night. If these officials saw the light of oil lamps in someone’s home and heard the sound of reading, they would knock on the door and say, “The mayor 73 oil for your lamp!” The officials would then gave the person oil so that he could study till the night.
Zhang did this and paid for the oil for 13 years. Many young people in Xingyi later became officials, poets and scholars(學(xué)者). “Add oil” is 74 used today. Next time, say jiayou to your 75 when they need you to cheer them up. It’s very useful.
然后,我們開始通讀全文。一邊逐句理解文意,理順上下文語境;同時,一邊仔細(xì)觀察句子結(jié)構(gòu)。
66題,We usually say it when we 66 someone. 此句中,前面有主格人稱代詞we(主語),后面有不定代詞someone(賓語),說明此題需要謂語動詞。那么我們可以從動詞詞框的四個詞{add, use, speak, encourage}進(jìn)行考慮。再根據(jù)上文中出現(xiàn)jiayou(加油)一詞,可以確定此題選詞為encourage(鼓勵)。同時,根據(jù)該句是when引導(dǎo)的時間狀語從句,主從句時態(tài)一致。所以可以確定此題答案為encourage。之后在動詞詞框中把encourage劃掉。
67題,同樣道理,此題缺少謂語動詞。我們?nèi)匀粡膭釉~詞框里剩余的三個詞{add, use, speak}來考慮。綜合文意和語境,選用use作為答案。
68題,“Add oil” started 68 an official(官員)named Zhang Ying. 可以理解為:“加油一詞開始(起源)于一位名字叫Zhang Ying的官員?!笨梢圆孪氲絼釉~短語start with...(作謂語),表示“以……開始的意思”。因此介詞詞框{at, with}中with被劃掉,成為此題答案(介詞屬于虛詞,沒有變形)。
69題,下文句子中提供了詞語銜接:He believed that good? 69 could help build a strong country, 70 he tried to develop local education better. 同時,在此處形容詞good修飾的名詞作主語??梢酝茰y此題需要名詞,所以從名詞詞框{oil, education, use, friend}中進(jìn)行選擇,答案確定為education。
70題,考查句子關(guān)系。此處需要連詞so(所以)表達(dá)前后句的因果關(guān)系。
71題,難點在于出現(xiàn)了主語從句,但是不難看出people做動詞made的賓語。People一詞前面需要定語:much 71 people,可以聯(lián)想到much+比較級形式。此空需要形容詞比較級作定語修飾people。因此答案從形容詞詞框{ many}中找到,many變形為more。
72題,walk ... with buckets(桶)of 72 . In ancient China, people used oil lamps(燈)at night. “拿著幾桶……走”,在下文中“oil lamps油燈”給出提示。與此同時,buckets(桶,為量詞)of 72 (名詞).所以,名詞詞框{oil, education, use, friend}中oil被選中成為答案。
73題,同理,此題需要動詞作謂語。緊扣文章主題:add oil。因此從剩余動詞詞框{add, speak}中選擇add變形為adds作為此題答案。
74題,“Add oil” is 74 used today.(“加油”一詞今天仍然在使用。)該句主干成分完整,只是缺少加強(qiáng)語氣的still。同時作為虛詞,still不需要變形。
75題,由say jiayou to your 75 ,可以確定此題需要名詞作賓語。從名詞詞框中能夠恰當(dāng)使用的還有friend變形為friends。
需要強(qiáng)調(diào)的是在選擇實詞填空時一定要考慮詞形轉(zhuǎn)換?!?021年鐵嶺葫蘆島市初中畢業(yè)生學(xué)業(yè)考試》題中12選10題涉及三處詞形轉(zhuǎn)換:many變比較級more;add作謂語考慮時態(tài)使用第三人稱單數(shù)形式;friend變名詞復(fù)數(shù)。
再拿《2021年撫順本溪遼陽市初中畢業(yè)生學(xué)業(yè)考試》題中12選10題為例。
VII. 完形填空(共10分, 每空1分)
根據(jù)短文內(nèi)容, 用方框中所給詞的正確形式填空, 使短文完整、正確。(每個詞只能用一 次, 有兩個多余詞)
[his provide into lose ago have
money later young fill hundred so ]
名詞{money } 動詞{provide, lose, have, fill }
代詞{his } 數(shù)詞{hundred }
形容詞{young } 副詞{ago, later, so(如此,那么)}
連詞{so(因此,所以)} 介詞{into }
Years ago in Scotland, Mr. and Mrs. Clark had a dream of travelling to the United States with their nine children. Clark and his wife worked hard and saved enough 66 and got passports for the whole family on a new ship to the United States. The whole family was 67 with excitement about life in America. However, seven days before their trip, the 68 son of the four was bitten (咬)by a dog. The doctor required that all the family should be separated for fourteen days.
The family’s dream ended. They would 69 to cancel the trip to America. The father was very disappointed and cursed (咒罵)both his son and the dog because he didn’t want to 70 the chance to travel to the United States. Five days 71 , the sad news spread around Scotland —Titanic had sunk (下沉). The famous ship had sunk with 72
of lives in it. The Clark family was to have been on that ship, but the son had been bitten by a dog, 73 they were left behind in Scotland. When Mr. Clark heard the news, he hugged 74 son and thanked him for saving the family. He thanked his son and the dog for saving their lives and turning what he felt was a sad thing 75 ? a lucky one. Although we may not know why, all things happen for a reason.
66題,saved enough 66 ...需要名詞作賓語。名詞詞框{money }里只有money作為正確答案,意為“攢下足夠的錢”。
67題,The whole family was 67 with excitement about life in America.謂語不完整。同時,根據(jù)動詞短語固定搭配,be filled with...有“充滿……”的意思。所以動詞詞框{provide, lose, have, fill }中選擇fill變形為filled。
68題,the 68 son of the four...需要形容詞最高級作定語。形容詞詞框{young }中只有一個young變形最高級為youngest。
69題,They would 69 to cancel the trip to America.需要動詞原形與would共同作謂語。動詞詞框{provide, lose, have, fill }還有三個備選項,只有have to(不得不)可以表達(dá)出當(dāng)時情境下的客觀環(huán)境約束(隔離14天)。因此確定答案為have。
70題,...didn’t want to 70 the chance...根據(jù)前后語境和句子結(jié)構(gòu),可以判定此題需要動詞原形。動詞詞框{provide, lose, have, fill }還剩下兩個。根據(jù)上下文語境,應(yīng)是“不想失去機(jī)會”,所以答案可以確定為lose。
71題,F(xiàn)ive days 71 ,作時間狀語,副詞詞框{ago, later, so(如此,那么)}中有副詞later可以構(gòu)詞短語five days later“5天后”或者ago構(gòu)成短語five days ago“5天前”。根據(jù)上下文表示時間進(jìn)一步延續(xù),選擇later作為正確答案。同時,ago為干擾項。
72題,The famous ship had sunk with 72 of lives in it. “那艘著名的輪船帶著成百上千條生命沉船了?!眑ives作為名詞復(fù)數(shù)前面需要定語,hundreds of由數(shù)詞構(gòu)成的固定短語,意為“成百上千”。 數(shù)詞詞框{hundred }中hundred變形為hundreds。
73題,考查句子關(guān)系。...the son had been bitten by a dog, 73 they were left behind in Scotland.兩句存在因果關(guān)系,所以使用連詞。連詞詞框{so(因此,所以)}中so可以表達(dá)結(jié)果。
74題,he hugged 74 son,此句考查前后人稱保持一致:他擁抱他的兒子。形容詞性物主代詞his作定語。
75題,...turning what he felt was a sad thing 75 a lucky one,此句是難點,關(guān)鍵在于把握語意的同時,要求學(xué)生能夠準(zhǔn)確劃分出句子結(jié)構(gòu),能夠準(zhǔn)確推斷出動詞短語turn...into...意為“把……變成……”,所以此題需要介詞into作為答案。
綜上所述,使用詞框分類的方法能大大提高答題的準(zhǔn)確率。學(xué)生在閱讀前把備選詞根據(jù)詞性分類,就等于把難點分解,化整為零,使自己在答題時減少了不必要的干擾,降低了難度,提高了做題速度和準(zhǔn)確度。當(dāng)然,12選10題的順利解決還需要有更多的答題技巧和策略。同時,學(xué)生也不要忘記在完成閱讀題之后要仔細(xì)核對答案,認(rèn)真檢查。
初中生學(xué)習(xí)指導(dǎo)·中考版2022年5期