語(yǔ)篇知識(shí)架橋梁，初高銜接看題源

北京 席曉東

怎么理解“題源”決定了教學(xué)實(shí)踐的寬度和深度？題源就是“題之來(lái)源”，“題”不局限于高考題，可以是課本練習(xí)題、大學(xué)四六級(jí)考試題、英語(yǔ)專業(yè)題等?！皝?lái)源”無(wú)外乎國(guó)內(nèi)外各級(jí)各類用以命題的文章。研究題源就是研究這些未經(jīng)或已經(jīng)命題人改編的文章，研究?jī)?nèi)容包括其語(yǔ)言價(jià)值和教育價(jià)值。

針對(duì)題源做研究要始終立足兩個(gè)根基，一是教學(xué)目標(biāo)：明確要傳授給學(xué)生什么；二是班級(jí)學(xué)情：清楚學(xué)生能收獲什么，而不是奢望和命題組“不謀而合”。有很多文章喜歡總結(jié)某一階段高考命題的出處、體裁、立意、詞數(shù)等各個(gè)方面的數(shù)據(jù)，雖然這對(duì)教師把握命題規(guī)律和趨勢(shì)有參考價(jià)值，但僅僅是總結(jié)數(shù)據(jù)又如何能讓學(xué)習(xí)者收益最大化呢？

題源研究的真正著力點(diǎn)應(yīng)該是基于學(xué)情和命題方向，通過(guò)題源閱讀，普及語(yǔ)篇知識(shí)（語(yǔ)篇微觀和宏觀結(jié)構(gòu)），培養(yǎng)學(xué)生的英文語(yǔ)感和讀寫綜合能力，讓學(xué)生以實(shí)力應(yīng)萬(wàn)變。唯有如此，題源研究才能真正起到有效整合資源的作用。

筆者一直在實(shí)踐中挖掘題源語(yǔ)篇的應(yīng)用價(jià)值。這些實(shí)踐大致分為三個(gè)方面和兩個(gè)原則。三個(gè)方面分別是：一、立足教材語(yǔ)篇，匯聚各種優(yōu)秀課文及練習(xí)以鞏固基礎(chǔ)；二、以單元話題和選文體裁為標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，借鑒和改編高考題，四、六級(jí)和大學(xué)英語(yǔ)專業(yè)考試題，以豐富學(xué)生課內(nèi)外作業(yè)；三、利用原版報(bào)紙、雜志、網(wǎng)站選文、其他出版物等外文資料進(jìn)行原創(chuàng)命題和教學(xué)設(shè)計(jì)。兩個(gè)原則是：一、題目多元化。這樣可以多角度促進(jìn)語(yǔ)篇理解和思維發(fā)展。二、語(yǔ)篇體裁和話題并重。無(wú)論話題是否相同，都先按體裁對(duì)文章分門別類，然后再按組織結(jié)構(gòu)、語(yǔ)言風(fēng)格等細(xì)化分類。這樣做可以幫助學(xué)生模塊化理解與應(yīng)用語(yǔ)篇知識(shí)，促進(jìn)其語(yǔ)言邏輯發(fā)展，提升其讀寫能力。下面筆者就以初高中的銜接階段為例，談?wù)勅绾卫谜n內(nèi)外題源提升學(xué)生的語(yǔ)篇理解和綜合應(yīng)用能力。

對(duì)高一新生來(lái)說(shuō)，認(rèn)識(shí)英語(yǔ)描寫類記敘文語(yǔ)篇的行文特點(diǎn)，學(xué)習(xí)基本的句子結(jié)構(gòu)和段落結(jié)構(gòu)，積累詞句和改善學(xué)習(xí)方法是盡快適應(yīng)高中英語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)的幾個(gè)環(huán)節(jié)。在綜合整理人教、北師大、譯林和外研四個(gè)版本的高中英語(yǔ)必修一教材后，并結(jié)合近年來(lái)高考英語(yǔ)北京卷和全國(guó)卷題源的變化，筆者總結(jié)出了四個(gè)語(yǔ)篇組，分別是“school life and friendship”“l(fā)anguage learning”“sports and fitness”和“travelling and celebration”。以這四類語(yǔ)篇組話題為載體，筆者在課堂擴(kuò)展和課后作業(yè)等環(huán)節(jié)整合了課內(nèi)外題源資源進(jìn)行教學(xué)實(shí)踐。

下面，筆者以“school life and friendship”為例，展示整合題源資源的具體操作。

第一步，整理不同課本素材（見(jiàn)表一），充分利用課本進(jìn)行基礎(chǔ)練習(xí)。結(jié)合新高考、新教材的改革方向，確定語(yǔ)言學(xué)習(xí)重點(diǎn)，做好初高中銜接。然后圍繞話題和體裁整合題源閱讀素材，拓展范圍，把握閱讀和寫作方向。2018 年以后，高考英語(yǔ)北京卷的命題方向發(fā)生較大變化，除了題型變化外，閱讀主題也有所拓寬，社會(huì)、文化、經(jīng)濟(jì)和科技類的文章的比例上升，而校園生活類的文章相應(yīng)減少，同時(shí)應(yīng)用文和夾敘夾議文體裁也增多了。這體現(xiàn)了高考改革的指導(dǎo)思想，即依托語(yǔ)篇，加強(qiáng)思維訓(xùn)練。

表一：school life and friendship 教材選材

表二：school life and friendship 題源拓展

從考查寫作的題型來(lái)看，從2020 年起，北京地區(qū)增加了閱讀問(wèn)答微寫作，進(jìn)一步提升了對(duì)邏輯思維和語(yǔ)言表達(dá)能力的考查力度。此外，應(yīng)用文寫作依然多以學(xué)生的校內(nèi)外活動(dòng)為主題，突出考查交際和文化意識(shí)。

因此，教師在整理題源素材后，依據(jù)教材的練習(xí)形式和高考的新方向重新設(shè)計(jì)了拓展練習(xí)，以加深學(xué)生的語(yǔ)篇理解。

第二步，拓展練習(xí)形式。例如，下面是筆者對(duì)課文閱讀練習(xí)的重新設(shè)計(jì)。根據(jù)所選安妮日記片段的特點(diǎn)，重點(diǎn)針對(duì)故事情節(jié)和心理描寫，設(shè)計(jì)了口頭和書面練習(xí)。

Part 1 Describe Feelings and Thoughts.

ANNE’S BEST FRIEND

Thursday 15th June,1944

Dear Kitty,

I wonder if it’s because I haven’t been able to beoutdoorsfor so long that I’ve grown so crazy about everything to do with nature.I can well remember that there was a time when a deep blue sky,the song of the birds,moonlight and flowers could never have kept me spellbound.That’s changed since I came here.

...For example,one evening when it was so warm,I stayed awakeon purposeuntil half past elevenin order tohave a good look at the moon by myself.But as the moon gave far too much light,I didn’t dare open a window.Another time five months ago,I happened to be upstairsat duskwhen the window was open.I didn’t go downstairs until the window had to be shut.The dark,rainy evening,the wind,thethunderingclouds held meentirelyin theirpower;it was the first time in a year and a half that I’d seen the nightface to face...

...Sadly...I am only able to look at nature through dirtycurtainshanging before verydustywindows.It’s no pleasure looking through these any longer because nature is one thing that really must be experienced.

Yours,

Anne

After reading,finish the following exercise.

Read the text above and answer the following questions.

1.What did Anne remember about nature?

(there was a time when...kept me spellbound...)

2.Why did Anne grow crazy? And what was she crazy about?

(wonder.../ it’s because...that.../ everything to do with nature...)

3.Can you organize the following phrases into logical sentences according to the text?

(stay awake,on purpose,half past eleven,in order to,have a look at,by oneself,as,far too much,happen to do/be,go downstairs/upstairs,rainy,thundering clouds,entirely,a year and a half,it was the first time,face to face)

4.Why did Anne feel upset?

(it’s no pleasure doing,dirty curtains,hanging before dusty windows...)

5.What is nature in Anne’s opinion? Can you list the things to do with nature in the text?

(...that must be experienced)

(...the song of the birds; moonlight;flowers;dark,rainy evening;thundering clouds)

想想下面的句子用了什么修辭手法，你能模仿造句嗎？

The darkness,thundering clouds and heavy rain held me tightly in their power.

Please draw a mind-map for the text.Retell some details in turn in a group.

Sentence Practice.（替換練習(xí)）

1.She has grown crazy about everything to do with nature.a) get tired of/fed up with;something;English.

b) become excited/interested;something;taking photograph.c) be crazy;nothing;playing games.

2.There was a time when nothing could keep me spellbound.用there was a time when...造句

a) I had nothing to do.

b) I tried hard to learn math.

c) Some students wanted to go abroad.

3.I wrote homework for so long that I felt very tired.用so...that...連接下列詞匯

a) the park;beautiful;many people;crowd in

b) China;long history;lots of relics;everywhere

c) the river;runs;fast;nobody;dare to;flow on

4.用強(qiáng)調(diào)句型it+be+...+that...連接下列詞匯

It was because of the rainy day that the sports training was put off.

a) in the park;Tom found a purse

b) students in Class 2;helped me out

c) after I got married;I bought more new cloth

5.It’s no pleasure looking at nature through dirty windows.替換畫線部分

a) playing too much games.

b) running along track without music.

c) sitting on bed doing nothing

Now you are Anne and report your story to the class,using the following key words and sentence structures below.

stay awake,on purpose,have a good look at,it’s no pleasure doing...,don’t dare do...,by oneself,far too much,face to face,hold sb.entirely,be crazy about

通過(guò)練習(xí)，學(xué)生能掌握基本詞句進(jìn)行讀寫，理解人物心理描寫的基本手段，即：使用具體的動(dòng)詞、副詞、形容詞、名詞等實(shí)詞，明確了平時(shí)學(xué)習(xí)時(shí)應(yīng)該重點(diǎn)關(guān)注什么，提升了自學(xué)能力。

第三步，綜合應(yīng)用練習(xí)。進(jìn)一步學(xué)習(xí)表達(dá)情感的詞句，豐富寫作內(nèi)容。下面的Part 2 選自一篇完形填空題的前兩段，寥寥數(shù)語(yǔ)形象地表達(dá)了“我”對(duì)糖果的熱愛(ài)，“西裝男”的焦急，和“我”的好奇。Part 3 部分選自另一篇完形填空題的前兩段，在第二段，作者先是說(shuō)“the strange way things looked and sounded”使他害怕，然后用三個(gè)具體例子“clothes”“curtain”“sound”形象地描述了自己在夜晚獨(dú)處時(shí)的害怕心理，并在三個(gè)短句中用run wild,beat fast,lie still 描寫了自己害怕時(shí)的急促反應(yīng)，這一描寫逼真連貫，不愧是兒童心理刻畫的經(jīng)典語(yǔ)段。

Part 2 Comprehensive practice.

When I was ten,I was crazy about candy.Whenever in our small-town 36 with my mom,I would run my fingers through my favorite candy on the shelf.

Once there,thinking about all things sweet,I noticed a man a few feet away pushing buttons on the ATM machine.Dressed in a suit,he seemed to be late for something,37 waiting for his cash to appear.The machine made a noise,and he immediately 38 a pile of bills and headed out.Curiously,I walked over to the ATM,where I started pressing the buttons as if knowing the 39 .Then I looked into the bottom of the machine.There I saw it:a beautiful,crisp $ 20 bill! 40 I wanted to believe my magic made the cash appear,I knew the man in the suit must have left it behind.

…

36.A.school B.church

C.store D.bank

37.A.angrily B.excitedly

C.hopefully D.anxiously

38.A.covered B.seized

C.handed D.posted

39.A.machine B.assistant

C.man D.password

40.A.Though B.Since

C.Once D.Until

Read again and answer questions.

What is the sweetest thing for the writer in the passage?

How do you know the kid was crazy about candy?

What’s the main idea of Paragraph 2?

Combine the following groups of sentences.

1.I think about all things sweet.I noticed a man a few feet away pushing buttons on ATM machine.

2.He was dressed in a suit.He seemed to be late for something.He was anxiously waiting for his cash.

3.I walked over to the ATM.On the ATM I started pressing the buttons....as if I knew the password.

對(duì)比下列三句話，從用詞、修辭等方面分析哪一句更好地體現(xiàn)了“he”在趕時(shí)間，作者是怎么做到這一點(diǎn)的？

He immediately seized a pile of bills and headed out.

He got his money.Then he went out.

Getting his money,he went out,without saying a word.

Part 3 Comprehensive practice.

Two Terrible Fears

As a child,I was truly afraid of the dark and of getting lost;these fears were very real and caused me some uncomfortable moments.

Maybe it was the strange 36 things looked and sounded in my familiar room at night that 37 me so much.There was never total 38 ,but a streetlight or passing car lights 39 clothes hung over a chair take on the 40 of a wild animal.Out of the corner of my 41 ,I saw the curtains seem to move when there was no 42 .A tiny sound in the floor would seem a hundred times louder than in the daylight.My 43 would run wild,and my heart would beat fast.I would 44 very still so that the“enemy”would not discover me.

Another of my childhood fears was...

36.A.way B.time

C.place D.reason

37.A.wounded B.destroyed

C.surprised D.frightened

38.A.quietness B.darkness

C.emptiness D.loneliness

39.A.got B.forced

C.made D.caused

40.A.spirit B.height

C.body D.shape

41.A.eye B.window

C.mouth D.door

42.A.breath B.wind

C.air D.sound

43.A.belief B.feeling

C.imagination D.doubt

44.A.lay B.hide

C.rest D.lie

Please list the things that make the kid afraid.

(the strange way things looked and sounded,such as the clothes hung over a chair,curtains and some tiny sounds.)

Can you describe your feeling when you first heard the soar of a tiger?

整合課內(nèi)外題源資源必須基于學(xué)情和明確的教學(xué)目標(biāo)，不然就是堆砌材料，學(xué)生收獲不大。教學(xué)目標(biāo)源于教材和學(xué)情，對(duì)不同教材進(jìn)行整合，深挖、細(xì)化主題線索，圍繞主題線索拓展題源資源，注重基礎(chǔ)詞句、邏輯結(jié)構(gòu)、潤(rùn)飾修辭和思維深度等方面的仿創(chuàng)練習(xí)，只有這樣才能使課內(nèi)拓展和課后作業(yè)變得生動(dòng)有趣，學(xué)生也就不會(huì)再蒙混過(guò)關(guān)了。

Dongting Lake is a large,shallow lake in northeastern Hunan Province,China.It is a flood basin of the Yangtze River.Hence,the lake’s size largely depends on the season.The provinces of Hubei and Hunan are named after their location relative to the lake.Hubei means“North of the Lake”and Hunan,“South of the Lake”.Dongting Lake is famous in Chinese culture as the birthplace of dragon boat racing,which is said to have begun on the eastern shores of Dongting Lake as a search for the body of Qu Yuan,the Chu poet (340-278 BC).Together with the lake and its surrounding beauty,the racing appeals to thousands of tourists from other parts of China and beyond each year.

（摘編自網(wǎng)絡(luò)，有刪減）