劉伶
摘? ? 要:描寫(xiě)可以使記敘文更形象化和具體化,并推動(dòng)故事情節(jié)的發(fā)展,進(jìn)而更好地揭示主題。模因論視域下的讀后續(xù)寫(xiě)描寫(xiě)能力培養(yǎng)可以從“模因輸入,同化語(yǔ)言知識(shí)”“模因保持,培養(yǎng)語(yǔ)言能力”“模因輸出和互動(dòng),形成語(yǔ)言素養(yǎng)”三個(gè)方面展開(kāi),以幫助學(xué)生在主題意義的探究過(guò)程中,形成同一主題的描寫(xiě)方法,實(shí)現(xiàn)知識(shí)向能力、能力向素養(yǎng)的轉(zhuǎn)化。
關(guān)鍵詞:模因論;讀后續(xù)寫(xiě);描寫(xiě)能力
讀后續(xù)寫(xiě)是高考英語(yǔ)的新題型之一,旨在考查學(xué)生的文本解讀能力、情節(jié)推理能力、細(xì)節(jié)描寫(xiě)能力、語(yǔ)篇銜接能力和創(chuàng)新思維能力等綜合語(yǔ)言運(yùn)用能力。讀后續(xù)寫(xiě)的閱讀材料一般以記敘文文本為主,其內(nèi)容貼近生活,有一定趣味性,給學(xué)生的想象空間較大,上下文連貫性較強(qiáng),語(yǔ)言難度較易把握[1]。記敘文的重要表達(dá)方式之一是描寫(xiě),其可以使記敘文更形象化和具體化,并推動(dòng)故事情節(jié)的發(fā)展,進(jìn)而更好地揭示主題。描寫(xiě)一般包括感官描寫(xiě)、具象詞匯和修辭手法[2]。
模因論(memetics)是一種基于達(dá)爾文進(jìn)化論觀點(diǎn)解釋文化進(jìn)化規(guī)律的理論,其借用生物進(jìn)化模式探討模因(meme)的復(fù)制、傳播和進(jìn)化。meme源自希臘語(yǔ),意為“被模仿的東西”[3],其傳播周期可劃分為同化(assimilation)、記憶(retention)、表達(dá)(expression)和傳播(transmission)四個(gè)階段。語(yǔ)言學(xué)習(xí)本身就是語(yǔ)言模因復(fù)制、傳播的過(guò)程。為此,教師應(yīng)在語(yǔ)言教學(xué)中,為學(xué)生提供大量的語(yǔ)言模因輸入,讓學(xué)生在理解的基礎(chǔ)上復(fù)制、模仿,并進(jìn)行有效的模因輸出。筆者基于模因論四個(gè)階段的傳播周期,構(gòu)建了模因論視域下的讀后續(xù)寫(xiě)描寫(xiě)能力培養(yǎng)教學(xué)模式(如圖1所示),并將其應(yīng)用于譯林版普通高中教科書(shū)《英語(yǔ)》必修三第二單元Extended Reading “The Last Days of Pompeii”的教學(xué)中?!癟he Last Days of Pompeii”屬于“人與自然”主題語(yǔ)境下的“災(zāi)害防范”主題群,以維蘇威火山爆發(fā)前、中、后這一時(shí)間線索展開(kāi)敘述,生動(dòng)形象地展現(xiàn)了龐貝古城在狂暴自然力襲擊下歸于毀滅的慘象。
一、模因輸入,同化語(yǔ)言知識(shí)
在語(yǔ)言教學(xué)中,模因輸入是指教師根據(jù)學(xué)生的語(yǔ)言水平和興趣愛(ài)好篩選同一主題的語(yǔ)言模因進(jìn)行教學(xué),學(xué)生運(yùn)用注意、理解等手段習(xí)得語(yǔ)言模因,進(jìn)而同化為語(yǔ)言知識(shí)的過(guò)程。
首先,教師呈現(xiàn)語(yǔ)篇標(biāo)題和教材插圖,并提出問(wèn)題“What are the key words in the title?”“What can you find special in the pictures?”“What can you predict the author will introduce in the text?”,引導(dǎo)學(xué)生預(yù)測(cè)語(yǔ)篇大意,調(diào)動(dòng)學(xué)生興趣。絕大部分學(xué)生都能夠推測(cè)出語(yǔ)篇是一篇描寫(xiě)維蘇威火山爆發(fā)使得龐貝古城毀滅的記敘文。
然后,教師讓學(xué)生快速閱讀語(yǔ)篇獲取語(yǔ)篇大意,并以小組為單位繪制語(yǔ)篇結(jié)構(gòu)思維導(dǎo)圖(如圖2所示)。這一過(guò)程不僅有助于培養(yǎng)學(xué)生獲取表層信息的能力,而且還有助于培養(yǎng)學(xué)生分析、提煉和概括語(yǔ)篇信息的能力,使學(xué)生初步感知主題意義,為下面的細(xì)節(jié)閱讀作鋪墊。
接著,教師按照語(yǔ)篇結(jié)構(gòu),采用問(wèn)題鏈的形式,幫助學(xué)生在深層次探究語(yǔ)篇主題意義的同時(shí),習(xí)得相關(guān)的描寫(xiě)知識(shí)。就第一部分而言,教師提出問(wèn)題Q1~Q3,引導(dǎo)學(xué)生注意描寫(xiě)災(zāi)害發(fā)生前場(chǎng)景的方法。
Q1: What is the first part mainly about?
Q2: What was the city of Pompeii like before the volcanic eruption?
Q3: How does the author describe Pompeiis prosperity before the volcanic eruption?
Q1旨在訓(xùn)練學(xué)生歸納、概括段落大意的能力;Q2旨在引導(dǎo)學(xué)生分析并推斷文字背后的深層含義,進(jìn)而結(jié)合文本理?yè)?jù)分享對(duì)火山爆發(fā)前龐貝古城的認(rèn)識(shí);Q3旨在培養(yǎng)學(xué)生鑒賞文本寫(xiě)作技巧的能力。借助Q1~Q3,學(xué)生總結(jié)出第一部分采用具象詞匯來(lái)描寫(xiě)火山爆發(fā)前龐貝古城的繁榮景象,凸顯了畫(huà)面感(如作者通過(guò)描寫(xiě)各種船只來(lái)體現(xiàn)龐貝古城發(fā)達(dá)的水上運(yùn)輸行業(yè))。
就第二部分而言,教師提出問(wèn)題Q4~Q6,引導(dǎo)學(xué)生領(lǐng)會(huì)如何描寫(xiě)災(zāi)害中的場(chǎng)景及人們的感受。
Q4: What is the second part mainly about?
Q5: How does the author describe the scene of the volcanic eruption?
Q6: How does the author describe peoples feelings and reactions during the volcanic eruption?
Q4旨在訓(xùn)練學(xué)生歸納、概括段落大意的能力;Q5和Q6旨在引導(dǎo)學(xué)生探究文本的寫(xiě)作技巧。在Q4~Q6的引導(dǎo)下,學(xué)生總結(jié)出第二部分采用感官描寫(xiě)、具象詞匯和修辭手法相結(jié)合的方式來(lái)描寫(xiě)火山爆發(fā)時(shí)的場(chǎng)景及人們的感受。其中,作者采用明喻(如A moment later, the mountain-cloud seemed to roll towards them, dark and rapid, like a river.)、倒裝和暗喻(如Over the empty streets — over the forum — far and wide — with many a noisy crash in the stormy sea — fell that awful shower?。┤愋揶o手法來(lái)描寫(xiě)火山爆發(fā)時(shí)的場(chǎng)景,采用視覺(jué)(如The crowd looked upwards, and saw, with unspeakable fear, a huge cloud shooting from the top of the volcano.)、觸覺(jué)和聽(tīng)覺(jué)(如At that moment, they felt the earth shaking beneath their feet; beyond in the distance, they heard the crash of falling roofs.)三類感官描寫(xiě)來(lái)描寫(xiě)火山爆發(fā)時(shí)人們內(nèi)心的恐懼,以及采用具象詞匯(如Each turned to fly — each running, pre-
ssing, pushing against the other.)來(lái)描寫(xiě)人們逃亡的場(chǎng)景。
就第三部分而言,教師提出問(wèn)題Q7~Q9,引導(dǎo)學(xué)生領(lǐng)悟如何描寫(xiě)災(zāi)害后的場(chǎng)景。
Q7: What is the third part mainly about?
Q8: What did the remains of Pompeii look like after it was unearthed?
Q9: How does the author describe the remains of Pompeii?
Q7旨在訓(xùn)練學(xué)生歸納、概括段落大意的能力;Q8旨在引導(dǎo)學(xué)生獲取龐貝古城遺址的基本事實(shí)性信息;Q9旨在引導(dǎo)學(xué)生理解并分析作者描寫(xiě)事物的方法。在Q7~Q9的引導(dǎo)下,學(xué)生了解到龐貝古城遺址的基本事實(shí)性信息(如Its walls were fresh as if painted yesterday; not a single colour changed on the rich pattern of its floors. In its forum, the half-finished columns seemed as if just left by the workmans hand.),并推斷出作者采用具象詞匯(如its walls、colour和columns)和夸張修辭手法(如as if painted yesterday和as if just left by the workmans hand)相結(jié)合的方式展現(xiàn)了由于火山的爆發(fā),龐貝古城在一剎那間被歷史定格。
最后,教師提出問(wèn)題“Why does the author write the descriptive writing?”,讓學(xué)生四人一組進(jìn)行討論,引導(dǎo)學(xué)生在把握作者寫(xiě)作意圖的基礎(chǔ)上,進(jìn)一步探究語(yǔ)篇的主題意義。學(xué)生在思維碰撞中意識(shí)到災(zāi)害給人類帶來(lái)的巨大傷害,對(duì)自然產(chǎn)生敬畏之心。
經(jīng)過(guò)層層遞進(jìn),環(huán)環(huán)相扣的模因輸入,學(xué)生在感知語(yǔ)篇主題意義的同時(shí),初步形成了關(guān)于“災(zāi)害防范”的描寫(xiě)方法(如圖3所示)。具體而言,學(xué)生可以單獨(dú)使用具象詞匯來(lái)描寫(xiě)災(zāi)害前的場(chǎng)景,綜合使用感官描寫(xiě)、具象詞匯和修辭手法來(lái)描寫(xiě)災(zāi)害中的場(chǎng)景及人們的感受,交叉使用具象詞匯和修辭手法來(lái)描寫(xiě)災(zāi)害后的場(chǎng)景。
二、模因保持,培養(yǎng)語(yǔ)言能力
在語(yǔ)言教學(xué)中,模因保持是指教師使用教學(xué)策略,指導(dǎo)學(xué)生有意識(shí)地運(yùn)用記憶和學(xué)習(xí)策略,加強(qiáng)和鞏固輸入的語(yǔ)言模因,使之能長(zhǎng)時(shí)間地停留在記憶中,進(jìn)而促進(jìn)知識(shí)向能力的轉(zhuǎn)化。在這一環(huán)節(jié),教師運(yùn)用合作學(xué)習(xí)和情境教學(xué)策略,為學(xué)生提供同一主題的語(yǔ)言模因操練機(jī)會(huì),以使學(xué)生實(shí)踐與內(nèi)化所獲得的語(yǔ)言知識(shí)。
首先,教師讓學(xué)生兩人一組概述“The Last Days of Pompeii”,旨在引導(dǎo)學(xué)生熟悉、鞏固在模因輸入環(huán)節(jié)習(xí)得的語(yǔ)言知識(shí)并體會(huì)作者所傳達(dá)的主題意義。在該任務(wù)中,學(xué)生運(yùn)用所梳理的結(jié)構(gòu)化知識(shí),概述維蘇威火山爆發(fā)前、中、后龐貝古城的場(chǎng)景和火山爆發(fā)時(shí)人們的感受,體會(huì)到作者借此描寫(xiě)所展現(xiàn)的災(zāi)害的巨大破壞力。
然后,教師呈現(xiàn)本單元Reading板塊“Girls saves 100 from tsunami”中的海嘯插圖,讓學(xué)生運(yùn)用所學(xué)的關(guān)于“災(zāi)害防范”主題的語(yǔ)言模因來(lái)描寫(xiě)海嘯發(fā)生時(shí)的場(chǎng)景和人們的感受。一名學(xué)生的產(chǎn)出如下:
The sea suddenly disappeared. Boats were stranded on the reef. Sea fish leapt out of the sea and landed on the rocks. Then the sea water surged forward and came back. The water was like the bubbles on the top of a beer. It was just coming in and in and in. Huge waves shot to the shore at a great speed, sending boats and cars crashing into nearby villages. People fled to the higher ground, screaming for help. They tried to resist the water but felt like tsunami would drag them back to the sea.
上述兩個(gè)任務(wù)不僅可以訓(xùn)練學(xué)生的精細(xì)加工策略,還可以使“災(zāi)害防范”主題的語(yǔ)言模因在反復(fù)應(yīng)用后被保持在學(xué)生的記憶中,促進(jìn)學(xué)生知識(shí)向能力的轉(zhuǎn)化。
三、模因輸出和互動(dòng),形成語(yǔ)言素養(yǎng)
為了幫助學(xué)生有效地表達(dá)和廣泛地傳播同一主題的語(yǔ)言模因,促進(jìn)學(xué)生語(yǔ)言能力向語(yǔ)言素養(yǎng)的轉(zhuǎn)化,教師應(yīng)實(shí)施模因輸出和模因互動(dòng)兩個(gè)教學(xué)環(huán)節(jié)。
(一)模因輸出
在語(yǔ)言教學(xué)中,模因輸出是指教師基于同一主題設(shè)計(jì)寫(xiě)作任務(wù),讓學(xué)生運(yùn)用同一主題的語(yǔ)言模因進(jìn)行寫(xiě)作。學(xué)生根據(jù)寫(xiě)作要求,調(diào)取儲(chǔ)存在大腦中的同一主題的語(yǔ)言模因進(jìn)行模因輸出。
在這一環(huán)節(jié),教師基于學(xué)生的生活實(shí)際,呈現(xiàn)一篇“災(zāi)害防范”主題的閱讀文章,讓學(xué)生用災(zāi)害防范的描寫(xiě)方法進(jìn)行讀后續(xù)寫(xiě)。語(yǔ)篇描述了暴風(fēng)雨發(fā)生前的場(chǎng)景,講述的是主人公Sarah在暴風(fēng)雨來(lái)臨前沒(méi)有像其他人一樣儲(chǔ)備食物。由續(xù)文第一段首句“Obviously, a storm was on its way.”可以推出,該段需要學(xué)生描寫(xiě)暴風(fēng)雨中的場(chǎng)景和人們的感受;由續(xù)文第二段首句“Trapped at home, Sarah wondered how she could survive.”可以推出,該段需要學(xué)生描寫(xiě)Sarah如何獲救及暴風(fēng)雨后Sarah家的場(chǎng)景。
一名學(xué)生的習(xí)作如下:
Obviously, a storm was on its way. ① Sarah looked upwards, and saw, with unspeakable fear, a tornado twirling in the distance like a gray funnel. ② A sudden burst of lightning drew lines in the black clouds, lighting up the dark sky. ③ In an instant, rain began to pour down, beating heavily against the window. ④ People turned to fly — each running, pre-
ssing, pushing against the other. ⑤ So came the storm, and so ended Sarahs hope.
Trapped at home, Sarah wondered how she could survive. ⑥ Then, her dogs sudden bar-
king attracted her to the window, where there was a lot of food with a note from her neighbour, explaining that she had purchased enough food. ⑦ After the storm, her front garden had been flooded. ⑧ Vegetables and flowers lowered their heads as if dead. ⑨ Trees were snapped in two and rubbish scattered everywhere. ⑩ But it was human kindness that burnt bright.
(二)模因互動(dòng)
在語(yǔ)言教學(xué)中,模因互動(dòng)通常情況下是指教師引導(dǎo)學(xué)生對(duì)模因輸出展開(kāi)評(píng)價(jià)。在這一活動(dòng)中,教師不僅應(yīng)對(duì)學(xué)生的模因輸出進(jìn)行評(píng)價(jià)并給出建議,還要引導(dǎo)學(xué)生進(jìn)行互相評(píng)改、自我評(píng)改[4]。
小組寫(xiě)作評(píng)價(jià)活動(dòng)可“發(fā)揮評(píng)價(jià)的激勵(lì)作用和促學(xué)功能,對(duì)英語(yǔ)教學(xué)形成積極正面的反撥作用”[5]。因此,教師設(shè)計(jì)了寫(xiě)作評(píng)價(jià)表(如表1所示),讓學(xué)生以小組為單位展開(kāi)評(píng)價(jià)。表1主要考查學(xué)生使用“災(zāi)害防范”主題的感官描寫(xiě)模因、具象詞匯模因和修辭手法模因情況。
根據(jù)表1,學(xué)生認(rèn)為上文的習(xí)作使用了“災(zāi)害防范”主題的感官描寫(xiě)模因、具象詞匯模因和修辭手法模因,使得讀后續(xù)寫(xiě)主題更鮮明,情節(jié)更符合邏輯,語(yǔ)言更豐富多彩。具體
評(píng)價(jià)如下:一是在描寫(xiě)暴風(fēng)雨中的場(chǎng)景和人們的感受時(shí)使用了視覺(jué)描寫(xiě)(如句①),明喻修辭、擬人修辭和倒裝修辭三種修辭手法(如句①②⑤)以及具象詞匯(如句①的unspeakable和twirling,句③的beating,句④的fly、running、pressing和pushing);二是在描寫(xiě)暴風(fēng)雨后Sarah家前院的場(chǎng)景時(shí)使用了具象詞匯(如句⑧的vegetables、flowers和lowered,句⑨的trees、snapped、rubbish和scattered),擬人修辭、夸張修辭兩種修辭手法(如句⑧)。正是有了這些描寫(xiě)語(yǔ)言模因的使用,該習(xí)作凸顯了災(zāi)害面前人性的溫暖,成功地進(jìn)行了一次模因輸出。
借助模因論培養(yǎng)學(xué)生的讀后續(xù)寫(xiě)描寫(xiě)能力為讀后續(xù)寫(xiě)教學(xué)提供了新方法。在模因論視域下,教師讓學(xué)生意識(shí)到讀后續(xù)寫(xiě)的敘事方式并非只是平鋪直敘,而是可以運(yùn)用同一主題的感官描寫(xiě)模因、具象詞匯模因和修辭手法模因進(jìn)行描寫(xiě),以使文章情節(jié)更加生動(dòng)、主題更加鮮明。模因論視域下讀后續(xù)寫(xiě)描寫(xiě)能力培養(yǎng)的四個(gè)階段是環(huán)環(huán)相扣、層層遞進(jìn)的:模因輸入有助于學(xué)生理解同一主題的語(yǔ)言模因,同化語(yǔ)言知識(shí);模因保持可以幫助學(xué)生記憶同一主題的語(yǔ)言模因,培養(yǎng)語(yǔ)言能力;模因輸出和模因互動(dòng)能夠讓學(xué)生創(chuàng)造性地使用同一主題的語(yǔ)言模因進(jìn)行輸出,并開(kāi)展評(píng)價(jià)活動(dòng),形成語(yǔ)言素養(yǎng)。這一過(guò)程有助于學(xué)生在主題意義的探究過(guò)程中,形成同一主題的描寫(xiě)知識(shí),實(shí)現(xiàn)知識(shí)向能力、能力向素養(yǎng)的轉(zhuǎn)化。
參考文獻(xiàn):
[1]劉慶思,陳康.關(guān)于一年兩考高考英語(yǔ)試卷中讀后續(xù)寫(xiě)設(shè)計(jì)的研究[J].中小學(xué)外語(yǔ)教學(xué)(中學(xué)篇),2016(1):1-5.
[2]SURIYANTI S, YAACOB A. Explo-
ring teacher strategies in teaching descriptive writing in Indonesia[J]. Malaysian Journal of Learning and Instruction, 2016(13): 71-95.
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[4]李登忠.基于模因論的高中英語(yǔ)寫(xiě)作教學(xué)研究[J].英語(yǔ)教師,2020(18):55-57.
[5]中華人民共和國(guó)教育部.普通高中英語(yǔ)課程標(biāo)準(zhǔn)(2017年版2020年修訂)[S].北京:人民教育出版社,2020:81.
附:“災(zāi)害防范”主題閱讀文章及讀后續(xù)寫(xiě)要求
閱讀下面材料,根據(jù)其內(nèi)容和所給段落開(kāi)頭語(yǔ)續(xù)寫(xiě)兩段,使之構(gòu)成一篇完整的短文。
When there was news that a storm was coming, Sarah didnt think much about it. She simply shrugged it off like any other normal day. When she went to the grocery store and saw that it was full, she still didnt worry.
People ran like mad between aisles (過(guò)道), grabbing what they could. Bare shelves and long lines made Sarah chuckle (竊笑). They must be overreacting, she thought.
On her way home, she looked overhead. Dark clouds were indeed forming. And they seemed to be moving quickly across the sky. Still, Sarah was not bothered. The rain would be nice since it had been warm lately.
When she got home, Sarah made popcorn and sat on the sofa with her dog, Cooper, and got ready to watch a movie.
Just as she hit play on the remote, she heard the thunder. Rain started to come down hard, making it almost impossible to see the trees in her front garden through the window. Cooper immediately jumped from the sofa, barking in fear in the corner.
“Its OK.” Sarah said. She moved to one side and saw Cooper looked a bit nervous. Sarah turned off the movie and instead skipped to the local news station. The storm was much more serious than she had thought. People in a nearby city even said they spotted a tornado. The repor-
ter advised people to stay inside and secure all of the doors and windows.
Sarah got up and began making her way around the house. Cooper followed behind as she checked all of the windows to make sure they were all fully closed. By the time she got back to her sofa, the rain had stopped. “That wasnt so bad,” Sarah said aloud, “Just a nice shower.”
She turned to cooper, who had gone back to the corner and still looked a bit frightened. She looked outside. It was actually very calm, but she could see that the wind was picking up. The branches of the trees were swinging and the garbage bin had tipped over.
注意:
1.續(xù)寫(xiě)詞數(shù)應(yīng)為150 左右。
2.請(qǐng)按如下格式進(jìn)行續(xù)寫(xiě)。
Obviously, a storm was on its way.
Trapped at home, Sarah wondered how she could survive.