周艷華
推理判斷題是中考英語閱讀理解的一個(gè)重要題型,屬于深層次理解類試題,主要考查學(xué)生根據(jù)已知信息做出正確推理判斷的邏輯思維能力。解此題型有一定的難度,這種題型通常不能直接從文中找出答案,而是要求學(xué)生在閱讀整體語篇,理解原文表面文字信息的基礎(chǔ)上,做出一定的推理和判斷。
推理判斷題主要分為隱含意義推斷題、主旨大意推斷題、作者寫作意圖推斷題、文章出處推斷題、讀者對(duì)象或文章作者身份推斷題。
一、隱含意義推斷題
這類試題要求學(xué)生根據(jù)文章的某個(gè)句子、段落或者全文所提供的事實(shí)進(jìn)行邏輯推理,推斷作者沒有提到的或者沒有明說的事實(shí)或者可能發(fā)生的事實(shí)。
1. 常見的設(shè)問形式
(1)What can we infer / know from the passage?
(2)It can be inferred / concluded / seen from the passage that .
(3)We can conclude that .
標(biāo)志性詞語:infer, conclude, suggest, imply
2. 解題方法與技巧
(1)推斷隱含意義,要注意細(xì)節(jié),在讀懂文章字面意思的基礎(chǔ)上,結(jié)合語境從字里行間捕捉有用的信息。
(2)全面分析所有相關(guān)信息,不能斷章取義、以偏概全。
(3)要忠實(shí)于原文,不能用自己的觀點(diǎn)代替作者的本意。
(4)要善于揣摩作者意圖,悟出作者的暗含之意。
例題:
(2021·遼寧·丹東)This is an example of discovery learning or hands-on learning.
People remember things better when they learn them by doing. Here is an example. How will you learn to play football?
“Hands-on learning” is probably a kind of .
A. learning method
B. learning result
C. learning plan
D. learning activity
【解析】此題是隱含意義的推理判斷題。根據(jù) “This is an example of discovery learning or hands-on learning.” 句中的細(xì)節(jié)詞 “example”以及上文托尼和喬治例子可以推斷(由于文字過多,舉例中略過,原文包含),“Hands-on learning” 應(yīng)該是一種學(xué)習(xí)方法。故選A。
二、主旨大意推斷題
這類試題要求學(xué)生根據(jù)整體語篇或主要細(xì)節(jié),推斷文章的主旨大意。
1. 常見的設(shè)問形式
(1)What’s the main idea of this passage?
(2)What does the passage mainly tell us?
(3)The writer means to tell us that .
標(biāo)志性詞語:main idea, is mainly about
2. 解題方法與技巧
(1)抓住關(guān)鍵詞或者細(xì)節(jié),推斷主旨大意
在一些記敘文中,可能沒有包含明確的主題句,中心思想多隱藏在具體細(xì)節(jié)中,作者通過多個(gè)關(guān)鍵詞或細(xì)節(jié)詞對(duì)一個(gè)中心進(jìn)行說明。這時(shí)我們要捉住反復(fù)出現(xiàn)的、與主題有關(guān)的名詞、動(dòng)詞等關(guān)鍵詞或者細(xì)節(jié),來推斷主旨大意。
(2) 注意段落主題句,歸納文章大意
段落主題句通常是段落的首句或尾句,可以介紹段落的主題或用來控制段落中句子討論的內(nèi)容。讀懂段落的主題句,可以快速高效地歸納文章大意。
例題:
(2021·遼寧·朝陽) In China, a host usually serves a visiting guest a cup of tea first when he enters his house. It is a traditional custom in China. But do you know how to serve a cup of tea to a visiting guest? Well, in different places, the ways of serving tea are different.
The passage is mainly about ______.
A. the ways of serving tea in China
B. the different kinds of tea in China
C. the ways of drinking tea in China
D. the reasons of serving tea in China
【解析】根據(jù)文章第一段末尾的主題句“Well, in different places, the ways of serving tea are different.”可知,本文主要講述了不同的泡茶方式。故選A。此題主旨大意推斷的句子位于篇章開頭第一段。
三、作者寫作意圖推斷題
這類試題要求學(xué)生根據(jù)文章內(nèi)容推斷作者的寫作目的和意圖。
1. 常見的設(shè)問形式
(1)The writer’s purpose of writing this passage is to .
(2)What’s the writer’s purpose of writing this article?
(3)In writing the passage, the author intends to .
(4)The writer of the passage mainly wants to tell us .
標(biāo)志性詞語:purpose, intend to, want, show
2. 解題方法與技巧
(1)主旨推斷法:根據(jù)文章或段落的主旨推斷作者的寫作意圖。
(2)文體推斷法:根據(jù)文體的特點(diǎn)和用途來推斷作者的寫作意圖。
不同體裁的文章有不同的寫作目的。故事類記敘文是娛樂讀者或者使讀者感受到某種情感;人物類記敘文通過介紹人物,表達(dá)作者的敬佩或贊揚(yáng)之情等;廣告類應(yīng)用文是為了推銷產(chǎn)品或服務(wù);議論文可以闡述作者的某個(gè)觀點(diǎn)或者是讓讀者得到某種啟示和教育;科普類說明文主要是介紹物品使用或告知讀者一些科學(xué)知識(shí)。
例題:
(2021·遼寧·阜新)If you want to get healthy or stay healthy, there is one easy activity for you—walking.
You may think that simply taking a walk is not enough to make a big difference. You may think that you need to do something like running to stay healthy. Well, a new study says that is not true. It finds out that walking may be as good for us as running.
What is the writer’s purpose of writing this passage?
A. To tell people that they shouldn’t walk more.
B. To tell people that walking is a waste of time.
C. To tell people they should walk more.
D. To tell people that they don’t need to run anymore.
【解析】題干中的標(biāo)志詞“the writer’s purpose”顯示,此題是作者寫作意圖推理判斷題。根據(jù)“If you want to get healthy or stay healthy, there is one easy activity for you—walking.如果你想變得健康或保持健康,對(duì)你來說有一種簡單的活動(dòng)——散步。”可知,應(yīng)選C。
四、文章出處推斷題
這類試題要求學(xué)生根據(jù)文章內(nèi)容和形式推斷所選文章的出處。
1. 常見的設(shè)問形式
(1)Where does the passage probably come from?
(2)Where is the passage probably taken from?
(3)The passage is most likely a part of .
(4)The passage would most likely be found in .
標(biāo)志性詞語:be taken from, a part of, come from
2. 解題方法與技巧
(1)網(wǎng)站:文章中會(huì)出現(xiàn)click, online, web, website 或者具體網(wǎng)址等。
(2)廣告、報(bào)紙和雜志:根據(jù)內(nèi)容和格式,比較容易辨認(rèn)。
(3)產(chǎn)品說明:文章中會(huì)有產(chǎn)品的名稱或操作方式。
(4)藥品說明:文中會(huì)有服用的時(shí)間、次數(shù)、藥量等。
(5)展覽手冊(cè):文中會(huì)有展覽會(huì)的各方面信息。
例題:
(2021·遼寧·撫順、本溪、遼陽)Boys and girls, have a look and see if you are interested in the amazing events.(下面是關(guān)于Yangzhou Horticultural Expo, Tianwen 1 Probe, Universal Beijing Resort 和Dubai World Expo 的圖片及介紹,具體內(nèi)容略。)
You can probably find the passages from a .
A. newspaper
B. story book
C. movie poster
D. car magazine
【解析】根據(jù)題干可知,此題是文章出處推理判斷題。通讀全文可知,本文主要寫了4件令人驚奇的事情:揚(yáng)州園藝博覽會(huì)、“天問一號(hào)”探測(cè)器、北京環(huán)球影城和迪拜世博會(huì)。比較4個(gè)備選答案,我們最有可能在報(bào)紙上讀到該文章。故選A。
五、讀者對(duì)象或文章作者身份推斷題
這類試題要求學(xué)生推斷這篇文章是寫給誰讀的或者文章的作者是什么身份、職業(yè)等。
1. 常見的設(shè)問形式
(1)Who are the intended reader of the passage?
(2)Who is the passage written for?
(3)Who probably wrote the letter?
標(biāo)志性詞語:writer, author, the intended reader
2. 解題方法與技巧
(1)根據(jù)文章細(xì)節(jié)和內(nèi)容進(jìn)行推斷。
(2)根據(jù)作者的措辭和語氣進(jìn)行推斷。
例題:
(2021·河南A卷)All you have to do is to create your own stories.
· The competition is only open to the students in Grand Middle School.
· Please write a story in at least 300 words.
· Pictures are not necessary but stories with creative pictures will get extra (額外的) points.
Who is the text written for?
A. Students.
B. Teachers.
C. Parents.
D. Artists.
【解析】此題是讀者對(duì)象推理判斷題。根據(jù)“The competition is only open to the students in Grand Middle School.”可知,此次活動(dòng)是面向?qū)W生的。故選A。
總之,要做好推理判斷題,關(guān)鍵要從整體上把握文章內(nèi)容,分析語篇特征,尋找解題依據(jù),在領(lǐng)會(huì)全文的基礎(chǔ)上,將語篇的表面意義與隱含意義、已知信息與未知信息等聯(lián)系起來,體會(huì)作者的言外之意,做出正確的推理和判斷。
初中生學(xué)習(xí)指導(dǎo)·中考版2022年5期